The liver crosses the metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins. How to properly and efficiently pump up muscles

It's time to move on to fine-tuning the athlete's nutrition. Understanding all the nuances of metabolism is the key to athletic achievements. Fine-tuning will allow you to move away from classic dietary formulas and adjust nutrition individually to your own needs, achieving the fastest and most lasting results in training and competitions. So, let's study the most controversial aspect of modern dietetics - fat metabolism.

General information

Scientific fact: fats are absorbed and broken down in our body very selectively. So, in digestive tract humans simply do not have enzymes capable of digesting trans fats. The liver infiltrate simply seeks to remove them from the body in the shortest possible way. Perhaps everyone knows that if you eat a lot fatty foods, it causes nausea.

Constant excess fat leads to consequences such as:

diarrhea;
indigestion;
pancreatitis;
rashes on the face;
apathy, weakness and fatigue;
the so-called “fat hangover”.

On the other hand, the balance of fatty acids in the body is extremely important for achieving athletic performance - in particular in terms of increasing endurance and strength. In the process of lipid metabolism, regulation of all body systems occurs, including hormonal and genetic ones.

Let's take a closer look at what fats are good for our body, and how to consume them so that they help achieve the desired result.

Types of fats

The main types of fatty acids entering our body:

simple;
complex;
arbitrary.

According to another classification, fats are divided into monounsaturated and polyunsaturated (for example, here in detail about) fatty acid. These are healthy fats for humans. There are also saturated fatty acids, as well as trans fats: these are harmful compounds that interfere with the absorption of essential fatty acids, complicate the transport of amino acids, and stimulate catabolic processes. In other words, neither athletes nor ordinary people need such fats.

Simple

First, let's look at the most dangerous but, at the same time, – The most common fats that enter our body are simple fatty acids.

What is their peculiarity: they disintegrate under the influence of any external acid, including gastric juice, into ethanol and unsaturated fatty acids.

In addition, it is these fats that become a source of cheap energy in the body. They are formed as a result of the conversion of carbohydrates in the liver. This process develops in two directions - either towards the synthesis of glycogen, or towards the growth of adipose tissue. Such tissue consists almost entirely of oxidized glucose, so that in a critical situation the body can quickly synthesize energy from it.

Simple fats are the most dangerous for an athlete:

The simple structure of fats practically does not burden the gastrointestinal tract and hormonal system. As a result, a person easily receives an excess caloric load, which leads to excess weight gain.
When they decay, alcohol, which is poisonous to the body, is released, which is difficult to metabolize and leads to a deterioration in overall health.
They are transported without the help of additional transport proteins, which means they can stick to the walls of blood vessels, which can lead to the formation of cholesterol plaques.

Read more about foods that are metabolized in simple fats, read in the Product Table section.

Complex

Complex fats of animal origin proper nutrition are part of muscle tissue. Unlike their predecessors, these are multimolecular compounds.

Let us list the main features of complex fats in terms of their effect on the athlete’s body:

Complex fats are practically not metabolized without the help of free transport proteins.
With proper maintenance of fat balance in the body complex fats metabolized to release beneficial cholesterol.
They are practically not deposited in the form of cholesterol plaques on the walls of blood vessels.
With complex fats, it is impossible to get an excess of calories - if complex fats are metabolized in the body without insulin opening the transport depot, which causes a decrease in blood glucose.
Complex fats burden liver cells, which can lead to intestinal imbalance and dysbiosis.
The process of breaking down complex fats leads to an increase in acidity, which negatively affects the general condition of the gastrointestinal tract and is fraught with the development of gastritis and peptic ulcers.

At the same time, fatty acids with a multimolecular structure contain radicals bound by lipid bonds, which means they can denature to the state of free radicals under the influence of temperature. In moderation, complex fats are beneficial for an athlete, but they should not be subjected to heat treatment. In this case, they are metabolized into simple fats, releasing huge amounts of free radicals (potential carcinogens).

free

Free fats are fats with a hybrid structure. For an athlete, these are the most beneficial fats.

In most cases, the body is able to independently convert complex fats into arbitrary fats. However, during the lipid change process of the formula, alcohols and free radicals are released.

Consumption of arbitrary fats:

reduces the likelihood of free radical formation;
reduces the likelihood of cholesterol plaques;
has a positive effect on the synthesis of beneficial hormones;
practically does not burden the digestive system;
does not lead to excess calories;
do not cause an influx of additional acid.

Despite the many useful properties, polyunsaturated acids (in fact, these are arbitrary fats) are easily metabolized into simple fats, and complex structures that have a lack of molecules are easily metabolized into free radicals, obtaining a complete structure from glucose molecules.

What does an athlete need to know?

Now let’s move on to what an athlete needs to know about lipid metabolism in the body from the entire biochemistry course:

Paragraph 1. Classic nutrition, not adapted for sports needs, contains many simple fatty acid molecules. This is bad. Conclusion: radically reduce your fatty acid intake and stop frying in oil.

Point 2. Under the influence of heat treatment, polyunsaturated acids break down into simple fats. Conclusion: replace fried foods with baked ones. The main source of fats should be vegetable oils- Dress salads with them.

Point 3. Avoid eating fatty acids with carbohydrates. Under the influence of insulin, fats, practically without the influence of transport proteins, enter the lipid depot in their complete structure. In the future, even during fat burning processes, they will release ethyl alcohol, and this is an additional blow to metabolism.

And now about the benefits of fats:

Fats must be consumed, as they lubricate joints and ligaments.
In the process of fat metabolism, the synthesis of basic hormones occurs.
To create a positive anabolic background, you need to maintain a balance of polyunsaturated omega 3, omega 6 and omega 9 fats in the body.

To achieve the right balance, you need to limit your total calorie intake from fat to 20% of your total fat intake. overall plan nutrition. It is important to take them in combination with protein foods, and not carbohydrates. In this case, transport proteins, which will be synthesized in the acidic environment of gastric juice, will be able to almost immediately metabolize excess fat, removing it from circulatory system and digesting to the final product of the body's vital activity.

Product table

Product	Omega-3	Omega-6	Omega-3: Omega-6
Spinach (cooked)	—	0.1
Spinach	—	0.1	Residual moments, less than a milligram
fresh	1.058	0.114	1: 0.11
Oysters	0.840	0.041	1: 0.04
	0.144 - 1.554	0.010 — 0.058	1: 0.005 – 1: 0.40
Pacific cod	0.111	0.008	1: 0.04
Pacific mackerel fresh	1.514	0.115	1: 0.08
Fresh Atlantic mackerel	1.580	0.1111	1: 0. 08
Pacific fresh	1.418	0.1111	1: 0.08
Beet tops. poached	—	Residual moments, less than a milligram	Residual moments, less than a milligram
Atlantic sardines	1.480	0.110	1: 0.08
Swordfish	0.815	0.040	1: 0.04
Rapeseed liquid fat in the form of oil	14.504	11.148	1: 1.8
Palm liquid fat in the form of oil	11.100	0.100	1: 45
Fresh halibut	0.5511	0.048	1: 0.05
Olive liquid fat in the form of oil	11.854	0.851	1: 14
Atlantic eel fresh	0.554	0.1115	1: 0.40
Atlantic scallop	0.4115	0.004	1: 0.01
Sea shellfish	0.4115	0.041	1: 0.08
Liquid fat in the form of macadamia oil	1.400	0	No Omega-3
Liquid fat in the form of flaxseed oil	11.801	54.400	1: 0.1
Liquid fat in the form of hazelnut oil	10.101	0	No Omega-3
Liquid fat in the form of avocado oil	11.541	0.1158	1: 14
Canned salmon	1.414	0.151	1: 0.11
Atlantic salmon. farm raised	1.505	0.1181	1: 0.411
Atlantic salmon	1.585	0.181	1: 0.05
Turnip leaf elements. stewed	—	Residual moments, less than a milligram	Residual moments, less than a milligram
Dandelion leaf elements. stewed	—	0.1	Residual moments, less than a milligram
Stewed chard leaves	—	0.0	Residual moments, less than a milligram
Fresh red lettuce leaf elements	—	Residual moments, less than a milligram	Residual moments, less than a milligram
	—	Residual moments, less than a milligram	Residual moments, less than a milligram
Fresh leafy elements of yellow lettuce	—	Residual moments, less than a milligram	Residual moments, less than a milligram
Collard kale. stewed	—	0.1	0.1
Kuban sunflower liquid fat in the form of oil (contents oleic acid 80% and above)	4.505	0.1111	1: 111
Shrimps	0.501	0.018	1: 0.05
Coconut liquid fat in the form of oil	1.800	0	No Omega-3
Cale. stewed	—	0.1	0.1
Flounder	0.554	0.008	1: 0.1
Cocoa liquid fat in the form of butter	1.800	0.100	1: 18
Black caviar and	5.8811	0.081	1: 0.01
Mustard leaf elements. stewed	—	Residual moments, less than a milligram	Residual moments, less than a milligram
Fresh Boston salad	—	Residual moments, less than a milligram	Residual moments, less than a milligram

Bottom line

So, the recommendation of all times and peoples to “eat less fat” is only partly true. Some fatty acids are simply irreplaceable and must be included in an athlete’s diet. To correctly understand how an athlete should consume fats, here is the following story:

A young athlete approaches the coach and asks: how to eat fats correctly? The coach answers: don’t eat fat. After this, the athlete understands that fats are harmful to the body and learns to plan his meals without lipids. He then finds loopholes where the use of lipids is justified. He learns how to create the perfect meal plan with variable fats. And when he himself becomes a coach, and a young athlete comes up to him and asks how to eat fats correctly, he also answers: don’t eat fats.

What is fat metabolism and what role does it play in the body? Fat metabolism plays an important role in ensuring the vital functions of the body. When fat metabolism is disrupted, this can become a factor in the development various pathologies in organism. Therefore, everyone needs to know what fat metabolism is and how it affects a person.

Typically, many metabolic processes occur in the body. With the help of enzymes, salts, proteins, fats and carbohydrates are broken down. The most important thing in this process is fat metabolism.

Not only the slimness of the body, but also the general state of health depends on it. With the help of fats, the body replenishes its energy, which it spends on the operation of systems.

When fat metabolism is disrupted, this can cause speed dial body weight. And also cause problems with hormones. The hormone will no longer properly regulate processes in the body, which will lead to the manifestation of various diseases.

Today, lipid metabolism indicators can be diagnosed in the clinic. Using instrumental methods, it is also possible to track how the hormone behaves in the body. Based on testinglipid metabolism, the doctor can accurately diagnose and begin proper therapy.

Hormones are responsible for the metabolism of fats in humans. There is more than one hormone in the human body. There are a large number of them there. Each hormone is responsible for defined process during metabolism. Other diagnostic methods can be used to assess the functioning of lipid metabolism. You can view the effectiveness of the system using a lipid profile.

Read about what hormones and fat metabolism are, as well as what role they play in ensuring vital functions in this article below.

Lipid metabolism: what is it? Doctors say that the concept of the metabolic process of fats is a composite one. A large number of elements take part in this process. When identifying system failures, attention is first drawn to the following:

Fat intake.
Split.
Suction.
Exchange.
Metabolism.
Construction.
Education.

This is exactly what happens according to the presented scheme. lipid metabolism in humans. Each of these stages has its own norms and meanings. When at least one of them is violated, it negatively affects the health of any person.

Process Features

Each of the above processes contributes its share to the organization of the body’s work. Each hormone also plays an important role here. To an ordinary person It’s not important to know all the nuances and essence of how the system works. But general concept about her work is a must have.

Before doing this, you should know the basic concepts:

Lipids. They come with food and can be used to replenish lost energy by a person.
Lipoproteins. Consists of protein and fat.
Phosphorolipids. A compound of phosphorus and fat. Participate in metabolic processes in cells.
Steroids. They belong to the sex hormones and take part in the work of hormones.

Admission

Lipids enter the body with food, like other elements. But the peculiarity of fats is that they are difficult to digest. Therefore, when fats enter the gastrointestinal tract, they are initially oxidized. For this, stomach juice and enzymes are used.

When passing through all organs of the gastrointestinal tract, fats are gradually broken down into simpler elements, which allows the body to better absorb them. As a result, fats break down into acids and glycerol.

Lipolysis

The duration of this stage can be about 10 hours. When fat is broken down, cholicystokinin, which is a hormone, is involved in this process. It regulates the functioning of the pancreas and bile, as a result of which they release enzymes and bile. These elements from fat release energy and glycerol.

Throughout this process, a person may feel slightly tired and lethargic. If the process is disrupted, the person will have no appetite and may experience intestinal upset. At this time, all energy processes also slow down. In pathology, it may also be observed rapid decline weight, since the body will not have the required amount of calories.

Lipolysis can occur not only then. When fats are broken down. During the period of fasting, it also starts, but at the same time those fats that were stored by the body “in reserve” are broken down.

During lipolysis, fats are broken down into fiber. This allows the body to replenish lost energy and water.

Suction

When fats are broken down, the body’s task is to take them from the gastrointestinal tract and use them to replenish energy. Since cells are made of protein, absorption of fats through them takes a long time. But the body found a way out of this situation. It attaches lipoproteins to cells, which accelerate the absorption of fat into the blood.

When a person has a large body weight, this indicates that this process is disrupted. Lipoproteins in this case are able to absorb up to 90% of fats, when the norm is only 70%.

After the absorption process, lipids are carried with the blood throughout the body and supply tissues and cells, which gives them energy and allows them to continue to work at the proper level.

Exchange

The process happens quickly. Its basis is to deliver lipids to the organs that require them. These are muscles, cells and organs. There, fats undergo modification and begin to release energy.

Construction

The creation of substances that the body needs from fat involves many factors. But their essence is the same - to break down fats and give energy. If any disruption in the operation of the system occurs at this stage, this will negatively affect hormonal background. In this case, cell growth will be slowed down. They will also regenerate poorly.

Metabolism

Here the process of fat metabolism begins, which goes to meet the body’s needs. How much fat is required for this depends on the person and his lifestyle.

With a slow metabolism, a person may feel weak during the process. Undigested fat can also be deposited on the tissues. All this becomes the reason that body weight begins to grow rapidly.

Lithogenesis

When a person has consumed a lot of fat and there is enough of it to meet all the needs of the body, then its remnants begin to be deposited. Sometimes this can happen quite quickly because the person is consuming a lot of calories but not expending a lot of them.

Fat can be deposited both under the skin and on organs. As a result, a person’s weight begins to increase, which becomes the cause of obesity.

Spring fat metabolism

In medicine there is such a term. This exchange can occur for anyone and is associated with the seasons. A person may consume little vitamins and carbohydrates throughout the winter. All this is due to the fact that rarely does anyone eat fresh vegetables and fruits during this period.

More fiber is consumed in winter, and therefore the lipid process slows down. Calories that the body did not use during this time are stored as fat. In the spring, when a person begins to eat fresh food, metabolism accelerates.

In spring, people move more, which has a positive effect on metabolism. Lightweight clothing also helps you burn calories faster. Even with a lot of weight, a slight decrease in body weight can be observed during this period.

Metabolism in obesity

This disease is common today. Many people on the planet suffer from it. When a person is fat, this indicates that he has a violation of one or more of the processes described above. Therefore, the body receives more fat than it consumes.

Disturbances in the functioning of the lipid process can be determined during diagnosis. The examination must be completed if your body weight is 25-30 kilograms more than normal.

You can also be examined not only when pathology appears, but also for prevention. It is recommended to carry out testing in a special center where there is the necessary equipment and qualified specialists.

Diagnosis and treatment

To evaluate the operation of the system and identify violations in it, diagnostics is necessary. As a result, the doctor will receive a lipid profile, from which he will be able to track deviations in the operation of the system, if any. Standard procedure testing - donating blood to check the amount of cholesterol in it.

It is possible to get rid of pathologies and normalize the process only by carrying out complex treatment. You can also use it without medicinal methods. This is diet and sports.

Therapy begins by initially eliminating all risk factors. During this period, you should give up alcohol and tobacco. Sports therapy will be a great help.

There are also special treatment methods using medications. They resort to this method when all other methods have proven ineffective. At acute forms disorders also commonly use medication therapy.

The main classes of drugs that can be used for treatment:

Fibrates.
Statins.
Derivatives of nicotinic acid.
Antioxidants.

The effectiveness of therapy mainly depends on the patient’s health status and the presence of other pathologies in the body. The patient himself can also influence the correction of the process. All you need is his desire for this.

He must change his previous lifestyle, eat right and exercise. It is also worth undergoing constant examination in the clinic.

To maintain normal lipid processes, you should use the following recommendations from doctors:

Do not consume more fat per day than normal.
Eliminate saturated fats from your diet.
Eat more unsaturated fats.
Eat fat until 16.00.
Give periodic stress to the body.
Do yoga.
Sufficient time to rest and sleep.
Quit alcohol, tobacco and drugs.

Doctors recommend paying enough attention to lipid metabolism throughout your life. To do this, you can simply follow the recommendations given above and constantly visit your doctor for examination. This should be done at least twice a year.

Constant turmoil, dry food, passion for semi-finished products - characteristic modern society. As a rule, an unhealthy lifestyle leads to weight gain. In such cases, doctors often state that a person’s lipid metabolism is disturbed. Of course, many people do not have such specific knowledge and have no idea what lipid metabolism is.

What are lipids?

Meanwhile, lipids are present in every living cell. These biological molecules, which are organic substances, share a common physical property - insolubility in water (hydrophobicity). Lipids are made up of various chemical substances, but most of them are fats. Human body It is so wisely designed that it is able to synthesize most of the fats on its own. But essential fatty acids (for example, linoleic acid) must enter the body from the outside through food. Lipid metabolism occurs at the cellular level. This is a rather complex physiological and biochemical process, consisting of several stages. First, lipids are broken down, then absorbed, after which intermediate and final exchange occurs.

Split

In order for the body to absorb lipids, they must first be broken down. First, food that contains lipids enters the oral cavity. There it is moistened with saliva, mixed, crushed and forms a food mass. This mass enters the esophagus, and from there into the stomach, where it is saturated with gastric juice. In turn, the pancreas produces lipase, a lipolytic enzyme that is capable of breaking down emulsified fats (that is, fats mixed with a liquid medium). Then the semi-liquid food mass enters the duodenum, then into the ileum and jejunum, where the digestion process ends. Thus, pancreatic juice, bile and gastric juice are involved in the breakdown of lipids.

Suction

After splitting, the process of lipid absorption begins, which is mainly carried out in upper section small intestine and lower part duodenum. There are no lipolytic enzymes in the large intestine. The products formed after the breakdown of lipids are glycerophosphates, glycerol, higher fatty acids, monoglycerides, diglycerides, cholesterol, nitrogenous compounds, phosphoric acid, higher alcohols and small fat particles. All these substances are absorbed by the epithelium of the intestinal villi.

Intermediate and final exchange

Intermediate metabolism is a combination of several very complex biochemical processes, among which it is worth highlighting the conversion of triglycerides into higher fatty acids and glycerol. The final stage of intermediate metabolism is the metabolism of glycerol, the oxidation of fatty acids and the biological synthesis of other lipids.

On last stage metabolism, each group of lipids has its own specificity, but the main products of final metabolism are water and carbon dioxide. Water leaves the body naturally, through sweat and urine, and carbon dioxide leaves the body through the lungs when exhaling air. This completes the process of lipid metabolism.

Lipid metabolism disorder

Any disorder in the process of fat absorption indicates a disorder in lipid metabolism. This may be due to insufficient intake of pancreatic lipase or bile into the intestines, as well as hypovitaminosis, obesity, atherosclerosis, and various diseases gastrointestinal tract and other pathological conditions. When the villous epithelial tissue in the intestine is damaged, fatty acids are no longer fully absorbed. As a result, a large amount of undigested fat accumulates in the stool. The stool takes on a characteristic whitish-gray color.

Of course, with the help of diet and medicines, lowering cholesterol levels, you can correct and improve the process of lipid metabolism. You will need to regularly monitor the concentration of triglycerides in your blood. However, it should be remembered that the human body only needs a small amount of fat. To prevent lipid metabolism disorders, you should reduce the consumption of meat, oil, offal and give preference to fish and seafood. Lead an active lifestyle, move more, adjust your weight. Be healthy!

Fats, proteins and carbohydrates coming from food are processed into small components, which subsequently take part in metabolism, accumulate in the body or are used to produce energy necessary for normal life. An imbalance in the lipid transformation of fats is fraught with the development serious complications and may be one of the causes of diseases such as atherosclerosis, diabetes mellitus, myocardial infarction.

General characteristics of lipid metabolism

Daily requirement A person's fat content is about 70-80 grams. Most The body receives substances with food (exogenous route), the rest is produced by the liver (endogenous route). Lipid metabolism is the process by which fats are broken down into acids needed to generate energy or store energy sources for later use.

Fatty acids, also known as lipids, constantly circulate in the human body. According to their structure and principle of action, these substances are divided into several groups:

Triacylglycerols make up the bulk of lipids in the body. They protect subcutaneous tissue And internal organs, acting as thermal insulators and heat retainers. Triacylglycerols are always stored by the body in reserve, as an alternative source of energy, in case of shortage of glycogen reserves (a form of carbohydrates obtained by processing glucose).
Phospholipids are a large class of lipids that get their name from phosphoric acid. These substances form the basis of cell membranes and take part in metabolic processes body.
Steroids or cholesterols are an important component cell membranes, participate in energy, water-salt metabolism, and regulate sexual functions.

Variety and level of content certain types Lipids in the cells of the body are regulated by lipid metabolism, which includes the following stages:

Breakdown, digestion and absorption of substances in the digestive tract (lipolysis). These processes originate in oral cavity, where fats received from food, under the action of tongue lipase, break down into simpler compounds with the formation of fatty acids, monoacylglycerols and glycerol. In fact, the smallest droplets of fat under the influence of special enzymes are transformed into a thin emulsion, which is characterized lowest density and increased suction area.
Transport of fatty acids from the intestine to lymphatic system. After initial processing, all substances enter the intestine, where, under the action of bile acids and enzymes, they break down into phospholipids. New substances easily penetrate through the intestinal walls into the lymphatic system. Here they are again converted into triacylglycerols, bind to chylomicrons (molecules similar to cholesterol and better known as lipoproteins) and enter the blood. Lipoproteins interact with cell receptors, which break down these compounds and take the fatty acids necessary for energy production and membrane construction.
Interconversion (catabolism) of fatty acids and ketone bodies. In fact, this is the final stage of lipid metabolism, during which some of the triacylglycerols are transported along with the blood to the liver, where they are converted into acetyl coenzyme A (abbreviated as acetyl CoA). If, as a result of the synthesis of fatty acids in the liver, acetyl CoA is released in excess, part of it is transformed into ketone bodies.
Lipogenesis. If a person leads a sedentary lifestyle and receives fat in excess, some of the breakdown products of lipid metabolism are deposited in the form of adipocytes (adipose tissue). They will be used by organisms in case of energy shortage or when required additional material for the construction of new membranes.

Signs of lipid metabolism disorders

Congenital or acquired pathology of fat metabolism in medicine is called dyslipidemia(ICD code E78). Often this disease is accompanied by a number of symptoms reminiscent of atherosclerosis (a chronic disease of the arteries, characterized by a decrease in their tone and elasticity), nephrosis (damage to renal tubules), cardiovascular diseases endocrine system. With high triglyceride levels, the syndrome may occur acute pancreatitis. Characteristic clinical manifestations lipid metabolism disorders are:

Xanthomas are dense nodular formations filled with cholesterol. Cover the tendons, abdomen, and torso of the feet.
Xanthelasmas are cholesterol deposits under the skin of the eyelids. Fat deposits of this type localized in the corners of the eyes.
The lipoid arc is a white or grayish-white stripe framing the cornea of the eye. More often, the symptom appears in patients over 50 years of age with a hereditary predisposition to dyslipidemia.
Hepatosplenomegaly is a condition of the body in which the liver and spleen simultaneously increase in size.
Skin atheroma - cyst sebaceous glands, resulting from blockage of the sebaceous ducts. One of the factors in the development of pathology is a disorder of phospholipid metabolism.
Abdominal obesity– excess accumulation of adipose tissue in the upper torso or abdomen.
Hyperglycemia is a condition in which the level of glucose in the blood increases.
Arterial hypertension – persistent increase blood pressure over 140/90 mm Hg. Art.

All of the above symptoms are characteristic of elevated lipid levels in the body. However, there are situations when the amount of fatty acids is below normal. In such cases characteristic symptoms will be:

a sharp and causeless decrease in body weight, up to complete exhaustion (anorexia);
hair loss, brittleness and splitting of nails;
violation menstrual cycle(delay or complete absence menstruation), reproductive system among women;
signs of kidney nephrosis - darkening of urine, pain in the lower back, decreased volume of daily urine, formation of edema;
eczema, pustules or other inflammations of the skin.

Causes

Lipid metabolism can be impaired as a result of some chronic diseases or be congenital. According to the mechanism of formation of the pathological process, two groups are distinguished possible reasons dyslipidemia:

Primary - inheritance from one or both parents of a modified gene. There are two forms of genetic disorders:

hypercholesterolemia – a disorder of cholesterol metabolism;
hypertriglyceridemia – increased content of triglycerides in blood plasma taken on an empty stomach.

Secondary – the disease develops as a complication of other pathologies. Lipid metabolism disorders can be caused by:

hypothyroidism – decreased function thyroid gland;
diabetes mellitus is a disease in which glucose absorption or insulin production is impaired;
obstructive liver diseases - diseases in which there is a violation of the outflow of bile (chronic cholelithiasis (formation of stones in gallbladder), primary biliary cirrhosis ( autoimmune disease, in which the intrahepatic bile ducts are gradually destroyed).
atherosclerosis;
obesity;
uncontrolled reception medications - thiazide diuretics, Cyclosporine, Amiodarone, some hormonal contraceptives;
chronic renal failure– syndrome of impairment of all renal functions;
nephrotic syndrome is a symptom complex characterized by massive proteinuria (protein excretion along with urine), generalized edema;
radiation sickness is a pathology that occurs during prolonged exposure of the human body to various ionizing radiation;
pancreatitis - inflammation of the pancreas;
smoking, alcohol abuse.

Predisposing factors play an important role in the development and progression of lipid metabolism disorders. These include:

physical inactivity (sedentary lifestyle);
postmenopause;
abuse of fatty, cholesterol-rich foods;
arterial hypertension;
male gender and age over 45 years;
Cushing's syndrome - excessive production of adrenal hormones;
history of ischemic stroke (death of a part of the brain due to circulatory problems);
myocardial infarction (death of part of the heart muscle due to cessation of blood flow to it);
genetic predisposition;
pregnancy;
previously diagnosed diseases of the endocrine system, liver or kidneys.

Classification

Depending on the mechanism of development, there are several types of lipid imbalance:

Primary (congenital) - means that the pathology is hereditary. Clinicians divide this type of lipid metabolism disorder into three forms:

monogenic – when the pathology is caused by gene mutations;
homozygous - a rare form, which means that the child received the pathological gene from both parents;
heterozygous - receiving a defective gene from the father or mother.

Secondary (acquired) – develops as a consequence of other diseases.

Nutritional – related to human nutritional characteristics. There are two forms of pathology:

transient – occurs irregularly, more often on the next day after eating a large amount of fatty foods;
constant – noted when regular use products with high content fat

The Fredrickson classification of dyslipidemias is not widely used among doctors, but is used by the World Health Organization. The main factor by which lipid metabolism disorders are divided into classes is the type of elevated lipid:

Type 1 disease occurs when genetic disorders. An increased content of chylomicrons is observed in the patient's blood.
Type 2 lipid metabolism disorder is a hereditary pathology characterized by hypercholesterolemia (subtype A) or combined hyperlipidemia (subtype B).
The third type is a pathological condition in which there is an absence of chylomicrons in the patient’s blood and the presence of low-density lipoproteins.
The fourth type of disorder is hyperlipidemia (abnormally increased level lipids) of endogenous origin (produced by the liver).
The fifth type is hypertriglyceridemia, characterized by increased content triglycerides in blood plasma.

Doctors have summarized this classification, reducing it to just two points. These include:

pure or isolated hypercholesterolemia – a condition characterized by increased cholesterol levels;
combined or mixed hyperlipidemia is a pathology in which the level of both triglycerides and cholesterol and other components of fatty acids increases.

Possible complications

Disorders of lipid metabolism can lead to a number of unpleasant symptoms, severe weight loss, and worsening of chronic diseases. Besides, This pathology in metabolic syndrome can cause the development of the following diseases and conditions:

atherosclerosis, which affects the blood vessels of the heart, kidneys, brain, heart;
narrowing of the lumen of blood arteries;
formation of blood clots and emboli;
the occurrence of an aneurysm (vascular dissection) or rupture of arteries.

Diagnostics

To make an initial diagnosis, the doctor conducts a thorough physical examination: assesses the condition of the skin, mucous membranes of the eye, measures blood pressure, palpation abdominal cavity. Afterwards, laboratory tests are prescribed to confirm or refute suspicions, which include:

General clinical analysis of blood and urine. Conducted to identify inflammatory diseases.
Blood chemistry. Biochemistry determines the level of blood sugar, protein, creatinine (a breakdown product of protein), uric acid (the end product of the breakdown of DNA and RNA nucleotides).
Lipidogram - analysis of lipids, is the main method for diagnosing lipid metabolism disorders. Diagnostics shows the level of cholesterol, triglycerides in the blood and establishes the atherogenicity coefficient (the ratio of the total amount of lipids to cholesterol).
Immunological blood test. Determines the presence of antibodies (special proteins that are produced by the body to fight foreign bodies) to chlamydia and cytomegalovirus. An immunological test additionally detects the level of C-reactive protein (a protein that appears during inflammation).
Genetic analysis blood. The study identifies inherited genes that have been damaged. Blood for diagnosis is necessarily taken from the patient himself and his parents.
CT (computed tomography), ultrasound ( ultrasonography) abdominal organs. They identify pathologies of the liver, spleen, pancreas, and help assess the condition of the organs.
MRI (magnetic resonance imaging), radiography. They are prescribed as additional instrumental diagnostic methods when there is a suspicion of problems with the brain or lungs.

Treatment of fat metabolism disorders

To eliminate pathology, patients are prescribed special diet with a limited supply of animal fats, but enriched with dietary fiber and minerals. In overweight people, the daily caloric intake is reduced and moderate amounts are prescribed. physical exercise necessary to normalize body weight. All patients are advised to give up or reduce their alcohol consumption as much as possible. When treating secondary dyslipidemias, it is important to identify and begin treatment of the underlying disease.

To normalize the blood count and the patient’s condition, drug therapy. Eliminate unpleasant symptoms, the following groups of drugs help to establish lipid metabolism:

Statins are a class of drugs that help lower blood levels. bad cholesterol, increase the possibility of lipid destruction. Medicines from this group are used for the treatment and prevention of atherosclerosis and diabetes mellitus. They significantly improve the patient’s quality of life, reduce the incidence of heart disease, and prevent vascular damage. Statins can cause liver damage and are therefore contraindicated in people with liver problems. These medications include:

Pravachol;
Zokor;
Crestor;
Lipitor;
Leskol.

Cholesterol absorption inhibitors are a group of medications that prevent the reabsorption of cholesterol in the intestine. The effect of these drugs is limited, because a person receives only a fifth of bad cholesterol from food, the rest is produced in the liver. Inhibitors are prohibited for pregnant women, children, and during lactation. Popular medications in this group include:

Guarem;
Ezetimibe;
Lipobon;
Ezetrol.

Bile acid sequestrants (ion exchange resins) are a group of medications that bind bile acids(containing cholesterol) when they enter the intestinal lumen and remove them from the body. At long-term use sequestrants can cause constipation, taste disturbances, and flatulence. These include drugs with the following trade names:

Questran;
Colestipol;
Lipantil 200 M;
Tribestan.

Antioxidant vitamins and Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids are a group of multivitamin complexes that reduce triglyceride levels and reduce the risk of developing cardiovascular diseases. Such additives include:

Vitrum Cardio Omega-3;
ViaVit;
Mirrolla capsules with Omega-3;
AspaCardio.

Fibrates – group medicines, reducing triglycerides and increasing the amount of lipoproteins high density(protective substances that prevent the development of cardiovascular disorders). Medicines in this category are prescribed together with statins. Fibrates are not recommended for use by children or pregnant women. These include:

Normolit;
Lipantil;
Lipanor;
Bezalip;
Gevilon.

Diet therapy

Lipid metabolism in the human body directly depends on what he eats. A properly formulated diet will alleviate the patient’s condition and help restore metabolic balance. A detailed menu, a list of prohibited and permitted foods is drawn up by a doctor, but there are also general rules regarding nutrition:

Eat no more than 3 egg yolks per week (including eggs used for other food preparations).
Reducing consumption confectionery, bread, muffins.
Replacing deep frying with stewing, steaming, boiling or baking.
Exclusion from the diet of smoked meats, marinades, sauces (mayonnaise, ketchup), sausages.
Increase in soto
private consumption vegetable fiber(vegetables and fruits).
There is only low-fat varieties meat. When cooking, cut off visible fat and skin, remove rendered fat when preparing dishes.

Treatment with folk remedies

Drugs can be used as adjuvant therapy traditional medicine: decoctions, alcohol tinctures, infusions. Well proven for lipid metabolism disorders following recipes:

Mix and grind 100 grams of the following herbs using a coffee grinder: chamomile, knotweed, birch buds, immortelle, St. John's wort. Measure 15 grams of the mixture, pour 500 ml of boiling water. Insist for half an hour. Take the medicine warm, adding a teaspoon of honey, 200 ml in the morning and evening. Every day you should prepare a new drink. Store the remaining mixture in a dark place. Duration of therapy is 2 weeks.
Measure out 30 g of fireweed tea, pour 500 ml of boiling water over the herb. Bring the mixture to a boil over low heat, then leave for 30 minutes. Take the medicine 4 times a day before meals, 70 ml. The course of treatment is 3 weeks.
Pour dried plantain leaves (40 grams) with a glass of boiling water. Leave for 30 minutes, then filter. Take 30 ml of the drink 3 times a day 30 minutes before meals. The course of therapy is 3 weeks.

Video

Lipid metabolism This is a complex biochemical process in the cells of the body, which includes the breakdown, digestion, and absorption of lipids in the digestive tract. Lipids (fats) enter the body with food.

Lipid metabolism disorder leads to a number of diseases. The most important among them are atherosclerosis and obesity. Diseases of the cardiovascular system are one of the most common causes of death. A predisposition to cardiovascular disease is an important reason for screening. People at risk should closely monitor their health. A number of diseases are caused lipid metabolism disorder. The most important among them are atherosclerosis and obesity. Diseases of the cardiovascular system, as a consequence of atherosclerosis, occupy first place in the structure of mortality in the world.

Lipid metabolism disorder

Manifestation atherosclerosis in defeat coronary vessels hearts. The accumulation of cholesterol in the walls of blood vessels leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. They, increasing in size over time, can block the lumen of the vessel and interfere with normal blood flow. If, as a result, blood flow is disrupted in the coronary arteries, then myocardial infarction(or angina). Predisposition to atherosclerosis depends on the concentration of transport forms of blood lipids - plasma alpha-lipoproteins.

Accumulation cholesterol in the vascular wall occurs due to an imbalance between its entry into the vascular intima and its exit. As a result of this imbalance, cholesterol accumulates there. In the centers of cholesterol accumulation, structures are formed - atheromas. Known two factors which cause lipid metabolism disorders. First, changes in LDL particles (glycosylation, lipid peroxidation, phospholipid hydrolysis, apo B oxidation). Secondly, the ineffective release of cholesterol from the endothelium of the vascular wall by HDL circulating in the blood. Factors influencing elevated LDL levels in humans:

saturated fats in the diet;

high cholesterol intake;

diet with low content fibrous products;

alcohol consumption;

pregnancy;

obesity;
alcohol;

hypothyroidism;

Cushing's disease;
hereditary hyperlipidemia.

Lipid metabolism disorders are the most important factors risk of development atherosclerosis and related diseases of the cardiovascular system. Plasma concentrations of total cholesterol or its fractions closely correlate with morbidity and mortality from coronary artery disease and other complications of atherosclerosis. Therefore, the characterization of lipid metabolism disorders is a prerequisite effective prevention cardiovascular diseases. Lipid metabolism disorders can be:

Primary;

secondary.

There are three types of lipid metabolism disorders:

isolated hypercholesterolemia;

isolated hypertriglyceridemia;

mixed hyperlipidemia.

Primary lipid disorder can be diagnosed in patients with early start atherosclerosis (up to 60 years). Secondary lipid metabolism disorder occurs, as a rule, in the population of developed countries as a result of:

cholesterol nutrition;

passive lifestyle;

sedentary work;

Hereditary factors.

A small number of people have hereditary disorders of lipoprotein metabolism, manifested in hyper- or hypolipoproteinemia. They are caused by a violation of the synthesis, transport or breakdown of lipoproteins.

In accordance with generally accepted classification, there are 5 types of hyperlipoproteinemia.

1. The existence of type 1 is due to insufficient LPL activity. As a result, chylomicrons are removed from the bloodstream very slowly. They accumulate in the blood, and VLDL levels are also higher than normal.
2. Type 2 hyperlipoproteinemia is divided into two subtypes: 2a, characterized by a high level of LDL in the blood, and 2b (an increase in LDL and VLDL). Type 2 hyperlipoproteinemia is manifested by high, and in some cases very high, hypercholesterolemia with the development of atherosclerosis and coronary disease hearts. The content of triacylglycerols in the blood is within normal limits (type 2a) or moderately elevated (type 2b). Hyperlipoproteinemia type 2 is characteristic of serious illness- hereditary hypercholesterolemia affecting young people. In the case of the homozygous form, it is fatal in at a young age from myocardial infarction, strokes and other complications of atherosclerosis. Hyperlipoproteinemia type 2 is widespread.
3. With type 3 hyperlipoproteinemia (dysbetalipoproteinemia), the conversion of VLDL to LDL is impaired, and pathological floating LDL or VLDL appears in the blood. The content of cholesterol and triacylglycerols in the blood is increased. This type is quite rare.
4. With type 4 hyperlipoproteinemia, the main change is an increase in VLDL. As a result, the content of triacylglycerols in the blood serum is significantly increased. Combined with atherosclerosis of the coronary vessels, obesity, diabetes mellitus. It develops mainly in adults and is very common.
5. Type 5 hyperlipoproteinemia - an increase in the blood serum content of cholesterol and VLDL, associated with a moderately reduced activity of lipoprotein lipase. LDL and HDL concentrations are below normal. The content of triacylglycerols in the blood is increased, while the concentration of cholesterol is within normal limits or moderately increased. It occurs in adults, but is not widespread.
Typing of hyperlipoproteinemia is carried out in the laboratory based on the study of the content of various classes of lipoproteins in the blood using photometric methods.

The cholesterol level in HDL is more informative as a predictor of atherosclerotic lesions of the coronary vessels. Even more informative is the coefficient reflecting the ratio of atherogenic to antiatherogenic drugs.

The higher this coefficient, the greater the risk of the onset and progression of the disease. In healthy individuals, it does not exceed 3-3.5 (in men it is higher than in women). In patients with coronary artery disease, it reaches 5-6 or more units.

Is diabetes a disease of lipid metabolism?

The manifestations of lipid metabolism disorders are so pronounced in diabetes that diabetes is often called more of a lipid disease than carbohydrate metabolism. The main disorders of lipid metabolism in diabetes are increased lipid breakdown, increased formation of ketone bodies and decreased synthesis of fatty acids and triacylglycerols.

U healthy person usually 50% of incoming glucose is broken down by CO2 and H2O; about 5% is converted to glycogen, and the rest is converted to lipids in fat stores. In diabetes, only 5% of glucose is converted into lipids, while the amount of glucose decomposed into CO2 and H2O also decreases, and the amount converted into glycogen changes slightly. The result of impaired glucose consumption is an increase in the level of glucose in the blood and its removal in the urine. Intracellular glucose deficiency leads to a decrease in the synthesis of fatty acids.

In patients not receiving treatment, there is an increase in the plasma content of triacylglycerols and chylomicrons and the plasma is often lipemic. An increase in the level of these components causes a decrease in lipolysis in fat depots. Decreased lipoprotein lipase activity further contributes to decreased lipolysis.

Lipid peroxidation

A feature of cell membrane lipids is their significant unsaturation. Unsaturated fatty acids are easily subject to peroxide destruction - LPO (lipid peroxidation). The membrane response to damage is therefore called “peroxide stress”.

LPO is based on the free radical mechanism.
Free radical pathology is smoking, cancer, ischemia, hyperoxia, aging, diabetes, i.e. In almost all diseases, uncontrolled formation of free oxygen radicals and intensification of lipid peroxidation occurs.
The cell has systems to protect itself from free radical damage. Antioxidant system cells and tissues of the body includes 2 links: enzymatic and non-enzymatic.

Enzymatic antioxidants:
- SOD (superoxide dismutase) and ceruloplasmin, involved in the neutralization of oxygen free radicals;
- catalase, which catalyzes the decomposition of hydrogen peroxide; the glutathione system, which ensures the catabolism of lipid peroxides, peroxide-modified nucleotides and steroids.
Even a short-term lack of non-enzymatic antioxidants, especially antioxidant vitamins (tocopherol, retinol, ascorbate), leads to persistent and irreversible damage to cell membranes.