The use of a biochemical blood test in the diagnosis. Complete blood count of a dog decoding

Hemogram of dogs of different age and sex (R.W. Kirk)

up to 12 months

1-7 years old

7 years and older

erythrocytes (million/µl)

hemoglobin (g/dl)

leukocytes (thousand µl)

mature neutrophils (%)

lymphocytes (%)

monocytes (%)

eosinophils (%)

platelets x 109/l

Hemogram of cats of different age and gender(R.W. Kirk)

up to 12 months

1-7 years old

7 years and older

erythrocytes (million/µl)

 male
female

5,43-10,22
4,46-11,34

4,48-10,27
4,45-9,42

5,26-8,89
4,10-7,38

hemoglobin (g/dl)

male
female

6,0-12,9
6,0-15,0

8,9-17,0
7,9-15,5

9,0-14,5
7,5-13,7

leukocytes (thousand µl)

male
female

7,8-25,0
11,0-26,9

9,1-28,2
13,7-23,7

6,4-30,4
5,2-30,1

mature neutrophils (%)

male
female

16-75
51-83

37-92
42-93

33-75
25-89

lymphocytes (%)

male
female

monocytes (%)

male
female

eosinophils (%)

male
female

platelets
(x 109/l)

Biochemical study of blood. Interpretation of biochemistry results .
(based on http://vetvrach.info/)

Enzymes.

Enzymes - basic biological catalysts, i.e. substances of natural origin that speed up chemical reactions. Also, enzymes are involved in the regulation of many metabolic processes, thus ensuring that the metabolism corresponds to the changed conditions. Almost all enzymes are proteins. Depending on the reaction and substrate specificity, there are six main classes of enzymes (oxireductases, transferases, hydrolases, lyases, isomerases and ligases). In total, at the moment, more than 2000 enzymes are known.
The catalytic action of the enzyme, i.e. his activity, is determined under standard conditions by increasing the rate of a catalytic reaction compared to a non-catalytic one. The reaction rate is usually given as change in the concentration of a substrate or product per unit of time(mmol/l per second). Another unit of activity is the International Unit (Unit) - the amount of enzyme that converts 1 µmol of substrate in 1 minute.

For the clinic, the following enzymes are of primary importance:
Aspartate aminotransferase(AST, ASAT)

An intracellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. High concentrations are found in the liver, heart, skeletal muscles, brain, erythrocytes. Released when tissue is damaged.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 11 - 42 units;

for cats - 9 - 29 units.

for horses - 130 - 300 units.

Enhanced: Necrosis of liver cells of any etiology, acute and chronic hepatitis, necrosis of the heart muscle, necrosis or injury of skeletal muscles, fatty degeneration of the liver, damage to brain tissue, kidneys; use of anticoagulants, vitamin C

Downgraded: (rarely with a lack of pyridoxine (Vitamin B6).

Alanine aminotransferase (ALT, AlAT)

An intracellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. It is found in high concentrations in the liver, kidneys, in muscles - in the heart and skeletal muscles. It is released when tissue is damaged, especially when the liver is damaged.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 9 - 52 units;

for cats - 19 - 79 units.

for horses - 2.7 - 20.0 units;

Enhanced: Cell necrosis, acute and chronic hepatitis, cholangitis, fatty liver, liver tumors, use of anticoagulants

Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.

creatine phosphokinase (CPK, CK)

CK consists of three isoenzymes, consisting of two subunits, M and B. Skeletal muscles are represented by the MM isoenzyme (CPK-MM), the brain is represented by the BB isoenzyme (CK-BB), the myocardium contains about 40% of the MB isoenzyme (CK-MB).

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 32 - 157 units;

for cats - 150 - 798 units.

for horses - 50 - 300 units.

Enhanced: Myocardial infarction (2-24 hours; highly specific CPK-MB). Trauma, surgery, myocarditis, muscular dystrophies, polymyositis, convulsions, infections, embolisms, severe physical exertion, brain tissue damage, cerebral hemorrhage, anesthesia, poisoning (including sleeping pills), coma, Reye's syndrome. A slight increase in congestive heart failure, tachycardia, arthritis.

Downgraded:

gamma-glutamyltransferase (GGT)

GGT is present in the liver, kidneys, and pancreas. The test is extremely sensitive for liver disease. Establishment high value GGT is used to confirm hepatic origin of serum alkaline phosphatase activity.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 1 - 10 units;

for cats - 1 - 10 units.

for horses - 1 - 20 units.

Enhanced: Hepatitis, cholestasis, tumors and cirrhosis of the liver, pancreas, postinfarction period;

Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.

lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)

LDH is an enzyme catalyzing the internal conversion of lactate and pyruvate in the presence of NAD/NADH. Widely distributed in cells and body fluids. It increases with the destruction of tissues (it is artificially overestimated during hemolysis of erythrocytes with improper collection and storage of blood). Presented by five isoenzymes (LDG1 - LDH5)

Reference intervals:

for adult dogs - 23 - 164 units;

for adult cats - 55 - 155 units.

for adult horses - 100 - 400 units.

in young animals during the growth period, LDH activity increases by 2-3 times.

Enhanced: Damage to myocardial tissue (2-7 days after the development of myocardial infarction), leukemia, necrotic processes, tumors, hepatitis, pancreatitis, nephritis, muscular dystrophy, skeletal muscle damage, hemolytic anemia, circulatory failure, leptospirosis, infectious peritonitis of cats.

Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.

Cholinesterase (ChE)

ChE is found mainly in the blood serum, liver, and pancreas. ChE of blood plasma is an extracellular enzyme of a glycoprotein nature, which is formed in the cells of the liver parenchyma.

Reference intervals:

dogs - from 2200 U/l

cats - from 2000 U/l

Enhanced: Has no diagnostic value.

Downgraded: Subacute and chronic diseases and liver damage (due to impaired ChE synthesis by hepatocytes), poisoning with organophosphorus compounds.

AMILASE (DIASTASE)

Amylase hydrolyzes complex carbohydrates. Serum alpha-amylase is derived primarily from the pancreas (pancreatic) and salivary glands, and activity of the enzyme increases with inflammation or obstruction. Other organs also have some amylase activity - thin and colon, skeletal muscles, ovaries. In horses, amylase is represented mainly by the beta fraction.

Reference intervals:

for dogs (alpha-amylase) - 685 - 2155 U;

for cats (alpha-amylase) - 580 - 1720 units.

for horses (beta-amylase) - 4.9 - 16.5 units.

Enhanced: Pancreatitis, parotitis, renal failure (acute and chronic), poisoning, diabetes mellitus, acute hepatitis, primary biliary cirrhosis, volvulus of the stomach and intestines, peritonitis, electrolyte imbalance.

Downgraded: Necrosis of the pancreas, thyrotoxicosis, poisoning with arsenic, barbiturates, carbon tetrachloride; the use of anticoagulants.

alkaline phosphatase (AP)

Alkaline phosphatase is found in the liver, bones, intestines, and placenta. To differentiate ALP activity (liver or bones), the determination of GGT is used (increased in liver diseases, and unchanged in bone diseases).

Reference intervals:

for adult dogs - 18 - 70 units;

for adult cats - 39 - 55 units.

for adult horses - 70 - 250 units

in young animals during the growth period, the activity of alkaline phosphatase increases several times and is not an informative indicator.

Enhanced: Fracture healing, osteomalacia, bone tumors, cholangitis, Cushing's syndrome, obstruction bile ducts, tumors of the gallbladder; abscess, cirrhosis, liver cancer, hepatitis, bacterial infections Gastrointestinal tract, fatty food, pregnancy.

Downgraded: Hypothyroidism, anemia, hypovitaminosis C, the use of corticosteroids.

acid phosphatase (cf)

In males, 50% of serum CP comes from prostate, and the rest - from the liver and collapsing platelets and red blood cells.

In females, CP is produced by the liver, erythrocytes, and platelets.

Reference intervals:

dogs - 1-6 U/l

cats - 1-6 U/l

Enhanced: carcinoma of the prostate (in initial stage prostate cancer, CP activity may be within the normal range).

With metastases of prostate carcinoma in the bone tissue, ALP also increases.

Prostate massage, catheterization, cystoscopy, rectal examinations lead to an increase in CF, so it is recommended to take blood for analysis no earlier than 48 hours after these procedures.

Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.

Lipase

Lipase is an enzyme that catalyzes the breakdown of higher glycerides. fatty acids. It is produced in the body by a number of organs and tissues, which makes it possible to distinguish between lipase of gastric origin, pancreas, lipase of the lungs, intestinal juice, leukocytes, etc. Serum lipase is the sum of organ lipases, and an increase in its activity is a consequence of pathological process in any organ. Fluctuations in serum lipase activity in a healthy animal are insignificant.

Reference intervals:

dogs - 30-250 U/l

cats - 30-400 U/l

Enhanced: Acute pancreatitis (may be up to 200 times normal) - blood lipase activity increases rapidly within a few hours after an attack of pancreatitis, reaching a maximum after 12-24 hours, and remains elevated for 10-12 days, i.e. . longer time than the activity of?-amylase. With a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas in the early stage of the disease.

Downgraded: Gastric cancer (in the absence of metastases to the liver and pancreas), with a malignant neoplasm of the pancreas in the later period of the disease (as the tissue of the gland resolves).

Substrates and fats

Bilirubin total

Bilirubin is a product of hemoglobin metabolism, conjugated in the liver with glucuronic acid to form mono- and diglucuronides excreted in the bile (direct bilirubin). Serum bilirubin levels increase in liver disease, obstruction biliary tract or hemolysis. During hemolysis, unconjugated (indirect) bilirubin is formed, therefore, high total bilirubin will be observed with normal direct.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 3.0 - 13.5 mmol / l;

for cats - 3.0 - 12.0 mmol / l.

for horses - 5.4 - 51.4 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Damage to liver cells of a different nature, obstruction of the bile ducts, hemolysis

Downgraded: Bone marrow disease, anemia, hypoplasia, fibrosis

Bilirubin direct

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 0.0 - 5.5 mmol / l;

for cats - 0.0 - 5.5 mmol / l.

for horses - 0.0 - 10.0 mmol / l.

Enhanced: bile duct obstruction, cholestasis, liver abscess, leptospirosis, chronic hepatitis

Downgraded: has no diagnostic value.

Urea

Urea is formed in the liver as a result of the neutralization of highly toxic ammonia formed as a result of bacterial fermentation in the gastrointestinal tract, deamination of amino acids, purine and pyrimidine bases, biogenic amines, and so on. It is excreted by the kidneys.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 3.5 - 9.2 mmol / l;

for cats - 5.4 - 12.1 mmol / l.

for horses - 3.5 - 8.8 mmol / l;

Enhanced: Kidney dysfunction (renal failure), protein-rich diet, acute hemolytic anemia, shock, stress, vomiting, diarrhea, acute infarction myocardium

Downgraded: Low protein intake, severe liver disease

Creatinine

Creatinine is the end product of creatine metabolism, synthesized in the kidneys and liver from three amino acids (arginine, glycine, methionine). Creatinine is completely excreted from the body by the kidneys. glomerular filtration without being reabsorbed in the renal tubules. This property of creatinine is used to study the level of glomerular filtration by creatinine clearance in urine and blood serum.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 26.0 - 120.0 µmol/l;

for cats - 70.0 - 165.0 µmol/l.

for horses - 80.0 - 180.0 µmol / l.

Enhanced: Impaired kidney function (renal failure), hyperthyroidism, the use of furosemide, vitamin C., glucose, indomethacin, mannitol. Patients with diabetic ketoacidosis may have falsely elevated creatinine levels.

Downgraded: Pregnancy, age reduction muscle mass

Uric acid

Uric acid is the end product purine metabolism. It is formed in the liver as a result of the breakdown of nucleotides, deamination of aminopurines and subsequent oxidation of oxypurines. Excreted from the body by the kidneys.

Reference intervals:

dogs - 9-100 µmol/l

cats - up to 150 µmol/l

Enhanced: Significantly - in violation of excretion uric acid from the body (kidney disease, urolithiasis disease, acidosis, toxicosis), gout - due to an increase in the synthesis of uric acid. Slightly - when taking food rich in purines (meat, liver, kidneys), some hematological diseases (leukemia, B12 deficiency, anemia), cellular cytolysis, diabetes mellitus.

Downgraded: Has no diagnostic value.

total protein

The total serum protein consists mainly of albumins and globulins. The globulin level is calculated by subtracting the albumin level from the total protein level. Hypoproteinemia indicates hypoalbuminemia, as albumin is the main serum protein. Serum/plasma protein concentration is determined by nutritional status, liver function, kidney function, hydration, and various pathological processes. Protein concentration determines colloidal osmotic (oncotic) pressure.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 40.0 - 73.0 g / l;

for cats - 54.0 - 77.0 g / l.

for horses - 47.0 - 75.0 g / l;

Enhanced: Dehydration, venous stasis. Tumors, inflammatory processes, infections, hyperimmunoglobulinemia

Downgraded: Protein loss in gastroenteropathy, nephrotic syndrome, reduced protein synthesis, chronic hepatitis, hepatosis, protein malabsorption

Albumen

Albumins are the most homogeneous fraction of simple proteins, almost exclusively synthesized in the liver. About 40% of albumins are in the plasma, the rest - in the interstitial fluid. The main functions of albumins are the maintenance of oncotic pressure, as well as participation in the transport of small endo- and exogenous substances (free fatty acids, bilirubin, steroid hormones, magnesium, calcium, medicinal substances, etc.).

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 22.0 - 39.0 g / l;

for cats - 25.0 - 37.0 g / l.

for horses - 27.0 - 37.0 g / l.

Enhanced: A state of dehydration;

Downgraded: Alimentary dystrophy, acute and chronic hepatitis, liver cirrhosis, gastrointestinal diseases, nephrotic syndrome, chronic pyelonephritis, Cushing's syndrome, cachexia, severe infections, pancreatitis, eczema, exudative dermatopathy.

Glucose

The level of blood glucose is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. Since glucose is evenly distributed between plasma and shaped elements, its amount can be determined both in whole blood and in serum and plasma.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 4.3 - 7.3 mmol / l;

for cats - 3.3 - 6.3 mmol / l.

for horses - 3.0 - 7.0 mmol / l.

Enhanced: diabetes mellitus, Cushing's syndrome, stress, shock, stroke, myocardial infarction, exercise stress, chronic liver and kidney disease, pheochromocytoma, glucangioma, pancreatitis, corticosteroid use, nicotinic acid, vitamin C, diuretics.

Downgraded: Pancreatic disease, gastric cancer, fibrosarcoma, liver parenchymal disease, insulin shock

Cholesterol

Cholesterol levels are determined by fat metabolism, which in turn depends on heredity, diet, liver function, kidney function, thyroid gland and others endocrine organs. Total cholesterol is made up of low and high density lipoproteins (LDL and HDL) and about a fifth of triglycerides.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 2.9 - 6.5 mmol / l;

for cats - 1.6 - 3.7 mmol / l.

for horses - 2.3 - 3.6 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Hyperlipoproteinemia, liver disease, cholestasis, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome, pancreatic tumors, ischemic disease heart, myocardial infarction, hypertonic disease, diabetes mellitus, the use of corticosteroids, sulfonamides, thiazide diuretics

Downgraded: HDL deficiency, hypoproteinemia, liver tumors and cirrhosis, hyperthyroidism, acute and chronic renal failure, liver failure(terminal stages), rheumatoid arthritis, malnutrition and absorption, acute infections

triglycerides

Feed fats are hydrolyzed into small intestine, are absorbed and resynthesized by mucosal cells, after which they are secreted into lymphatic vessels in the form of chylomicrons. Chylomicron triglycerides are removed from the blood by tissue lipoprotein lipase. The endogenous production of triglycerides occurs in the liver. These triglycerides are transported in association with b-lipoproteins as part of very low density lipoproteins (VLDL).

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 0.24 - 0.98 mmol / l;

for cats - 0.38 - 1.10 mmol / l.

for horses - 0.1 - 0.4 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Hyperlipoproteinemia, diabetes mellitus, hepatitis, cirrhosis, obstructive jaundice, acute and chronic pancreatitis, nephrotic syndrome, chronic renal failure, acute myocardial infarction, coronary heart disease, pregnancy, stress; taking corticosteroids, estrogens, beta-blockers, diuretics, a diet high in fat, carbohydrates;

Downgraded: Starvation, hyperthyroidism, acute infections, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hyperthyroidism; reception ascorbic acid, heparin;

electrolytes

Potassium (K)

Potassium is the major intracellular cation whose serum concentration is regulated by its excretion in the urine and other mechanisms. Serum potassium concentration determines neuromuscular excitability. Low or high potassium levels in the blood affect muscle contractility

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 4.3 - 6.2 mmol / l;

for cats - 4.1 - 5.4 mmol / l

for horses - 2.2 - 4.5 mmol / l

Enhanced: Hemolysis, tissue damage, starvation, diabetic ketoacidosis, renal failure with anuria, oliguria, acidosis, taking potassium-sparing diuretics (spironolactone, triamterene), beta-blockers, ACE inhibitors, high doses of sulfadimethoxine (Co-trimoxazole).

Downgraded: Fasting, vomiting, diarrhea, renal tubular acidosis, aldosteronism, muscular atrophy, the use of furosemide, steroids, insulin, glucose.

Sodium (Na)

Sodium is the predominant extracellular cation. The sodium level is primarily determined by the volemic status of the body.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 138 - 164 mmol / l;

for cats - 143 - 165 mmol / l.

for horses - 130 - 143 mmol / l.

Enhanced: dehydration, polyuria, sugar and diabetes insipidus, chronic glomerulonephritis, hypoparathyroidism, chronic renal failure, bone tumors, osteolysis, osteodystrophy, hypervitaminosis D, furosemide, tetracycline, steroid hormones.

Downgraded: Vitamin D deficiency, osteomalacia, malabsorption, hyperinsulinism, taking analgesics, anticonvulsants, insulin. False hyponatremia may occur with severe lipemia or hyperproteinemia if the analysis is done with a dilution of the sample.

Calcium total (Ca)

Serum calcium is the sum of calcium ions, incl. associated with proteins (mainly albumin). The level of calcium ions is regulated by parathyroid hormone and vitamin D.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 2.3 - 3.3 mmol / l;

for cats - 2.0 - 2.7 mmol / l.

for horses - 2.6 - 4.0 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Hyperparathyroidism, bone tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, sarcoidosis, vitamin D overdose

Downgraded: Hypoparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D, chronic renal failure, liver cirrhosis, pancreatitis, osteomalacia, the use of anticonvulsants.

PHOSPHORUS (P)

The concentration of inorganic phosphates in blood plasma is determined by the function parathyroid glands, vitamin D activity, gastrointestinal absorption, kidney function, bone metabolism and nutrition.

It is necessary to evaluate the indicator in combination with calcium and alkaline phosphatase.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 1.13 - 3.0 mmol / l;

for cats - 1.1 - 2.3 mmol / l.

for horses - 0.7 - 1.9 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Renal failure, massive blood transfusions, hypoparathyroidism, Hypervitaminosis D, bone tumors, lymphoma, leukemia, ketosis in diabetes mellitus, healing bone fractures, the use of diuretics, anabolic steroids.

Downgraded: Hyperparathyroidism, hypovitaminosis D (rickets, osteomalacia), gastrointestinal diseases, malnutrition, severe diarrhea, vomiting, jet intravenous administration glucose, insulin therapy, the use of anticonvulsants.

Iron (Fe)

The concentration of iron in serum is determined by its absorption in the intestine; deposition in the intestines, liver, bone marrow; the degree of decay or loss of hemoglobin; volume of hemoglobin biosynthesis.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 20.0 - 30.0 µmol/l;

for cats - 20.0 - 30.0 µmol/l.

for horses - 13.0 - 23.0 µmol / l.

Enhanced: hemosiderosis, aplastic and hemolytic anemia, acute (viral) hepatitis, cirrhosis, fatty liver, nephritis, lead poisoning; taking estrogen.

Downgraded: Iron-deficiency anemia, nephrotic syndrome, malignant tumors, infections, postoperative period.

Magnesium (Mg)

Magnesium is primarily an intracellular cation (60% is found in bones); it is a necessary cofactor for numerous enzyme systems, especially ATPases. Magnesium affects the neuromuscular response and excitability. The concentration of magnesium in the extracellular fluid is determined by its absorption from the intestine, excretion by the kidneys, and exchange with bones and intracellular fluid.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 0.8 - 1.4 mmol / l;

for cats - 0.9 - 1.6 mmol / l.

for horses - 0.6 - 1.5 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Dehydration, renal failure, tissue injury, hypocorticism; taking acetylsalicylate (long-term), triamterene, magnesium salts, progesterone.

Downgraded: Lack of magnesium, tetany, acute pancreatitis, pregnancy, diarrhea, vomiting, use of diuretics, calcium salts, citrates (with blood transfusion).

Chlorine (Cl)

Chlorine is the most important inorganic anion in the extracellular fluid, important in maintaining normal acid-base balance and normal osmolality. With the loss of chlorides (in the form of HCl or NH4Cl), alkalosis occurs, with ingestion or injection of chlorides, acidosis occurs.

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 96.0 - 118.0 mmol / l;

for cats - 107.0 - 122.0 mmol / l.

for horses - 94.0 - 106.0 mmol / l.

Enhanced: Hypohydration, acute renal failure, diabetes insipidus, renal tubular acidosis, metabolic acidosis, respiratory alkalosis, adrenal hypofunction, traumatic brain injury, taking corticosteroids, salicylates (intoxication).

Downgraded: Hypochloremic alkalosis, after punctures with ascites, prolonged vomiting, diarrhea, respiratory acidosis, nephritis, taking laxatives, diuretics, corticosteroids (long-term).

Acidity (pH)

Reference intervals:

for dogs - 7.35 - 7.45;

for cats - 7.35 - 7.45;

for horses - 7.35 - 7.45.

Enhanced: Alkalosis (respiratory, non-respiratory)

Downgraded: Acidosis (respiratory, metabolic)

Blood test in dogs - important element regular examinations and diagnosing diseases in pets. With its help, you can find deviations in health in time, track the nature of the development of the body, general state immunity of your four-legged friend.

For many owners, the results of the analysis, complex tables and indicators, are a secret behind seven seals. And even obvious deviations from the norm in one direction or another, indicated in the results, often do not say anything. Let's figure out what the studied indicators mean, and what to prepare for, noticing deviations. Today we will study a biochemical blood test.

What does a biochemical blood test of dogs investigate?

Biochemical analysis allows you to study the quality of the functioning of organs and tissues in the body, determines violations in the work of certain systems. Biochemistry is indispensable in determining complex diseases, including disorders of the liver, kidneys, endocrine system, hearts.

Prescribes biochemistry, as a rule, a doctor. But the owner of the dog can also go to the clinic for a study in preventive purposes. Under normal conditions this analysis required no more than once a year.

Norm - one for all!?

When studying the results of the analysis, it is important to understand that the norm of the content of certain substances is an average indicator for all healthy individuals. But, like humans, each animal has individual physiological features. It may turn out that it is for your pet that the norm is a slightly overestimated or underestimated indicator for one or another parameter.

To accurately determine this, long-term observation of the dog during the period of illness and during healthy condition. Give a final opinion on whether the deviation on the documents life norm or not, only a veterinarian can.

As for the theory, it will be useful for each owner to find out what specific indicators the biochemical analysis of the dog’s blood examines, and what may be meant by certain deviations.

Let's try to decipher

Glucose (normal: 4.3 - 7.3 mmol / l)

Diabetes is the most common cause glucose growth. However, often its exit beyond the upper frame can happen with increased physical exertion. Glucose jumps against the background of diseases of the kidneys, liver or pancreas.

A low level can indicate starvation, tumors of a different nature, insulin overdoses, or severe food poisoning.

Protein (59 - 73 g/l)

  • kidney failure;
  • intestinal damage;
  • prolonged fasting.

Protein also falls as a result of burns, internal inflammation and large blood loss, when there is an increased consumption of this substance in the body. The same is true for albumin (the norm is 22-39 g / l).

Bilirubin (0 - 7.5 µmol/l)

Bilirubin quite often rises against the background of damage to the liver cells (in other words, with hepatitis), as well as due to obstruction of the bile ducts.

Urea (3 - 8.5 mmol/l)

An increase in the amount of urea most often signals problems in the urinary organs. In particular, its level rises with violations of the kidneys and inflammation. urinary tract. It can “grow up” against the background of an excess of protein foods in the pet’s diet.

Urea deficiency in the body, on the contrary, is associated with protein starvation, as well as dog pregnancy. A sign of pregnancy, by the way, is also a low content of creatinine (normally 30-170 µmol/l).

Alanine aminotransferase (0 - 65 units)

It almost always rises against the background of destructive processes in the liver (including due to the intake of strong drugs that affect this organ).

Aspartate aminotransferase (10 - 42 units)

This substance also increases with the destruction of liver cells. Other reasons for increasing the level of AST: physical processing of the dog, heart failure.

It is worth alerting if this substance is contained in the blood in small quantities. As a rule, a low content of AsAT indicates the beginning of necrotic processes in the body, i.e. tissue death. It is also possible against the background of a liver rupture or an acute lack of vitamin B6.

Alpha-amylase (550 - 1700 units)

Increases with pancreatitis, peritonitis, parotitis, and also against the background of diabetes. Can talk about torsion of the intestines and stomach.

The lack of alpha-amylase indicates pancreatic dysfunction, thyrotoxicosis.

Potassium (3.6 - 5.5 mmol/l)

Transition upper bound according to the content of potassium in the blood indicates acute kidney failure, destruction of cells in a particular organ, as well as dehydration. Potassium deficiency often indicates prolonged starvation of the animal, poisoning, or impaired renal function. It is possible to decrease with an excess of the hormone of the adrenal cortex.

Calcium (2.25 - 3 mmol/l)

An increase in the proportion of calcium should alert the owner of the dog. Indeed, it is this indicator that often becomes a signal for an additional examination for oncological diseases. Calcium increases against the background of malignant tumors, with an excess of vitamin D, dehydration.

A decrease in the level of calcium often indicates a deficiency of vitamin D and magnesium, chronic renal failure.

Cholesterol (2.9 - 8.3 mmol/l)

An increase in blood cholesterol levels signals liver disease, hypothyroidism and coronary heart disease. But a deficiency of total cholesterol, on the contrary, makes it clear that your pet is likely to develop enteropathy, hepatopathy, or a malignant tumor grows. Possible deviation from the norm in a smaller direction against the background of poor nutrition.

At the end of the article, I would like to add only one thing. Despite the fact that now you know exactly how to read the results of the analysis, do not undertake to make a diagnosis yourself. Only a doctor can definitively establish the disease. Don't forget to visit the vet.

A biochemical blood test is necessary to get an idea of ​​​​the work internal organs animal organism, determining the content of trace elements and vitamins in the blood. This is one way laboratory diagnostics, which is informative for veterinarian and has a high degree reliability.

Biochemical analysis involves laboratory research the following blood counts:

Squirrels

  • total protein
  • Albumins
  • Alpha globulins
  • beta globulins
  • Gamma globulins

Enzymes

  • Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT)
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
  • Amylase
  • Phosphatase alkaline

Lipids

  • total cholesterol

Carbohydrates

  • Glucose

Pigments

  • Bilirubin total

low molecular weight nitrogenous substances

Creatinine

Urea nitrogen

Residual nitrogen

Urea

Inorganic substances and vitamins

Calcium

There are certain rules biochemical analysis blood. Deviation from these indicators is a sign of various disorders in the activity of the body.

The results of a biochemical blood test can indicate diseases that are completely independent of each other. Only a professional, an experienced and qualified doctor, can correctly assess the state of health of an animal, give a correct, reliable interpretation of a biochemical blood test.

total protein

Total protein is an organic polymer made up of amino acids.

The term "total protein" means the total concentration of albumin and globulins in the blood serum. In the body, a common protein performs the following functions: it participates in blood clotting, maintains a constant blood pH, performs a transport function, participates in immune reactions, and many other functions.

Norms total protein in the blood of cats and dogs: 60.0-80.0 g/l

1.Protein boost may be seen with:

a) acute and chronic infectious diseases,

b) oncological diseases,

c) dehydration of the body.

2. Reduced protein may be with:

a) pancreatitis

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer, toxic liver damage)

c) intestinal disease (gastroenterocolitis) dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract

d) acute and chronic bleeding

e) kidney disease, accompanied by a significant loss of protein in the urine (glomerulonephritis, etc.)

f) decrease in protein synthesis in the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

g) increased protein loss during blood loss, extensive burns, trauma, tumors, ascites, chronic and acute inflammation

h) oncological disease.

i) during fasting, strong physical exertion.

Albumen

Albumin is the main blood protein produced in the animal's liver. Albumins are secreted into separate group proteins - the so-called protein fractions. Changes in the ratio of individual protein fractions in the blood often give the doctor more significant information than just the total protein.

Albumins 45.0-67.0% in the blood of cats and dogs.

1. Increase albumin in the blood occurs with dehydration, loss of fluid by the body,

2.Downgrade content albumin in the blood:

a) chronic liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver tumors)

b) bowel disease

c) sepsis, infectious diseases, purulent processes

f) malignant tumors

g) heart failure

h) drug overdose

i) is a consequence of starvation, insufficient intake of proteins with food.

Globulin fractions:

Alpha globulins are normal 10.0-12.0%

Beta globulins 8.0-10.0%

Gamma globulins 15.0-17.0%

beta globulins: 1. Fraction increase- with hepatitis, cirrhosis and other liver damage.

Gamma globulins: 1. Fraction increase with cirrhosis, hepatitis, infectious diseases.

2.Faction reduction- 14 days after vaccination, with kidney disease, with immunodeficiency states.

Types of proteinograms:

1. Type of acute inflammatory processes

A pronounced decrease in the content of albumins and increased content alpha globulins, increase in gamma globulins.

It is observed at the initial stage of pneumonia, pleurisy, acute polyarthritis, acute infectious diseases and sepsis.

2. Type of subacute and chronic inflammation

Decreased albumin content, increased alpha and gamma globulins

Observed at late stage pneumonia, chronic endocarditis, cholecystitis, urocystitis, pyelonephritis

3. Type of nephrotic symptom complex

Decrease in albumins, increase in alpha and beta globulins, moderate decrease in gamma globulins.

Lipoid and amyloid nephrosis, nephritis, nephrosclerosis, cachexia.

4. Type of malignant neoplasms

A sharp decrease in albumin with a significant increase in all globulin fractions, especially beta globulins.

Primary neoplasms different localization, metastases of neoplasms.

5. Type of hepatitis

A moderate decrease in albumin, an increase in gamma globulins, a sharp increase in beta globulins.

In hepatitis, the consequences of toxic damage to the liver (improper feeding, improper use medicines), some forms of polyarthritis, dermatoses, malignant neoplasms hematopoietic and lymphoid apparatus.

6. Type of cirrhosis

A significant decrease in albumin with a strong increase in gamma globulins

7. Type of mechanical (subhepatic) jaundice

Decrease in albumins and moderate increase in alpha, beta and gamma albumins.

Abturative jaundice, cancer of the biliary tract and head of the pancreas.

ALT (ALT) or alanine aminotransferase is a liver enzyme that is involved in amino acid metabolism. Contains ALT in the liver, kidneys, heart muscle, skeletal muscles.

With the destruction of the cells of these organs, caused by various pathological processes, ALT is released into the blood of the animal's body. Norm of ALT in the blood of cats and dogs: 1.6-7.6 IU

1. Increase ALT- a sign of serious illness:

a) liver toxicity

b) cirrhosis of the liver

c) neoplasm of the liver

d) toxic effect on the liver drugs (antibiotics, etc.)

e) heart failure

f) pancreatitis

i) skeletal muscle injury and necrosis

2.Decrease in the level of ALT seen with:

a) severe liver diseases - necrosis, cirrhosis (with a decrease in the number of cells synthesizing ALT)

b) vitamin B6 deficiency.

AST (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase is a cellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous tissue, skeletal muscles and other organs.

The norm of AST in the blood is 1.6-6.7 IU

1. Increase in AST in the blood observed if there is a disease in the body:

a) viral, toxic hepatitis

b) acute pancreatitis

c) liver neoplasms

e) heart failure.

f) skeletal muscle injuries, burns, heat stroke.

2. Lowering the level of AST in the blood due to severe diseases, liver rupture and vitamin B6 deficiency.

Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase is involved in the exchange of phosphoric acid, splitting it from organic compounds and promotes the transport of phosphorus in the body. Most high level the content of alkaline phosphatase - in bone tissue, intestinal mucosa, in the placenta and mammary gland during lactation.

The rate of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of dogs and cats is 8.0-28.0 IU / l. Alkaline phosphatase affects bone growth, therefore, in growing organisms, its content is higher than in adults.

1. Increased alkaline phosphatase in the blood may be

a) bone disease, including bone tumors (sarcoma), cancer metastases in the bone

b) hyperparathyroidism

c) lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions

d) osteodystrophy

e) liver diseases (cirrhosis, cancer, infectious hepatitis)

f) tumors of the biliary tract

g) lung infarction, kidney infarction.

h) lack of calcium and phosphates in food, from an overdose of vitamin C and as a result of taking certain medications.

2. Decreased level of alkaline phosphatase

a) with hypothyroidism,

b) bone growth disorders,

c) lack of zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12 or C in food,

d) anemia (anemia).

e) taking medications can also cause a decrease in alkaline phosphatase in the blood.

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of starch and other carbohydrates in the duodenal lumen.

Norms of pancreatic amylase - 35.0-70.0 G \ hour * l

1. Increased amylase- a symptom of the following diseases:

a) acute, chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)

b) pancreatic cyst,

c) tumor in the pancreatic duct

d) acute peritonitis

e) diseases of the biliary tract (cholecystitis)

f) renal insufficiency.

2. Reducing the content of amylase may be with pancreatic insufficiency, acute and chronic hepatitis.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow-red pigment, a breakdown product of hemoglobin and some other blood components. Bilirubin is found in bile. Bilirubin analysis shows how the animal's liver works. In the blood serum, bilirubin occurs in the following forms: direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin. Together, these forms form the total blood bilirubin.

Norms total bilirubin: 0.02-0.4mg%

1. Increased bilirubin- a symptom of the following disorders in the activity of the body:

a) lack of vitamin B 12

b) liver neoplasms

c) hepatitis

d) primary cirrhosis of the liver

e) toxic, drug poisoning liver

Calcium

Calcium (Ca, Calcium) is an inorganic element in the animal body.

The biological role of calcium in the body is great:

Calcium supports normal heartbeat like magnesium, calcium contributes to health of cardio-vascular system generally,

Participates in the metabolism of iron in the body, regulates enzyme activity,

Promotes normal operation nervous system transmission of nerve impulses,

Phosphorus and calcium in balance make bones strong,

Participates in blood coagulation, regulates the permeability of cell membranes,

Normalizes the work of some endocrine glands,

Participates in muscle contraction.

The rate of calcium in the blood of dogs and cats: 9.5-12.0 mg%

Calcium enters the body of the animal with food, the absorption of calcium occurs in the intestines, the exchange in the bones. Calcium is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The balance of these processes ensures the constancy of the calcium content in the blood.

The excretion and absorption of calcium is under the control of hormones (parathyroid hormone, etc.) and calcitriol - vitamin D3. In order for calcium to be absorbed, there must be enough vitamin D in the body.

1. Too much calcium or hypercalcemia can be caused by the following disorders in the body:

a) increased function of the parathyroid glands (primary hyperparathyroidism)

b) malignant tumors with bone lesions (metastases, myeloma, leukemia)

c) excess vitamin D

d) dehydration

e) acute renal failure.

2. Lack of calcium or hypocalcemia - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) rickets (vitamin D deficiency)

b) osteodystrophy

c) decreased thyroid function

d) chronic renal failure

e) magnesium deficiency

f) pancreatitis

g) obstructive jaundice, liver failure

cachexia.

Calcium deficiency can also be associated with the use of medications - anticancer and anticonvulsants.

Calcium deficiency in the body is manifested by muscle cramps, nervousness.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) - necessary for normal functioning central nervous system.

Phosphorus compounds are present in every cell of the body and are involved in almost all physiological chemical reactions. The norm in the body of dogs and cats is 6.0-7.0 mg%.

Phosphorus is included in nucleic acids, which take part in the processes of growth, cell division, storage and use of genetic information,

phosphorus is contained in the composition of the bones of the skeleton (about 85% of total phosphorus of the body), it is necessary for the formation normal structure teeth and gums, ensures the proper functioning of the heart and kidneys,

participates in the processes of accumulation and release of energy in cells,

participates in the transmission of nerve impulses, helps the metabolism of fats and starches.

1. Excess phosphorus in the blood, or hyperphosphatemia, can cause the following processes:

a) destruction of bone tissue (tumors, leukemia)

b) excess vitamin D

c) healing of bone fractures

d) decreased function of the parathyroid glands (hypoparathyroidism)

e) acute and chronic renal failure

f) osteodystrophy

h) cirrhosis.

Usually phosphorus is higher than normal due to intake anticancer drugs This releases phosphates into the blood.

2.Lack of phosphorus should be replenished regularly by eating foods containing phosphorus.

A significant decrease in the level of phosphorus in the blood - hypophosphatemia - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) lack of growth hormone

b) vitamin D deficiency (rickets)

c) periodontal disease

d) malabsorption of phosphorus, severe diarrhea, vomiting

e) hypercalcemia

f) increased function of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism)

g) hyperinsulinemia (in the treatment of diabetes mellitus).

Glucose

Glucose is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. More than half of the energy our body uses comes from the oxidation of glucose.

The concentration of glucose in the blood is regulated by the hormone insulin, which is the main hormone of the pancreas. With its deficiency, the level of glucose in the blood rises.

The norm of glucose in animals is 4.2-9.0 mmol / l

1. Increased glucose(hyperglycemia) with:

a) diabetes mellitus

b) endocrine disorders

c) acute and chronic pancreatitis

d) pancreatic tumors

e) chronic diseases of the liver and kidneys

f) cerebral hemorrhage

2. Reduced glucose(hypoglycemia) - characteristic symptom for:

a) diseases of the pancreas (hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer)

hypothyroidism,

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, cancer),

c) adrenal cancer, stomach cancer,

d) arsenic poisoning or overdose of certain medications.

Glucose analysis will show a decrease or increase in glucose levels after exercise.

Potassium

Potassium is found in cells, regulates water balance in the body and normalizes the rhythm of the heart. Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells.

1. Excess potassium in the blood- hyperkalemia is a sign of the following disorders in the body of the animal:

a) cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of blood cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries, deep burns),

b) dehydration,

d) acidosis,

e) acute renal failure,

f) adrenal insufficiency,

g) increase in the intake of potassium salts.

Usually, potassium is elevated due to the intake of anticancer, anti-inflammatory drugs and some other drugs.

2. Potassium deficiency(hypokalemia) is a symptom of disorders such as:

a) hypoglycemia

b) dropsy

c) chronic fasting

d) prolonged vomiting and diarrhea

e) impaired renal function, acidosis, renal failure

f) an excess of hormones of the adrenal cortex

g) magnesium deficiency.

Urea

Urea is an active substance, the main product of protein breakdown. Urea is produced by the liver from ammonia and is involved in the process of concentrating urine.

In the process of synthesis of urea, ammonia is neutralized - a very toxic substance for the body. Urea is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The rate of urea in the blood of cats and dogs is 30.0-45.0 mg%

1. Increased urea in the blood- a symptom of serious disorders in the body:

a) kidney disease (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease),

b) heart failure,

c) violation of the outflow of urine (tumor Bladder, prostate adenoma, bladder stones),

d) leukemia, malignant tumors,

e) severe bleeding,

f) intestinal obstruction,

g) shock, fever,

An increase in urea occurs after exercise, due to the intake of androgens, glucocorticoids.

2. Urea analysis in the blood will show a decrease in the level of urea with such disorders of the liver as hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic coma. A decrease in urea in the blood occurs during pregnancy, phosphorus or arsenic poisoning.

Creatinine

Creatinine is the end product of protein metabolism. Creatinine is formed in the liver and then released into the blood, is involved in the energy metabolism of muscle and other tissues. Creatinine is excreted from the body by the kidneys with urine, so creatinine is important indicator kidney activity.

1. Increasing creatinine- a symptom of acute and chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism. Creatinine levels increase after taking some medical preparations, with dehydration of the body, after mechanical, surgical muscle lesions.

2.Decrease in creatinine in the blood, which occurs during fasting, a decrease in muscle mass, during pregnancy, after taking corticosteroids.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol or cholesterol organic compound, essential component fat metabolism.

The role of cholesterol in the body:

cholesterol is used to build cell membranes,

Cholesterol is a precursor of bile in the liver

cholesterol is involved in the synthesis of sex hormones, in the synthesis of vitamin D.

Norms of cholesterol in dogs and cats: 3.5-6.0 mol / l

1. High cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques: cholesterol attaches to the walls of blood vessels, narrowing the lumen inside them. Formed on cholesterol plaques blood clots that can break off and enter the bloodstream, causing blockage of blood vessels in various bodies and tissues, which can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases.

Hypercholesterolemia is a symptom of the following diseases:

a) ischemic heart disease,

b) atherosclerosis

c) liver disease (primary cirrhosis)

d) kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome)

e) chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer

f) diabetes mellitus

g) hypothyroidism

h) obesity

i) somatotropic hormone (GH) deficiency

2.Cholesterol lowering occurs when there is a violation of the absorption of fats, starvation, extensive burns.

Lowering cholesterol can be a symptom of the following diseases:

a) hyperthyroidism,

b) chronic heart failure,

c) megaloblastic anemia,

d) sepsis,

e) acute infectious diseases,

f) terminal stage cirrhosis of the liver, liver cancer,

g) chronic lung diseases.

A biochemical blood test is necessary to get an idea of ​​​​the work of the internal organs of the animal's body, to determine the content of trace elements and vitamins in the blood. This is one of the methods of laboratory diagnostics, which is informative for a veterinarian and has a high degree of reliability.

Biochemical analysis involves a laboratory study of the following blood parameters:

Squirrels

  • total protein
  • Albumins
  • Alpha globulins
  • beta globulins
  • Gamma globulins

Enzymes

  • Alanine aminotransferase (ALAT)
  • Aspartate aminotransferase (AST)
  • Amylase
  • Phosphatase alkaline

Lipids

  • total cholesterol

Carbohydrates

  • Glucose

Pigments

  • Bilirubin total

low molecular weight nitrogenous substances

Creatinine

Urea nitrogen

Residual nitrogen

Urea

Inorganic substances and vitamins

Calcium

There are certain norms for a biochemical blood test. Deviation from these indicators is a sign of various disorders in the activity of the body.

The results of a biochemical blood test can indicate diseases that are completely independent of each other. Only a professional - an experienced and qualified doctor can correctly assess the state of health of an animal, give a correct, reliable decoding of a biochemical blood test.

total protein

Total protein is an organic polymer made up of amino acids.

The term "total protein" means the total concentration of albumin and globulins in the blood serum. In the body, a common protein performs the following functions: it participates in blood clotting, maintains a constant blood pH, performs a transport function, participates in immune reactions, and many other functions.

Norms of total protein in the blood of cats and dogs: 60.0-80.0 g / l

1.Protein boost may be seen with:

a) acute and chronic infectious diseases,

b) oncological diseases,

c) dehydration of the body.

2. Reduced protein may be with:

a) pancreatitis

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, liver cancer, toxic liver damage)

c) intestinal disease (gastroenterocolitis) dysfunction of the gastrointestinal tract

d) acute and chronic bleeding

e) kidney disease, accompanied by a significant loss of protein in the urine (glomerulonephritis, etc.)

f) decrease in protein synthesis in the liver (hepatitis, cirrhosis)

g) increased protein loss during blood loss, extensive burns, trauma, tumors, ascites, chronic and acute inflammation

h) oncological disease.

i) during fasting, strong physical exertion.

Albumen

Albumin is the main blood protein produced in the liver of an animal. Albumins are isolated into a separate group of proteins - the so-called protein fractions. Changes in the ratio of individual protein fractions in the blood often give the doctor more significant information than just the total protein.

Albumins 45.0-67.0% in the blood of cats and dogs.

1. Increase albumin in the blood occurs with dehydration, loss of fluid by the body,

2.Downgrade content albumin in the blood:

a) chronic liver diseases (hepatitis, cirrhosis, liver tumors)

b) bowel disease

c) sepsis, infectious diseases, purulent processes

f) malignant tumors

g) heart failure

h) drug overdose

i) is a consequence of starvation, insufficient intake of proteins with food.

Globulin fractions:

Alpha globulins are normal 10.0-12.0%

Beta globulins 8.0-10.0%

Gamma globulins 15.0-17.0%

beta globulins: 1. Fraction increase - with hepatitis, cirrhosis and other liver damage.

Gamma globulins: 1. Fraction increase with cirrhosis, hepatitis, infectious diseases.

2.Faction reduction - 14 days after vaccination, with kidney disease, with immunodeficiency states.

Types of proteinograms:

1. Type of acute inflammatory processes

A pronounced decrease in the content of albumins and an increased content of alpha globulins, an increase in gamma globulins.

It is observed at the initial stage of pneumonia, pleurisy, acute polyarthritis, acute infectious diseases and sepsis.

2. Type of subacute and chronic inflammation

Decreased albumin content, increased alpha and gamma globulins

Observed in the late stage of pneumonia, chronic endocarditis, cholecystitis, urocystitis, pyelonephritis

3. Type of nephrotic symptom complex

Decrease in albumins, increase in alpha and beta globulins, moderate decrease in gamma globulins.

Lipoid and amyloid nephrosis, nephritis, nephrosclerosis, cachexia.

4. Type of malignant neoplasms

A sharp decrease in albumin with a significant increase in all globulin fractions, especially beta globulins.

Primary neoplasms of various localization, metastases of neoplasms.

5. Type of hepatitis

A moderate decrease in albumin, an increase in gamma globulins, a sharp increase in beta globulins.

With hepatitis, the consequences of toxic damage to the liver (improper feeding, improper use of drugs), some forms of polyarthritis, dermatosis, malignant neoplasms of the hematopoietic and lymphoid apparatus.

6. Type of cirrhosis

A significant decrease in albumin with a strong increase in gamma globulins

7. Type of mechanical (subhepatic) jaundice

Decrease in albumins and moderate increase in alpha, beta and gamma albumins.

Abturative jaundice, cancer of the biliary tract and head of the pancreas.

ALT

AlAT (ALT) or alanine aminotransferase is a liver enzyme that is involved in amino acid metabolism. Contains ALT in the liver, kidneys, heart muscle, skeletal muscles.

With the destruction of the cells of these organs, caused by various pathological processes, ALT is released into the blood of the animal's body. Norm of ALT in the blood of cats and dogs: 1.6-7.6 IU

1. Increase ALT - a sign of serious illness:

a) liver toxicity

b) cirrhosis of the liver

c) neoplasm of the liver

d) toxic effect on the liver of drugs (antibiotics, etc.)

e) heart failure

f) pancreatitis

i) skeletal muscle injury and necrosis

2.Decrease in the level of ALT seen with:

a) severe liver diseases - necrosis, cirrhosis (with a decrease in the number of cells synthesizing ALT)

b) vitamin B6 deficiency.

AST

AST (AST) or aspartate aminotransferase is a cellular enzyme involved in amino acid metabolism. AST is found in the tissues of the heart, liver, kidneys, nervous tissue, skeletal muscles and other organs.

The norm of AST in the blood is 1.6-6.7 IU

1. Increase in AST in the blood observed if there is a disease in the body:

a) viral, toxic hepatitis

b) acute pancreatitis

c) liver neoplasms

e) heart failure.

f) skeletal muscle injuries, burns, heat stroke.

2. Lowering the level of AST in the blood due to severe diseases, liver rupture and vitamin B6 deficiency.

Alkaline phosphatase

Alkaline phosphatase is involved in the exchange of phosphoric acid, splitting it from organic compounds and promotes the transport of phosphorus in the body. The highest level of alkaline phosphatase is in bone tissue, intestinal mucosa, in the placenta and mammary gland during lactation.

The rate of alkaline phosphatase in the blood of dogs and cats is 8.0-28.0 IU / l. Alkaline phosphatase affects bone growth, therefore, in growing organisms, its content is higher than in adults.

1. Increased alkaline phosphatase in the blood may be

a) bone disease, including bone tumors (sarcoma), cancer metastases in the bone

b) hyperparathyroidism

c) lymphogranulomatosis with bone lesions

d) osteodystrophy

e) liver diseases (cirrhosis, cancer, infectious hepatitis)

f) tumors of the biliary tract

g) lung infarction, kidney infarction.

h) lack of calcium and phosphates in food, from an overdose of vitamin C and as a result of taking certain medications.

2. Decreased level of alkaline phosphatase

a) with hypothyroidism,

b) bone growth disorders,

c) lack of zinc, magnesium, vitamin B12 or C in food,

d) anemia (anemia).

e) taking medications can also cause a decrease in alkaline phosphatase in the blood.

Pancreatic amylase

Pancreatic amylase is an enzyme involved in the breakdown of starch and other carbohydrates in the duodenal lumen.

Norms of pancreatic amylase - 35.0-70.0 G \ hour * l

1. Increased amylase - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) acute, chronic pancreatitis (inflammation of the pancreas)

b) pancreatic cyst,

c) tumor in the pancreatic duct

d) acute peritonitis

e) diseases of the biliary tract (cholecystitis)

f) renal insufficiency.

2. Reducing the content of amylase may be with pancreatic insufficiency, acute and chronic hepatitis.

Bilirubin

Bilirubin is a yellow-red pigment, a breakdown product of hemoglobin and some other blood components. Bilirubin is found in bile. Bilirubin analysis shows how the animal's liver works. In the blood serum, bilirubin occurs in the following forms: direct bilirubin, indirect bilirubin. Together, these forms form the total blood bilirubin.

Norms of total bilirubin: 0.02-0.4 mg%

1. Increased bilirubin - a symptom of the following disorders in the activity of the body:

a) lack of vitamin B 12

b) liver neoplasms

c) hepatitis

d) primary cirrhosis of the liver

e) toxic, drug poisoning of the liver

Calcium

Calcium (Ca, Calcium) is an inorganic element in the animal body.

The biological role of calcium in the body is great:

Calcium maintains a normal heart rhythm, just like magnesium, calcium contributes to the health of the cardiovascular system in general,

Participates in the metabolism of iron in the body, regulates enzyme activity,

Contributes to the normal functioning of the nervous system, the transmission of nerve impulses,

Phosphorus and calcium in balance make bones strong,

Participates in blood coagulation, regulates the permeability of cell membranes,

Normalizes the work of some endocrine glands,

Participates in muscle contraction.

The rate of calcium in the blood of dogs and cats: 9.5-12.0 mg%

Calcium enters the body of the animal with food, the absorption of calcium occurs in the intestines, the exchange in the bones. Calcium is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The balance of these processes ensures the constancy of the calcium content in the blood.

The excretion and absorption of calcium is under the control of hormones (parathyroid hormone, etc.) and calcitriol - vitamin D3. In order for calcium to be absorbed, there must be enough vitamin D in the body.

1. Too much calcium or hypercalcemia can be caused by the following disorders in the body:

a) increased function of the parathyroid glands (primary hyperparathyroidism)

b) malignant tumors with bone lesions (metastases, myeloma, leukemia)

c) excess vitamin D

d) dehydration

e) acute renal failure.

2. Lack of calcium or hypocalcemia - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) rickets (vitamin D deficiency)

b) osteodystrophy

c) decreased thyroid function

d) chronic renal failure

e) magnesium deficiency

f) pancreatitis

g) obstructive jaundice, liver failure

cachexia.

The lack of calcium can also be associated with the use of medications - anticancer and anticonvulsants.

Calcium deficiency in the body is manifested by muscle cramps, nervousness.

Phosphorus

Phosphorus (P) - necessary for the normal functioning of the central nervous system.

Phosphorus compounds are present in every cell of the body and are involved in almost all physiological chemical reactions. The norm in the body of dogs and cats is 6.0-7.0 mg%.

Phosphorus is a part of nucleic acids that take part in the processes of growth, cell division, storage and use of genetic information,

phosphorus is contained in the bones of the skeleton (about 85% of the total amount of phosphorus in the body), it is necessary for the formation of a normal structure of teeth and gums, ensures the proper functioning of the heart and kidneys,

participates in the processes of accumulation and release of energy in cells,

participates in the transmission of nerve impulses, helps the metabolism of fats and starches.

1. Excess phosphorus in the blood, or hyperphosphatemia, can cause the following processes:

a) destruction of bone tissue (tumors, leukemia)

b) excess vitamin D

c) healing of bone fractures

d) decreased function of the parathyroid glands (hypoparathyroidism)

e) acute and chronic renal failure

f) osteodystrophy

h) cirrhosis.

Usually, phosphorus is higher than normal due to the intake of anticancer drugs, while phosphate is released into the blood.

2.Lack of phosphorus should be replenished regularly by eating foods containing phosphorus.

A significant decrease in the level of phosphorus in the blood - hypophosphatemia - a symptom of the following diseases:

a) lack of growth hormone

b) vitamin D deficiency (rickets)

c) periodontal disease

d) malabsorption of phosphorus, severe diarrhea, vomiting

e) hypercalcemia

f) increased function of the parathyroid glands (hyperparathyroidism)

g) hyperinsulinemia (in the treatment of diabetes mellitus).

Glucose

Glucose is the main indicator of carbohydrate metabolism. More than half of the energy our body uses comes from the oxidation of glucose.

The concentration of glucose in the blood is regulated by the hormone insulin, which is the main hormone of the pancreas. With its deficiency, the level of glucose in the blood rises.

The norm of glucose in animals is 4.2-9.0 mmol / l

1. Increased glucose (hyperglycemia) with:

a) diabetes mellitus

b) endocrine disorders

c) acute and chronic pancreatitis

d) pancreatic tumors

e) chronic diseases of the liver and kidneys

f) cerebral hemorrhage

2. Reduced glucose (hypoglycemia) - a characteristic symptom for:

a) diseases of the pancreas (hyperplasia, adenoma or cancer)

hypothyroidism,

b) liver diseases (cirrhosis, hepatitis, cancer),

c) adrenal cancer, stomach cancer,

d) arsenic poisoning or overdose of certain medications.

Glucose analysis will show a decrease or increase in glucose levels after exercise.

Potassium

Potassium is contained in the cells, regulates the water balance in the body and normalizes the rhythm of the heart. Potassium affects the functioning of many cells in the body, especially nerve and muscle cells.

1. Excess potassium in the blood - hyperkalemia is a sign of the following disorders in the body of the animal:

a) cell damage (hemolysis - destruction of blood cells, severe starvation, convulsions, severe injuries, deep burns),

b) dehydration,

d) acidosis,

e) acute renal failure,

f) adrenal insufficiency,

g) increase in the intake of potassium salts.

Usually, potassium is elevated due to the intake of anticancer, anti-inflammatory drugs and some other drugs.

2. Potassium deficiency (hypokalemia) - a symptom of disorders such as:

a) hypoglycemia

b) dropsy

c) chronic fasting

d) prolonged vomiting and diarrhea

e) impaired renal function, acidosis, renal failure

f) an excess of hormones of the adrenal cortex

g) magnesium deficiency.

Urea

Urea is an active substance, the main product of protein breakdown. Urea is produced by the liver from ammonia and is involved in the process of concentrating urine.

In the process of synthesis of urea, ammonia is neutralized - a very toxic substance for the body. Urea is excreted from the body by the kidneys. The rate of urea in the blood of cats and dogs is 30.0-45.0 mg%

1. Increased urea in the blood - a symptom of serious disorders in the body:

a) kidney disease (glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis, polycystic kidney disease),

b) heart failure,

c) violation of the outflow of urine (bladder tumor, prostate adenoma, bladder stones),

d) leukemia, malignant tumors,

e) severe bleeding,

f) intestinal obstruction,

g) shock, fever,

An increase in urea occurs after exercise, due to the intake of androgens, glucocorticoids.

2. Urea analysis in the blood will show a decrease in the level of urea with such disorders of the liver as hepatitis, cirrhosis, hepatic coma. A decrease in urea in the blood occurs during pregnancy, phosphorus or arsenic poisoning.

Creatinine

Creatinine is the end product of protein metabolism. Creatinine is formed in the liver and then released into the blood, is involved in the energy metabolism of muscle and other tissues. Creatinine is excreted from the body by the kidneys with urine, so creatinine is an important indicator of kidney activity.

1. Increasing creatinine - a symptom of acute and chronic renal failure, hyperthyroidism. The level of creatinine increases after taking certain medications, with dehydration of the body, after mechanical, surgical muscle lesions.

2.Decrease in creatinine in the blood, which occurs during fasting, a decrease in muscle mass, during pregnancy, after taking corticosteroids.

Cholesterol

Cholesterol or cholesterol is an organic compound, the most important component of fat metabolism.

The role of cholesterol in the body:

cholesterol is used to build cell membranes,

in the liver, cholesterol is a precursor of bile,

cholesterol is involved in the synthesis of sex hormones, in the synthesis of vitamin D.

Norms of cholesterol in dogs and cats: 3.5-6.0 mol / l

1. High cholesterol or hypercholesterolemia leads to the formation of atherosclerotic plaques: cholesterol attaches to the walls of blood vessels, narrowing the lumen inside them. Formed on cholesterol plaques blood clots that can break off and enter the bloodstream, causing blockage of blood vessels in various organs and tissues, which can lead to atherosclerosis and other diseases.

Hypercholesterolemia is a symptom of the following diseases:

a) ischemic heart disease,

b) atherosclerosis

c) liver disease (primary cirrhosis)

d) kidney diseases (glomerulonephritis, chronic renal failure, nephrotic syndrome)

e) chronic pancreatitis, pancreatic cancer

f) diabetes mellitus

g) hypothyroidism

h) obesity

i) somatotropic hormone (GH) deficiency

2.Cholesterol lowering occurs when there is a violation of the absorption of fats, starvation, extensive burns.

Lowering cholesterol can be a symptom of the following diseases:

a) hyperthyroidism,

b) chronic heart failure,

c) megaloblastic anemia,

d) sepsis,

e) acute infectious diseases,

f) end-stage liver cirrhosis, liver cancer,

g) chronic lung diseases.

Biochemical and clinical analyzes blood will be taken by our specialists from the patient to establish and clarify the diagnosis at your home. Analyzes are based on veterinary academy, the deadline is the next day after 19-00 hours.

Update: April 2019

According to blood tests, one can not only clarify or refute the diagnosis made on the basis of a clinical examination, but also reveal hidden pathologies in various organs. It is not recommended to neglect this type of diagnosis.

What blood tests are done on dogs

In dogs, two main blood tests are performed:

  • biochemical;
  • clinical (or general).

Clinical blood test (or general hemogram)

The most important indicators:

  • hematocrit;
  • hemoglobin levels;
  • erythrocytes;
  • color indicator;
  • platelets;
  • leukocytes and leukocyte formula(expanded).

Research material

Blood for research is taken venous up to 2 ml. It must be placed in a sterile test tube treated with anticoagulants (sodium citrate or heparin), which do not allow blood to clot (actually stick together to uniform elements).

Blood chemistry

Helps to reveal hidden pathological processes in the dog's body. At complex analysis and, comparing with the obtained clinical signs on examination, you can accurately determine the location of the lesion - a system or a specific organ. The meaning of the analysis of blood biochemistry is to reflect the work of the enzymatic system of the body on the state of the blood.

Main characteristics:

  • glucose level;
  • total protein and albumin;
  • urea nitrogen;
  • ALT and AST (ALat and ASat);
  • bilirubin (total and direct);
  • creatinine;
  • lipids with separate cholesterol;
  • free fatty acids;
  • triglycerides;
  • lipase level;
  • alpha-amylase;
  • creatine kinase;
  • alkaline and acid phosphatase;
  • GGT (gamma-glutamyl transferase);
  • lactate dehydrogenase;
  • electrolytes (potassium, total calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, chlorine).

Material for analysis

For analysis, we take deoxygenated blood, on an empty stomach and before the start of any medical or physiotherapy procedures. The required volume is up to 2 ml. To determine the pH, whole blood is used, for the determination of lipids - blood plasma, for all other indicators - blood serum. Places of sampling: earlobe, veins or paw pads. Sampling is carried out in sterile test tubes.

How to take a blood test?

Characteristics of the main physiological indicators of a blood test in dogs

Clinical blood test in dogs

  • Hematocrit. Shows the total volume of all blood cells in the blood mass (simpler density). Usually, only erythrocytes are taken into account. An indicator of the ability of blood to carry oxygen to cells and tissues.
  • Hemoglobin (hb,hgb). A complex blood protein, the main function of which is the transport of oxygen and carbon dioxide molecules between the cells of the body. Regulates acid-base level.
  • Erythrocytes. Red blood cells containing heme protein (hemoglobin) and representing the main cell mass of blood. One of the most informative indicators.
  • Color indicator. AT literally expresses the average color intensity of erythrocytes according to their hemoglobin content.
  • Average concentration and content of hemoglobin in erythrocytes indicate how densely erythrocytes are saturated with hemoglobin. According to these indicators, the type of anemia is determined.
  • ESR(sedimentation rate of erythrocytes). Shows the presence of a pathological process in the body. It does not indicate the place of the pathology, but it always deviates either during the illness or after (during the recovery period).
  • Leukocytes. White blood cells that are responsible for the body's immune response and for its protection from all kinds of pathological agents. Different types of leukocytes make up the leukocyte formula - the ratio various kinds leukocytes to their total number in percents. The decoding of all indicators has a diagnostic value in the analysis of all items. According to this formula, it is convenient to diagnose pathologies in the process of hematopoiesis (leukemia). Include:
    • neutrophils: the direct task is to protect against potential infections. There are two types in the blood - young cells (stab) and mature (segmented). Depending on the number of all these cells, the leukocyte formula can shift to the right (more mature than immature) or to the left (when stab cells predominate). In dogs, it is the number of immature cells that matters for diagnosis.
    • eosinophils responsible for the manifestation of allergic reactions;
    • basophils recognize foreign agents in the blood, helping other leukocytes “determine the work”;
    • lymphocytes- the main link in the overall immunological response of the body to any disease;
    • monocytes are engaged in the removal of already dead foreign cells from the body.
  • Myelocytes are located in the organs of hematopoiesis and are isolated leukocytes, which in normal condition should not appear in the blood.
  • Reticulocytes- young or immature erythrocytes. They stay in the blood for a maximum of 2 days, and then they transform into ordinary red blood cells. It's bad when they are not found at all.
  • Plasma cells are structural cells lymphoid tissue responsible for the production of immunoglobulins (proteins responsible for a specific immune response). AT peripheral blood in the body healthy dog should not be observed.
  • platelets. These cells are responsible for the process of hemostasis (stopping blood during bleeding). It is equally bad when their excess or deficiency is detected.

Biochemistry of dog blood

  • pH- one of the most strictly constant blood indicators, a slight deviation of which in any direction indicates severe pathologies in the body. With fluctuations of only 0.2-0.3 units, a dog may experience a coma and death.
  • Level glucose indicates the state of carbohydrate metabolism. Also, glucose can be used to judge the work of the dog's pancreas.
  • Total protein with albumin. These indicators reflect the level of protein metabolism, as well as the work of the liver, because. albumins are produced in the liver and are involved in the transport of various nutrients maintaining oncotic pressure in the internal environment.
  • Urea- a protein breakdown product produced by the liver and excreted by the kidneys. The results speak about the work of the hepatobiliary and excretory systems.
  • ALT and AST (ALaT and ASat)- intracellular enzymes involved in the metabolism of amino acids in the body. Most of all, AST is found in skeletal muscles and the heart, while ALT is also found in the brain and red blood cells. They are found in large quantities in muscle or liver pathologies. Increase and decrease in inverse proportion to each other, depending on the violations.
  • Bilirubin (direct and total). It is a by-product formed after the breakdown of hemoglobin. Direct - which passed through the liver, indirect or general - did not pass. According to these indicators, one can judge the pathologies accompanied by the active breakdown of erythrocytes.
  • Creatinine- a substance that is completely excreted by the kidneys. Together with creatinine clearance (urinalysis parameter) it provides a clear picture of the work of the kidneys.
  • General lipids and directly cholesterol- indicators of fat metabolism in the dog's body.
  • By level triglycerides judge the work of fat-processing enzymes.
  • Level lipases. This enzyme is involved in the processing of higher fatty acids, is found in many organs (lungs, liver, stomach and intestines, pancreas). By significant deviations, one can judge the presence of obvious pathologies.
  • Alpha amylase breaks down complex sugars, produced in salivary glands and pancreas. Diagnose diseases of the relevant organs.
  • Alkaline and acid phosphatases. The alkaline enzyme is found in the placenta, intestines, liver and bones, the acidic enzyme is found in the prostate gland in males, and in females in the liver, erythrocytes and platelets. Enhanced level helps to determine diseases of the bones, liver, prostate tumors, active breakdown of red blood cells.
  • Gamma-glutamyltransferase- a very sensitive indicator for liver disease. It is always deciphered in combination with alkaline phosphatase to determine liver pathologies (abbr. GGT).
  • Creatine kinase consists of three different components, each of which is contained in the myocardium, brain and skeletal muscles. With pathologies in these areas, an increase in its level is observed.
  • lactate dehydrogenase It is widely distributed in all cells and tissues of the body, its number increases with massive tissue injuries.
  • Electrolytes (potassium, total calcium, phosphorus, sodium, magnesium, chlorine) are responsible for the properties of membranes based on electrical conductivity. Thanks to electrolyte balance nerve impulses reach the brain.

Normative blood parameters (tables of test results) in dogs

Clinical blood counts

The name of indicators

(units)

The norm in puppies

(up to 12 months)

 Norm in adult dogs
Hematocrit (%) 23-52 37-55
Hb (g/l) 70-180 115-185
Erythrocytes (million/µl) 3,2-7,5 5,3-8,6
Color indicator -* 0,73-1,06
Average content of hemoglobin in an erythrocyte (pg) - 21-27
The average concentration of hemoglobin in the erythrocyte (%) - 33-38
ESR (mm/h) - 2-8
Leukocytes (thousand/µl) 7,2-18,6 6-17
Young neutrophils (% or units / μl) - 0-4
0-400 0-300
Mature neutrophils (% or u/µl) 63-73 60-78
1350-11000 3100-11600
Eosinophils (% or u/µl) 2-12 2-11
0-2000 100-1200
Basophils (% or u/µl) - 0-3
0-100 0-55
Lymphocytes (% or units/µl) - 12-30
1650-6450 1100-4800
Monocytes (% or units/µl) 1-10 3-12
0-400 160-1400
Myelocytes
Reticulocytes (%) 0-7,4 0,3-1,6
Plasma cells (%)
Platelets (thousand/µl) - 250-550

* is not defined, as it has no diagnostic value.

Biochemical norms of blood

Name of indicator Units Norm
glucose level mmol/l 4,2-7,3
pH 7,35-7,45
protein g/l 38-73
albumins g/l 22-40
urea mmol/l 3,2-9,3
ALT (ALAT) A piece of chalk 9-52
AST (AST) 11-42
bilirubin total mmol/l 3,1-13,5
bilirubin direct 0-5,5
creatinine mmol/l 26-120
lipids common g/l 6-15
cholesterol mmol/l 2,4-7,4
triglycerides mmol/l 0,23-0,98
lipase A piece of chalk 30-250
ɑ-amylase A piece of chalk 685-2155
alkaline phosphatase A piece of chalk 19-90
acid phosphatase A piece of chalk 1-6
GGT A piece of chalk 0-8,5
creatine phosphokinase A piece of chalk 32-157
lactate dehydrogenase A piece of chalk 23-164
electrolytes
phosphorus mmol/l 0,8-3
total calcium 2,26-3,3
sodium 138-164
magnesium 0,8-1,5
potassium 4,2-6,3
chlorides 103-122

Blood tests in dogs (decoding)

The reading of blood counts should be carried out exclusively by a specialist, because. all the data obtained are considered as a complex in relation to each other, and not individually. Probable pathologies are shown in the tables below.

* has no diagnostic value.

Biochemistry of blood

The name of indicators Raise downgrade
pH
  • alkalemia (a pathological increase in alkalis in the bloodstream);
  • prolonged diarrhea and vomiting;
  • alkalosis by respiratory type(excessive release of carbon dioxide).
  • acetonemia (acetone in the blood);
  • kidney failure;
  • respiratory acidosis (increase in the level of carbon dioxide in the blood);
glucose level
  • kidney disease;
  • pathologies in the pancreas and liver;
  • Cushing's syndrome (increased levels of glucocorticoids);
  • diabetes;
  • prolonged hunger;
  • severe poisoning;
  • an overdose of insulin preparations.
protein
  • myeloma;
  • state of dehydration.
  • hunger;
  • violation of the function of absorption in the intestinal gastrointestinal tract;
  • burns;
  • bleeding;
  • renal disorders.
albumins dehydration.
urea
  • obstruction urinary tract and pathology of the kidneys;
  • excessive intake of protein in feed.
  • diet unbalanced in protein;
  • pregnancy;
  • incomplete absorption of proteins in the intestine.
ALT (ALAT)
  • active breakdown of liver and muscle cells;
  • big burns;
  • drug toxicosis of the liver.
 -*
AST (AST)
  • heatstroke;
  • damage to liver cells;
  • burns;
  • signs of developing heart failure.
  • traumatic rupture of liver tissue;
  • hypovitaminosis B6;
  • advanced necrosis.
bilirubin total
  • breakdown of liver cells;
  • blockage of the bile ducts.
 -
bilirubin direct
  • stagnation of bile with narrowing of the bile ducts;
  • purulent lesions of the liver;
  • canine leptospirosis (babesiosis);
  • chronic hepatic pathologies.
 -
creatinine
  • hyperfunction of the thyroid gland;
  • problems in the work of the kidneys.
  • muscle loss with age
  • whelping.
lipids
  • diabetes;
  • pancreatitis;
  • hypothyroidism;
  • glucocorticoid therapy;
  • hepatic diseases.
 -
cholesterol
  • ischemia of the heart;
  • hepatic pathologies.
  • unbalanced feeding;
  • malignant tumors;
  • liver disease.
triglycerides
  • diabetes;
  • liver disease, accompanied by its decomposition;
  • pancreatitis;
  • cardiac ischemia;
  • pregnancy;
  • increased intake of fats and carbohydrates.
  • prolonged hunger;
  • acute infections;
  • hyperthyroidism;
  • administration of heparin
  • overdose of ascorbic acid;
  • obstructive pulmonary disease.
lipase severe pathologies of the pancreas, up to oncology. cancer of the pancreas or stomach without metastases.
ɑ-amylase
  • diabetes;
  • inflammation of the peritoneum;
  • salivary gland damage.
  • decrease in the secretory function of the pancreas;
  • thyrotoxicosis.
alkaline phosphatase
  • whelping;
  • liver disease;
  • bone pathologies;
  • acceleration of bone metabolism.
  • hypothyroidism;
  • hypovitaminosis of vitamins C and B 12;
  • anemia.
acid phosphatase
  • malignant tumors of the prostate gland (in males);
  • bone tumors;
  • hemolytic anemia (in bitches).
 -
GGT
  • hyperthyroidism;
  • pathology of the pancreas;
  • violation of the liver (especially with a simultaneous increase in alkaline phosphatase).
 -
creatine phosphokinase
  • the first day after myocardial infarction;
  • muscular dystrophy;
  • the breakdown of brain tissue in oncology;
  • arthritis;
  • strokes;
  • after anesthesia;
  • intoxication;
  • heart failure.
 -
lactate dehydrogenase
  • a week after heart attacks in the myocardium;
  • liver pathology;
  • hemolytic anemia;
  • cancerous tumors;
  • skeletal muscle injury;
  • prolonged necrosis.
 -
electrolytes
phosphorus
  • bone breakdown;
  • healing of bone fractures;
  • disorders in the endocrine system;
  • vitamin D hypervitaminosis;
  • kidney failure.
  • lack of vitamin D in the body;
  • excess calcium in the body;
  • impaired absorption of phosphorus;
  • lack of growth hormone.
total calcium
  • hyperfunction of the parathyroid gland;
  • water depletion;
  • hypervitaminosis D;
  • oncology.
  • lack of vitamin D;
  • lack of magnesium;
  • violation of the kidneys;
  • hypothyroidism.
sodium
  • excessive salt intake with feed;
  • salt imbalance;
  • loss of intracellular water molecules.
  • diabetes;
  • obvious pathologies in the kidneys;
  • heart failure.
magnesium
  • diabetic acidosis (acetone in the blood due to diabetes);
  • kidney failure.
  • aldosteronism (a surge in the blood of aldosterone, a hormone of the adrenal glands);
  • chronic enteritis.
potassium
  • active cellular decay;
  • water depletion;
  • kidney failure.
  • long hunger;
  • problems in the work of the kidneys;
  • diarrhea;
  • debilitating vomiting.
chlorine
  • dehydration;
  • type 2 diabetes;
  • renal and hepatic insufficiency;
  • acidosis;
  • - respiratory alkalosis.
  • ascites (accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity);
  • ongoing vomiting;
  • inflammation of the kidneys;
  • influence of diuretics and corticosteroids.

* is irrelevant in diagnosis.

Any blood tests performed on dogs not only clarify the clinical diagnoses, but also reveal hidden chronic pathologies, as well as pathologies at the beginning of development that do not yet have obvious symptoms.

see also

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