There are two types of treatment for peptic ulcer disease: conservative and surgical. The first is carried out for uncomplicated peptic ulcer disease, the second - for suspected bleeding, penetration, perforation or malignancy. All patients with newly diagnosed peptic ulcer disease or its exacerbation are subject to inpatient treatment.
Conservative treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers
Conservative therapy includes basic and individual. Basic therapy provides for limitation motor activity, prescription of diet, antacids, sedatives, drugs that normalize secretory, motor functions stomach and duodenum, as well as stimulating reparative processes. Individual treatment depends on the characteristics of the disease.
Antiulcer therapy includes therapeutic nutrition, medication and physiotherapy.
Therapeutic nutrition for stomach and duodenal ulcers
During an exacerbation, the patient is prescribed bed rest; in the first week - diet No. 1a, during the second week - diet No. 16, starting from the third week and throughout the entire course of treatment - diet No. 1. Small meals (5-6 times a day). In case of a sharp exacerbation of the disease, the food consists of milk, eggs, mucous soups from cereals, and the amount of salt is limited.
Then gradually add crackers, meat dishes, steamed fish. In the future, stale ones are allowed White bread, cottage cheese, sour cream, boiled meat and fish, low-fat meat and fish soups, mashed potatoes and carrots, etc. Food must contain a sufficient amount of vitamins and microelements. Fried foods, raw vegetables, carbonated drinks such as Coca-Cola, alcohol, and coffee are excluded from the diet.
Drug treatment of gastric and duodenal ulcers
The basis of drug treatment is drugs that reduce acidity gastric juice, normalize impaired motility of the gastrointestinal tract.
Antacids that neutralize high acidity are widely used in the treatment of peptic ulcers.
Antacids are divided into two groups: soluble and insoluble. The first group includes baking soda, burnt magnesia, calcium carbonate. These drugs have high and rapid, but short (no more than 30 minutes), neutralizing activity and do not cause side effects.
Antacids of the second group act consistently, are not absorbed by the intestinal wall, and have long-lasting adsorbing properties. These include magnesium trisilicate, aluminum hydroxide, and bismuth. All antacids are prescribed 30 minutes before meals or 1-1.5 hours after meals.
Almagel - combination drug, containing aluminum hydroxide, magnesium oxide and sorbitol. It is a viscous white liquid. The drug has antacid, adsorbent and enveloping properties. Almagel A also includes anesthesin. These drugs are prescribed 1-2 teaspoons 4 times a day 30 minutes before meals.
Phosphalugel- a combined antacid preparation, contains aluminum phosphate gel, pectin and agar-agar gel, has significant adsorbing activity against bacteria, viruses, exogenous and endogenous toxins. Available in packages containing 1 dose of the substance, and used 2-3 times a day 30 minutes before meals and at night.
Almagel, Almagel A, phosphalugel are used for stomach and duodenal ulcers, hypersecretory gastritis, esophagitis and other diseases.
Denol- organic bismuth salt, creates a strong protein-bismuth film on the surface of the ulcer and has a simultaneous antacid, bactericidal, stimulating effect. Sucralfate(ulcogang) - an aluminum salt of a disaccharide, a non-absorbable antacid, similar in effect to denol.
Wikiline(Vicair) is an antacid drug.
Widely used in the treatment of peptic ulcers anticholinergics which limit the flow of nerve impulses from nerve centers to the stomach and vice versa. In practice, 4 groups of these drugs are mainly used:
- anticholinergics of central and peripheral action;
- ganglion blockers;
- anticholinergic substances of peripheral action;
- central anticholinergics.
Used successfully cimetidine(tagomed, histidil) - blocker of histamine H3 receptors. The drug quickly suppresses the secretion of hydrochloric acid in the stomach and promotes epithelization of the ulcer.
IN Lately Representatives of the II-III generations of histamine H-receptor blockers, which have a strong inhibitory effect on the secretion of hydrochloric acid, are widely used in the treatment of peptic ulcers.
Gastrocepin- selective M-anticholinergic blocker - suppresses the secretion of hydrochloric acid and pepsin. Effective for stomach and duodenal ulcers.
To normalize gastric motility, cerucal, papaverine, no-shpu, and halidor are prescribed orally. Effective nonspecific agents: vitamins, anabolic hormones. Sedatives, tranquilizers, and drugs that normalize sleep are also prescribed.
Additional treatments for peptic ulcers
IN complex treatment peptic ulcer disease occupies an important place physiotherapy(paraffin baths, diathermy, calcium electrophoresis); hydrotherapy (baths, showers), etc.
If, despite active treatment If the ulcer does not scar within 1 month, then using an endoscope, its edge is injected with solcoseryl, heparin, and chymotrypsin.
The development of complications requires special measures.
After a period of exacerbation it is indicated Spa treatment using slightly alkaline mineral waters, mud therapy, diet, auto-training, etc.
Conservative therapy, that is, treatment of ulcers, for peptic ulcer disease includes: 1) drug (drug) therapy; 2) therapeutic nutrition – diets 1a, 1b, 1; 3) elimination of damaging factors (smoking, alcohol, medicines type aspirin, etc.); 4) creating mental and physical peace for the patient; 5) treatment with physiotherapeutic procedures. The simultaneous implementation of these measures leads to stable remission. We will mainly touch on drug therapy. It should be aimed at: 1) pain relief; 2) decrease in acidity; 3) protection of the mucous membrane from the aggressive effects of acid; 4) normalization of gastric and duodenal motility; 5) stimulation of the healing processes of the mucous membrane and its restoration; 6) destruction of Helicobacter bacteria; 7) calm nervous system. General stomach acidity is the percentage of hydrochloric acid in gastric juice, expressed in special units (pH). General acidity consists of: basal (basic) acidity, that is, the acid that the stomach cells secrete constantly; basal acidity can be daytime (it is smaller) and nighttime (this secretion, especially with duodenal ulcers, is very high); stimulated secretion, that is, additional to the main portion of acid released by cells into the lumen of the stomach. Stimulated by nerves, inflammation and the secretion of gastric juices. There are three types of anti-acid medications: 1) those that reduce acid secretion; 2) acid neutralizers (antacids); 3) protecting the mucous membrane from acid. Medicines that reduce acid secretion (antisecretory). Gastrocepin inhibits basal and part of food-stimulated secretion, without impairing the protective properties of the mucous membrane, without reducing the secretion of pancreatic juice and bile, removing pain syndrome and virtually no side effects. But, unfortunately, it also does not suppress secretion enough - only by 60%. The latest, the most modern achievement In the field of development of antisecretory agents, the creation of omeprazole, a drug that suppresses acid secretion by 100%, should be considered. Omeprazole is a fundamentally new drug. It doesn’t even block receptors, but an intracellular enzyme responsible for the final stage of hydrochloric acid formation. This drug suppresses all of the previously listed types of secretion, as well as secretion stimulated by food or the smell of food. The use of omeprazole is especially justified for duodenal ulcers, which are known to be associated with high acidity. The only warning: do not abuse this drug. As a complete acid suppressant drug, omeprazole, if abused, can contribute to the appearance of malignant tumor stomach. Remember, we already talked about this, that cancer does not like acid, but it can develop perfectly with its deficiency. Therefore, you should limit yourself to using omeprazole only during the acute period and not use it to prevent complications. Omeprazole analogues: Losek, Omezol, Omeprol, Otsid, Zerotsid. There is a group of drugs aimed at neutralizing acid. This group is called: antiacids - antacids. All drugs in this group have alkaline reaction and enter into chemical reaction with acid entering the stomach cavity, reducing dangerous level its concentration in the stomach. Evenly distributed over inner surface stomach, these drugs long time retain their alkalizing properties, thus protecting the gastric mucosa for a long time from the acid constantly released into its lumen. Now antacids are used, as a rule, on demand, to relieve pain during an exacerbation. Antacids include Almagel, Almagel A (with anesthesin), Maalox, Phospholugel. Long-term use of antacids containing aluminum can cause constipation, and magnesium can cause diarrhea. Antacids can adsorb some medications. You should not use antacids and tetracyclines, heart medications and other medications at the same time. White clay, a natural antacid, is contraindicated for peptic ulcers due to the content of calcium ions. In some patients, an ulcer occurs against a background of normal or even low acidity. In such cases, the use of acid-lowering drugs is not entirely justified. Since ulcers with low acidity occur due to the low resistance of the gastric mucosa to normal concentration acids are more suitable here substances that protect the mucous membrane. Such drugs are called cytoprotectors, which can be translated as “cell protectors.” This group includes sucralfate, venter, tribimol, smecta, bismofalk, ancrusal, de-nol. By tightly fixing on the ulcerated, affected area, these drugs form a kind of protective film that reliably protects the mucous membrane from the effects of acidic gastric juice. Such protected cells are quickly restored and the ulcer heals. But on a healthy, undamaged inner surface of the stomach, these substances do not form a film. Therefore, for ulcers with high acidity, these drugs should be combined with antisecretory drugs. Film-forming substances, with the exception of de-nol, are not advisable to take for the prevention of ulcers: if there is no ulcer on the mucous membrane, there will be no film. The basis for the fight against Helicobacter is de-nol. It protects the mucous membrane, and bismuth, which is part of de-nol, destroys the wall of Helicobacter, affecting both the “young” dividing bacterium and the “old” non-dividing bacterium. Some antibiotic is used simultaneously with de-nol. Practice has shown that of the wide range of antibiotics available today, only metranidozole (Trichopol, Tinidazole), oxacillin (amoxicillin) and furazolidone are effective against Helicobacter. Moreover, furazolidone and oxacillin behave better at normal or low acidity, but the effect of using de-nol and metranidozole increases in acidic environment. An ulcer is treated with several drugs at the same time. Patients with high acidity, the presence of ulcers and Helicobacter are prescribed approximately the following set of medications: an antisecretory drug, for example ranitidine (it will reduce acidity) + a film-forming drug with an antimicrobial effect de-nol (will protect the ulcer and kill the bacteria) + an antibiotic. But you can try to make this treatment regimen cheaper: instead of imported de-nol (produced in Holland), you can use domestic de-nol (from the Belgorod plant). But then there must be at least two antibiotics. For a short course, only for a few days during an exacerbation, mild sedatives may be prescribed. The most famous of them is Relanium. The length of stay in the hospital for exacerbation of peptic ulcer disease is 30 days. But it is not always possible to go to the hospital. In this case, you can be treated on an outpatient basis, at a clinic, at a gastrocenter or at home. Indications for surgery 1. Peptic ulcer disease is very difficult, ulcers appear constantly, often, and once they occur, despite rational treatment, they do not heal for more than 6 months. 2. The acidity of the stomach is very high, it serves permanent reason the appearance of ulcers and does not decrease under the influence of antisecretory drugs. 3. Non-acute ulcerative complications have appeared that interfere with normal digestion (post-ulcer scar deformity, pyloric stenosis). There are three options for the operation. Their choice depends on the condition of the ulcer and the frequency of relapses. For mild bleeding, suturing (suturing) the vessel at the bottom of the ulcer and suturing the ulcer itself are used. If the acidity is normal or slightly above normal, and the edges of the ulcer are rough, thick, and it is because of these rough edges that the ulcer cannot heal, a wedge-shaped cutting of the ulcer is made, followed by stitching the edges of the frame. In case of very high acidity, which is not reduced by anti-acid drugs, with multiple ulcers, with frequent complications caused by the peculiarities of the stomach, with severe post-ulcer deformation, 2/3 of the lower part of the stomach is removed. Usually, when an ulcer is detected, patients are prescribed diet number 1, which is characterized by the following recommendations. It is necessary to limit the consumption of sugary and mealy foods. It is better to replace sugar with xylitol, and bread with breadcrumbs. Strong meat, fish, mushroom and vegetarian rich broths are prohibited; fried meat and fish; lard, fats; pickles, savory snacks, canned food, pastries, pies, ice cream, alcoholic drinks. You should avoid eating green onions, cabbage, turnips, radishes, legumes, grape juice, and melon. For some features of peptic ulcer, the patient is prescribed potato or cabbage juice. Rosehip decoction is very useful, and a glass of jelly or milk before bed. Food should be liquid and mushy. At any meal, the food should not be too rich. The food temperature is normal. Number of doses: 5–6 times a day. You can salt food, but not too much.
For the normal functioning of the human body, fatty acids, divided into saturated and unsaturated, are essential. The most useful are unsaturated fatty acids, which take an active part in the synthesis biologically active substances– prostaglandins. The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the liver, in adipose and lung tissue, in the intestines, in bone marrow and other tissues human body. Fatty acids consist of waxes, cholesterol, phosphatides, and glycerides.
The most valuable monounsaturated fatty acid is oleic acid. It is she who is involved in the construction of human biological membranes. Replacing this monounsaturated acid dramatically changes biological property membranes - their permeability. Fats containing this unique acid are the most digestible. It is often used in medicines. The basis of the drug lineol is this unsaturated fatty acid.
In general, fatty acids are necessary for a person, since they are his energy reserve; they cover with a protective layer internal organs, are part of cell membranes. In animal fats, this extremely beneficial monounsaturated acid accounts for 40% of all fatty acids; in vegetable oils, oleic acid accounts for approximately 35%. The food product richest in this acid is olive oil, it contains up to 85%. That is why olive oil is considered the most valuable and healthy vegetable oil.
With all the possibilities of replacing this acid in the human diet, it is its content that is most favorable for. Optimal intake of unsaturated fatty acids, in particular oleic acid, is achieved through a balanced diet, in which a third of dietary fats should be plant origin and two thirds of the animal. In this situation, the diet necessary for normal human life contains approximately 40% oleic acid.
Even heat treatment of oils containing a sufficient amount of this acid does not have a harmful destructive effect on its quality and beneficial properties necessary for the human body. This acid, for example, found in olive oil, is not subject to oxidation and deterioration. You can totally use olive oil for cooking. fried potatoes, corn, for filling homemade canned goods.
To produce the fatty base of margarines, the isomer transoleic acid is formed by hydrogenation, which is perfectly absorbed by the human body; it is practically not included in its fat depot, that is, it is not stored in reserve.
Quite often, oleic acid is used in various cosmetics intended for the care of the skin of the face, hands, feet, and body. This acid, unique in its properties, is included in decorative cosmetical tools, soap. Creams for problematic or aging skin, made with the inclusion of oleic acid in their composition, promote the process of restoring the membrane structure of skin cells, help retain moisture, and significantly improve the aesthetic appearance of problematic facial skin. That is why the use of olive oil in cosmetology, as a product that has the largest amount of this monounsaturated acid included in it, is so widespread in the developments of well-known companies. Perfumers all over the world use this acid as a plastic substance. Its salts are a necessary ingredient large quantity widely known detergents.
Oleic acid is used in industry. It is a permanent basis for the production of varnishes, various coatings, paints, and drying oils. The industrial production of this acid occurs through repeated crystallization after the breakdown of lipids from vegetable oils.
Necessary monounsaturated acids accompany a person throughout his life; they have become so familiar that people do not notice them. But the lack of such important components of human life affects us almost immediately. Humanity needs to appreciate and understand more the need for the use of this natural product.
body, it increases the elasticity of blood vessels, promotes absorption and production, prevents the formation of blood clots, supports the work immune system.
Omega-9, the main representative of which is oleic acid, has not been sufficiently studied by nutritionists. However, it plays a big role in maintaining and preserving people.
Omega-9 Unsaturated Fatty Acids
In the human body, the Omega-9 complex has anti-inflammatory, energetic and plastic properties.
They, as conditionally essential compounds, can be produced from unsaturated fats.
The main known monounsaturated fats are:
- – its composition is most similar to human reserve fat. This ensures that the body does not spend resources on the formation of fatty acid composition that comes with food. Cis-9-octadecenoic acid is involved in the creation of cell membranes. Lipids slow down the mobilization of fats in the human body and are a natural source of energy.
- Erucic acid found in plants belonging to the cabbage family (rapeseed, rapeseed, etc.). It is toxic to the heart muscle digestive system a person does not remove it from the body.
- Eicosenoic acid widely used in cosmetology to deeply moisturize the skin, protect against ultraviolet rays, strengthening hair follicles.
- Midic acid– is the end product of mammalian metabolism.
- Elaidic acid is oleic acid. The compound is rarely found in nature, in small quantities (0.1% of the total fat mass) in or goat.
- Nervonic or selacholic acid is a component of white matter sphingolipids. Participates in the biosynthesis of neuronal mylein, as well as in the restoration of nerve fibers.
In medicine, it is used to treat multiple sclerosis, complications after adrenoleukodystrophy. The compound is found in Pacific salmon, flax and sesame seeds, mustard, and macadamia.
Did you know? Young children who have recently been weaned benefit from olive oil. Unsaturated fats are similar in properties to breast milk.
Useful properties of the family
The full functioning of the human body, which also requires Omega-9 fats, lies in the coordinated work of the organs of the endocrine, cardiovascular, immune, digestive and nervous systems. 
So, Omega-9 unsaturated fats, what are they good for:
- Significantly reduce the possibility of developing diabetes by balancing glucose in the blood.
- Combined with Omega-3 fats
- They block development in blood vessels, preventing the occurrence of thrombosis.
- Boosts the body's immune system.
- Control metabolic processes (carbohydrate, protein, lipid).
- Help retain moisture in the subcutaneous tissues and support the protective function.
- Promote the penetration of essential substances into the cells of the body.
- They have a protective function for mucous membranes.
- Improves the interaction of hormone-like substances, vitamins and neurotransmitters.
- Prevents the occurrence of a decrease in nervous excitability.
- Improves energy supply to the body.
- Strengthens the elasticity of blood vessels.
- Helps build myelin in neurons.
- Regulate work.
For taking medications Vitamin Omega-9 there are such medical indications, such as diabetes, atherosclerosis, anorexia, arthritis and arthrosis, osteoporosis, eczema and ulcers, PMS, acne, tuberculosis, etc.
Daily requirement
The daily requirement of the human body for Omega-9 monounsaturated fats ranges from 15-20% of the total calorie content. Depending on the general indicators health, age characteristics and living conditions, the daily requirement may vary.
When it increases:
- in the presence of any inflammatory processes in the body;
- for diseases of cardio-vascular system(blocking the growth of cholesterol deposits in the blood);
- with increasing physical stress on the body (for example, grueling physical labor or intense sports).
Demand reduction:
- with low blood pressure;
- in case of disruption of the pancreas;
- with active consumption of polyunsaturated Omega-3 and Omega-6 (oleic acid is synthesized from these compounds);
Products sources of useful acids
To provide the body with the required amount of Omega-9 fatty acids, it is necessary to understand where they are found and in which products the highest concentration of monounsaturated compounds.
Omega-9 is included in the following oils: olive, peanut, mustard, cotton, sunflower, flax, hemp.
Along with oils, rich sources of Omega-9 acid are the following products: , lard, salmon, butter, flax seeds, chicken, trout, turkey, and sunflower.
Like all unsaturated acids, oleic acid is also easily destroyed. To avoid this, nutritionists recommend following certain storage rules and containing healthy fats:
- When purchasing vegetable oils, it is advisable to give preference to those packaged in dark glass bottles of small volume.
- Store oil and products containing unsaturated fats in a dark place, away from direct exposure to sunlight.
- You should not use refined oils that do not contain healthy fats.
- Nutritionists recommend purchasing extra virgin olive oil with a high percentage of acidity.
- Heat treatment of products destroys their Omega-9 vitamin content (the rule does not apply to meat and fish products).
How the deficiency manifests itself and what to do about it
Omega-9 fat deficiency is rare and is due to the body's ability to synthesize the compound on its own. A common cause of a lack of fatty compounds is a long-term and normal diet, including the consumption of omega-containing foods.
Excess fatty acids
Eating foods high in Omega-9 can be both beneficial and harmful if consumed in excess.
Abuse of food and medications containing fatty acids leads to:
- (metabolic disorder);
- pancreatic disease;
- disruption of the cardiovascular system, which leads to heart attacks, strokes or thrombosis;
- cirrhosis or hepatosis of the liver.
Contraindications
Unsaturated fats in medications are not prescribed to people with individual sensitivity to fatty acids.
It is worth limiting the consumption of foods with large amounts of omega acids for women during pregnancy and breastfeeding.
Before consuming Omega-9 vitamins, it is advisable to consult a doctor or nutritionist to correctly prescribe the dosage.
Omega-9 should be present in every person's diet. This will contribute to the overall strengthening of the body, and will also add variety to the daily menu.
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Omega-9 acids are a group of monounsaturated triglycerides that are included in the structure of every cell of the human body. These fats are involved in the construction of neuronal myelin, regulate the exchange of essential compounds, and activate the synthesis of hormones, neurotransmitters and vitamin-like substances.
The main sources of monounsaturated fats are olive, almond and peanut oils. fish fat, nuts, seeds.
Let's take a closer look at what omega-9 triglycerides are, where they are found, and their main functions.
General information
In the human body, omega-9 lipids perform energy, plastic, anti-inflammatory, hypotensive and structural functions. These substances belong to the group of conditionally essential compounds, since they can be synthesized from unsaturated fats.
The main representatives of omega-9:
Oleic (cis-9-octadecenoic) acid. Its content is closest to human reserve fat. Thanks to this, the body does not waste resources on restructuring the fatty acid composition of the lipid supplied with food. Oleic acid is involved in the construction of cell membranes. When replacing a triglyceride with other monounsaturated compounds, sharp deterioration permeability of biological membranes. In addition, cis-9-octadecene lipids slow down the peroxidation of stored fats in human stores and serve as a source of energy for the body.
Oleic acid is obtained from vegetable oils (olive, peanut, sunflower) and animal fats (beef, pork, cod). Unlike omega-3,6 acids, omega-9 is less susceptible to oxidation, which serves as the basis for using the lipid for filling canned food and frying foods.
Erucic acid. The leaders in terms of compound content are rapeseed, rapeseed, broccoli, mustard. Erucic acid is used mainly for industrial purposes, since the enzymatic system of mammals is not adapted for its utilization. Thus, rapeseed oil is used in the leather, textile, soap, and paint and varnish industries. Oils that contain no more than 5% erucic acid from total number fat per product.
Exceeding the safe daily norm can be harmful to health: slow down the onset of reproductive maturity, lead to infiltration of skeletal muscles, and disrupt the proper functioning of the heart and liver.
Gondoic (eicosenoic) acid. Triglycerides are used in cosmetology practice to enhance regeneration and protect the dermis from ultraviolet rays, deeply moisturize the skin, strengthen hair follicles, and maintain cell membranes.
Natural sources - organic oils: jojoba, camelina, mustard, rapeseed.
Midic acid. These fats are the end products of metabolism of the human body. Elaidic acid. The compound is a trans isomer of oleic acid. Elaidin lipids are rarely found in the plant world. However, they are found in small quantities in cow and goat milk (0.1% of the total triglycerides). Nervonic (selacholic) acid. It is part of the sphingolipids of the brain, participates in the synthesis of myelin sheaths of neurons, and restores nerve fibers. The main representatives of nervonic acid are chinook salmon (Pacific salmon), yellow mustard fruits, flaxseeds, sockeye salmon (ray-finned salmon), sesame seeds, macadamia nuts. The compounds are used in medicine to eliminate disorders associated with demyelination of neuron membranes (multiple sclerosis, adrenoleukodystrophy) and to treat post-stroke complications (numbness of the limbs, hemiplegia, glossolalia).
Among monounsaturated fats, oleic acid is the most beneficial for the human body.
Beneficial features
Without omega-9 fats, the full functioning of the immune, cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous and digestive systems is impossible.
Why is it useful to use them?
Stabilize blood glucose levels, reducing the risk of developing diabetes. Stop the growth of cholesterol deposits in blood vessels, preventing the occurrence of thrombosis, atherosclerosis, heart attack, stroke. Increase immune status of the body. Support the barrier function of the dermis. Slow down the division of malignant cells (together with omega-3). Regulate lipid, carbohydrate and protein metabolism. Activate the synthesis of vitamins, neurotransmitters and hormone-like compounds. Increase the permeability of cell membranes for the penetration of essential substances. Protect the mucous membranes of organs from destruction. Retain moisture in the epidermis. Participate in the construction of myelin sheaths of neurons. Reduce nervous excitability, prevent the development of depression. Increase the elasticity of blood vessels. Supply the body with energy (due to the breakdown of lipid structures). Maintain muscle tone, regulate muscle function.
Considering the wide range of beneficial properties, omega-9 triglycerides are used for the treatment and prevention of anorexia, diabetes, osteoporosis, atherosclerosis, constipation, eye pathologies, acne, alcoholism, eczema, arthritis, arthrosis, malignant neoplasms, depression, premenstrual syndrome, tuberculosis, strokes, heart attacks, obesity, ulcers of various etiologies.
Daily requirement
The body's need for omega-9 varies between 13 - 20% of the total caloric intake of the daily diet. However, depending on age, health status and place of residence, this indicator may vary.
The daily intake of omega-9 is increased in the following cases:
if there are inflammatory processes in the body (regardless of location); during treatment chronic diseases blood vessels and heart (due to stopping the growth of cholesterol deposits); during physical overload (intense sports, hard work).
The need for omega-9 fats decreases when:
consumption of large portions of essential lipids omega-3 and omega-6 (since oleic acid can be synthesized from these substances); low blood pressure; pregnancy; breastfeeding; pancreatic dysfunction. Deficiency and excess
Considering that omega-9 is partially synthesized in the body, a deficiency of these compounds is a rare occurrence. The most common causes of fatty acid deficiency are prolonged fasting and adherence to “lipid-free” weight loss programs.
Consequences of omega-9 deficiency:
weakening of the immune system, and as a result, predisposition to bacterial and viral infections; the occurrence of arthritis, arthrosis, joint pathologies; deterioration of work digestive tract(prolonged constipation, bloating, flatulence); decreased concentration; depressed mood, emotional instability; exacerbation of chronic diseases of the musculoskeletal system; weakness, fatigue; deterioration appearance hair (intensive loss, loss of shine, fragility); increased blood pressure; excessive dryness of the skin and mucous membranes; constant feeling of thirst; the appearance of cracks in the mucous membranes of organs; changes in the internal microflora of the vagina, and as a result, the development of reproductive dysfunctions.
If the deficiency of monounsaturated fats in the body is not corrected for a long time, a person begins to suffer from heart attacks.
However, remember that an excess of oleic acid is just as unsafe for health as a deficiency.
Signs of an omega-9 overdose:
increase in body weight (as a consequence of lipid metabolism disorders); exacerbation of pancreatic pathologies (impaired enzyme synthesis, metabolic syndrome); blood thickening, which leads to heart attack, stroke, thrombosis; liver disease (cirrhosis, hepatosis).
In addition, an excess of conditionally essential fats, especially erucic acid, negatively affects a woman’s reproductive function: difficulties arise with conception, the correct ontogenesis of the fetus is disrupted (during pregnancy), and lactation is difficult (during breastfeeding).
To eliminate the consequences of a deficiency or excess of fat, the diet is adjusted. If necessary, the daily menu is enriched with pharmacological agents containing oleic acid.
Selecting and storing foods containing healthy fats
Despite the fact that monounsaturated omega acids are chemically resistant to oxidation, it is important to follow some rules to maintain their beneficial properties.
When choosing vegetable oils, give preference to products packaged in dark glass containers. Store products with omega-9 in a cool place, protected from direct sunlight. The maximum amount of beneficial lipids is present in unrefined, first-pressed (“extra virgin”) oils. To preserve fatty acids acids, do not expose “omega-containing” products to prolonged exposure to high temperatures. Cook food over low heat. The shelf life of vegetable oils is 6 months from the date of opening.
Remember, high-quality olive oil crystallizes at temperatures below 7 degrees.
Food sources
| Olive oil | 82 |
| Mustard seeds (yellow) | 80 |
| Fish fat | 73 |
| Flaxseed (unprocessed) | 64 |
| Peanut butter | 60 |
| Mustard oil | 54 |
| Rapeseed oil | 52 |
| Lard | 43 |
| Fish northern seas(salmon) | 35 – 50 |
| Butter (homemade) | 40 |
| Sesame seed | 35 |
| Cottonseed oil | 34 |
| Sunflower oil | 30 |
| Macadamia nuts | 18 |
| Walnuts | 16 |
| Salmon | 15 |
| Linseed oil | 14 |
| Hemp oil | 12 |
| Avocado | 10 |
| Chicken meat | 4,5 |
| Soya beans | 4 |
| Trout | 3,5 |
| Turkey meat | 2,5 |
In addition, omega-9 acids are present in almost all nuts and seeds.
Monounsaturated fats in cosmetology
Omega-9 lipids, particularly oleic acid, are essential structural components skin. Under the influence of these fats, the dermis becomes elastic, the number of fine wrinkles is reduced, and its antioxidant and barrier properties increase.
Manufacturers include oleic acid in lipsticks, care products for problematic and aging skin, hair perms, hydrophilic oils, healing emulsions, nail cuticle creams, and mild soaps.
Properties of Omega-9 Triglycerides:
accelerate regeneration skin;potentiate the production of your own collagen; increase skin turgor; even out the microrelief of the epidermis; eliminate itching, irritation, redness; accelerate metabolic processes in the dermis; retain moisture in the skin; strengthen the walls of blood vessels; restore the protective mantle of the dermis; ensure the resistance of deposited fats to oxidation (with a small amount of antioxidants); dilute sebaceous plugs, including black comedones; strengthen local immunity epidemic; normalize lipid metabolism in the skin (getting rid of cellulite).
In addition, fatty acids accelerate the penetration of beneficial substances contained in the oil into the deep layers of the dermis.
Omega-9 cosmetics:
Lip balm (Doliva). The hygiene stick consists of natural oils (olive, castor, mint) and vitamin E. Doliva balm is used to soften dry, chapped and flaky lips. Organic hair mask with omega-9 (Rahua). The healing concentrate contains vegetable oils (sunflower, ungurahua, shea, rapeseed, eucalyptus, lavender), quinoa, glycine. With regular use, the mask restores dull, damaged hair, strengthens hair follicles, and normalizes the water-lipid balance of the scalp. Face mask with olive oil “Heavenly Delight” (Avon, Planet SPA). The product is used to refresh, moisturize and tone delicate facial skin. Active components masks – olive oil, sunflower oil, vitamin E, beta-carotene, olive leaf extract. Restoring lipid cream (Locobase Ripea). The composition is intended for the care of weakened, dry and atopic facial skin. The drug contains oleic and palmitic acid, ceramides, cholesterol (fatty alcohol), glycerin, liquid paraffin. Body lotion with olive oil and vitamin E (Palmer’s). Lipid emulsion cares for dehydrated skin, eliminates itching, dryness and flaking. Olive concentrate is ideal for lubricating heels, elbows and knees. Night restorative cream (Mirra). Multifunctional organic facial skin care product during night rest. The drug activates natural mechanisms regeneration of the dermis, evens out structural unevenness of the skin, stimulates the synthesis of its own collagen.
Night cream contains fatty alcohols, lecithin, vegetable oils (olive, sesame, cocoa), polysaccharides from flax seeds, amino acid complex ( glutamic acid, glycine, serine, alanine, lysine, threonine, proline, arginine, betaine), linden extract, D-panthenol, vitamins F, C, E, mineral essence (zinc, sodium, iron, calcium lactates, magnesium, potassium, sulfur chlorides colloidal, copper derivatives of chlorophyll, potassium hydrogen phosphate).
Cleansing foam (Doliva). Cleansing mousse based on vegetable oils: olive, jojoba, castor. The foam is suitable for dry, atopic and sensitive skin. The product moisturizes, soothes and vitaminizes the stratum corneum of the dermis.
In addition, omega-9 triglycerides are used to create sunscreens with an SPF factor. If you don’t have such a product at hand, pure olive oil is suitable to neutralize harmful UV radiation. To do this, apply it to a clean body 15 – 20 minutes before sunbathing.
Application
On an industrial scale, oleic acid is obtained by hydrolysis of vegetable oils. To do this, lipids are fractionated from olive concentrate, followed by repeated crystallization from methanol or acetone. The resulting emulsion (olein) has a paste or liquid texture that hardens at temperatures above 10 degrees Celsius.
Areas of application of oleic acid:
Paint and varnish industry. Olein is used as a basis for the production of paints, drying oils, enamels, flotation reagents, emulsifiers. Household chemicals. Salts and esters of oleic acid are auxiliary components of detergents and soap emulsions. Food industry. Industrial fats are used as defoamers (when thickening products in vacuum units), emulsifiers, and filler carriers (when glazing fresh fruits). Pulp and paper industry. Monounsaturated lipids are added to cellulose mixtures to increase their fluidity and elasticity. Metallurgy. Technical acid is used as a cutting fluid when processing high-alloy and stainless steels cutting. In addition, olein is used for finishing steel surfaces of parts with metal removal up to 22 microns. Textile industry. Omega-9 ethyl oleates are included in finishing preparations that give clothes water-repellent, fire-retardant, oil-repellent, and hydrophobic properties. Medicine. Technical olein is added to the composition pharmacological agents, as a filler, emulsifier, solvent of vitamins and hormones.
In addition, oleic acid components are used in the perfume, chemical, rubber and petrochemical industries.
Omega-9 is a group of conditionally essential lipids that maintain the integrity of cell membranes, participate in the construction of myelin sheaths of neurons, normalize fat metabolism, increase the immune status of the body, and potentiate the synthesis of hormone-like substances. Without these compounds, proper functioning of the cardiovascular, endocrine, nervous and digestive systems is impossible.
The main sources of omega-9 triglycerides are vegetable oils (olive, sesame, peanut, macadamia), fish oil, nuts, seeds.
At correct exchange substances, monounsaturated lipids are synthesized by intestinal microflora. However, if fat metabolism is disrupted, the body may experience lipid deficiency. To prevent omega-9 deficiency, the daily menu includes 10 milliliters of olive oil, 100 grams of seeds (pumpkin, sesame, sunflower) and walnuts.
Oleic acid is a monounsaturated acid found in many plant and animal foods. It is an omega-9 fatty acid and is considered one of the healthiest sources of fat in the diet. It is often used as a substitute for animal fat, which is predominantly saturated fat. Oleic acid lowers total cholesterol while increasing lipoprotein levels high density, and reducing the level of low-density lipoproteins (the so-called “bad” cholesterol) in the blood. Oleic acid has other beneficial properties. It slows the progression of heart disease and promotes the production of antioxidants. Oleic acid is one of the ingredients in Lorenzo's oil, a medication used in the treatment of adrenoleukodystrophy, a rare disorder that affects the brain and causes symptoms similar to those of multiple sclerosis. Although Lorenzo's oil cannot cure adrenoleukodystrophy (it is considered incurable), it can slow its progression in patients who have not yet developed symptoms. One of the main sources of oleic acid is olive oil. It is also found in peanut oil, grape seed and poppy seed oils, as well as sea buckthorn and sesame oils. There is a lot of oleic acid in fats of animal origin; for example, chicken and turkey fat consists of 37-56% oleic acid, lard - benefits and harms lard– what outweighs? - by 44-47%. There is a lot of oleic acid in human adipose tissue. Application In industry, oleic acid is widely used to obtain sodium salt- the main component of many types of soap. In pharmaceuticals it is used as a filler, and in the manufacture of various aerosols it is used as an emulsifier and solvent. Oleic acid is also used to damage animal lung tissue. certain types- this is done during testing of new medications created for treatment pulmonary diseases. For example, in sheep intravenous administration Oleic acid causes severe lung damage and, as a result, pulmonary edema. Such research brings enormous benefits to prematurely born children, for whom timely and correct treatment underdeveloped lungs is often in literally a matter of life and death. Fatty acids and their role in the human body Fatty acids are carboxylic acids, many of which are found in animal and vegetable fats. They perform energetic (when they decay, energy is formed) and plastic (participate in the construction of biological membranes that make up the skeleton of animal and plant cells). All fatty acids are divided into saturated and unsaturated. Unsaturated fatty acids are more useful, as they participate in the synthesis of biologically active substances prostaglandins and take an active part in metabolism. Metabolism: the basis of the life activity of all living things. The synthesis of fatty acids occurs in the liver, in the intestinal wall, in adipose and lung tissue, in the bone marrow and some other tissues. Fatty acids are part of a variety of lipids: glycerides, phosphatides, cholesterol, waxes and others, which take an active part in metabolism. What is oleic acid and its role in the human body Oleic acid is a higher monounsaturated fatty acid that is part of the lipids (fats) involved in the construction of biological membranes and largely determines the properties of these lipids. Replacing oleic acid in the lipids of biological membranes with another fatty acid dramatically changes such a biological property of membranes as their permeability. The presence of large amounts of oleic acid in the fat of human fat depots ensures the resistance of deposited lipids to oxidation during moderate amount antioxidantsAntioxidants: the whole truth about the notorious benefits. Oleic acid is an essential fatty acid; it is synthesized, in particular, in the cytoplasm of human liver cells. But it is also one of the most common fatty acids that make up dietary fats, and therefore plays an important role in human nutrition. Fats with increased content oleic acid is characterized by increased digestibility. And it is used in medicine medicinal product based on oleic acid – linetol. In industry, oleic acid is used as a base for the production of varnishes, coatings, enamels, drying oils, and paints. It is used as a plastic substance in perfumery, and its salts are used as detergents. Oleic acid, like other fatty acids, serves as a source of energy for living organisms. Energy is released by the oxidation of oleic acid after its cleavage from the lipid molecule by the action of pancreatic juiceDiabetes and the pancreas - things you need to know. The synthesis of oleic acid is catalyzed by a special enzyme (oxygenase), which is present in the liver and adipose tissue. Industrially, oleic acid is obtained by repeated crystallization after the breakdown of lipids from olive oil. Qualitative and quantitative determination of oleic acid is carried out by gas-liquid chromatography. The importance of oleic acid in human nutrition In animal fats, oleic acid accounts for about 35–45% of all fatty acids, and in most vegetable oils it accounts for 20–40%. Olive oil (64–85%) and peanut oil (37–47%) are very rich in oleic acid. Despite the fact that oleic acid is replaceable, its content in the human diet is considered most favorable when it is close to the content in human reserve fat. This prevents the need for a significant restructuring of the fatty acid composition and lipids supplied with food, which means there will be no unnecessary waste of the body’s resources, including energy. Optimal intake of oleic acid from food is ensured by following the formula balanced nutrition, according to which a third of the fats in the human diet should be of plant origin, and two-thirds of animal origin. In this case, the diet will contain about 40% oleic acid. When oils rich in oleic acid are heat treated, they are significantly less susceptible to deterioration due to oxidation than other oils. This serves as the basis for their use when frying some products from potatoes, corn, etc., as well as for filling canned food. When vegetable oils are hydrogenated to produce the fatty base of margarines, trans-oleic acid is formed. This isomer, like oleic acid, is well absorbed by the human body, but is included in the fat depot to a lesser extent. In the formulations of modern margarines, along with the natural form, a sufficient content of trans-oleic acid is provided, which means their incomplete absorption. Galina Romanenko
Beauty and Health Health Nutrition
Many people interested today healthy eating, when asked whether fats are healthy or harmful, they would rather choose the second answer - but fats are different. Today, fortunately, everything more people They begin to understand this, and understand that fats play a vital role in our lives, in the literal sense - without fats, the formation of many vital substances in the body becomes impossible.
But what about the fact that saturated fats cause the development of atherosclerosis? coronary disease, stroke and heart attack? This happens if they are abused, and this is exactly what is happening in our diet today. Most people daily consume excessively animal fats, found in butter and full-fat sour cream, aged cheeses and fatty meats, and all these products are also mixed with each other.
Unsaturated fats act differently on the body - a source of unsaturated fatty acids, the benefits of which many have also heard today. These acids improve the structure of the walls of blood vessels, support the functioning of the immune system, prevent cholesterol from accumulating in the body, participate in the synthesis of necessary hormones and perform many other “actions” that provide us with beauty and health for many years. Without unsaturated fatty acids, normal metabolism is impossible, and cell membranes simply cannot form without them - a person will remain a “vegetable”, incapable of a normal life.
Omega-9 Fatty Acids – Oleic Acid
Nutritionists and doctors usually talk about polyunsaturated fatty acids as the most important for our body, but more often about two groups - Omega-3 and Omega-6, but Omega-9 fatty acids are rarely mentioned - perhaps because Omega-3 We need more fatty acids. We also need Omega-9, it’s just that this group of unsaturated fats has been studied less than others, but in nature such fats are very widespread - they are also called oleic acid. Omega-9 fatty acids are more easily absorbed than Omega-6 and 3, although the latter are considered more important for health.
Where is oleic acid found?
Oleic acid is monounsaturated and makes up a significant proportion of various animal fats.- up to 40%, and in vegetable oils - in almost all, it can be up to 30% - on average, but in olive oil - “extra virgin” its content can reach up to 80% and higher. There is a lot of this acid in peanut butter. Although oleic acid is non-essential and the body can produce it itself, it is best obtained through food. Products should be chosen that contain it in an easily digestible form. These are, first of all, vegetable oils: in addition to those mentioned, sunflower, almond, corn, flaxseed, sesame, rapeseed, hemp, soybean (and tofu - a product made from soybeans); beef and pork fat - they contain up to 44-45%; bone fat and cod oil. Omega-9 is also found in pork and poultry.
Vegetable oils, which contain a lot of oleic acid, oxidize less, including at high temperatures - monounsaturated fatty acids are stable at high temperatures - so they are good for frying or adding to canned food.
Action and importance of Omega-9 fatty acids
It is believed that Omega-9 fatty acids do not affect the level of cholesterol in the blood - they do not increase or decrease it, but due to their chemical stability, they prevent the formation of cholesterol deposits in blood vessels, thereby preventing very dangerous diseases - atherosclerosis, thrombosis, etc. d. Therefore, in the Mediterranean region, where traditionally a lot of olive oil and olives, avocados, and various nuts are consumed, people are much less likely to suffer from cardiovascular diseases, diabetes and cancer - all these products contain a lot Omega-9 fatty acids.
Oleic acid actually prevents cancer development- this has been proven by American scientists. The results of research conducted in one of the most prestigious educational institutions Chicago - Northwestern University, showed that oleic acid contained in hemp oil suppresses reproduction cancer cells, blocking one of the active genes of breast cancer, known for its “malignancy” more than others.
If the body does not have enough Omega-9 fatty acids, then the person begins to feel weakness, which seems to be causeless; gets tired quickly under normal loads - often this ends in a heart attack, incomprehensible to doctors; his digestion process is disrupted and constipation appears; hair and skin begin to dry, and nails begin to peel and break; mucous membranes dry out - in the mouth, in the eyes; In women, the vagina becomes excessively dry. In addition, existing cardiovascular diseases, rises blood pressure, joints begin to ache - arthrosis and arthritis arise; immunity “falls” - a person often suffers from colds and becomes susceptible to any infections; Memory deteriorates, absent-mindedness and depression appear, and depression occurs. Doctors usually rarely detect the real reason diseases without knowing how to carry them out special tests, and continue to stubbornly treat a person for emerging diseases, not understanding why the treatment is ineffective.
Meanwhile, studies conducted by scientists in developed countries often show what causes the majority of heart and other pathologies - for example, oncology and inflammation, diabetes and obesity. When groups of Eskimos were examined in the USA, whose diet is always high in polyunsaturated fatty acids, including Omega-9, it turned out that they suffer from such diseases 10 times less often than “civilized” Americans who regularly consume refined foods, semi-finished products and fast food.
The Japanese also suffer from these diseases much less frequently than Americans, since they eat a lot of fish and seafood: meat, especially fatty meat, is rare in the Japanese diet. Research has also shown that Omega-9 fatty acids can treat psoriasis and arthritis due to their anti-inflammatory effects.
Since unsaturated fatty acids are part of all cells, it is impossible to imagine the life and functioning of the body without them. At inflammatory diseases taking large doses of unsaturated fatty acids significantly speeds up treatment; women should remember that not only the elasticity of the walls of blood vessels, but also the elasticity of the skin depends on these acids - these substances help us maintain youth longer.
It is also important that with their help you can for long years support healthy weight: monounsaturated fatty acids maintain the optimal condition of cell membranes, so hormones and nutrients pass freely into cells, thereby improving insulin sensitivity and accelerating fat burning. Sesame seeds, pumpkin and sunflower seeds, nuts - hazelnuts, pistachios, pecans and almonds, cashews, walnuts, Australian and others, contain a lot of Omega-9 fats - it is enough to eat a handful of nuts every day to get daily norm these fats.
Salads should be seasoned with vegetable oil, and preferably unrefined olive oil - then you will benefit not only from the oil, but also from the vitamins and minerals contained in raw vegetables– it is known that fat-soluble vitamins without fats are not absorbed, but are simply “carried out” from the body.
Do not use mayonnaise, although it seems much tastier and simpler: in those surrogates that are sold in most supermarkets, there are almost no classic “mayonnaise” ingredients - real raw yolks, olive oil and natural lemon juice. You can, of course, make mayonnaise yourself, if you’re not too lazy, and put real ingredients in it - then the salad will be healthier, although oil-based dressings without eggs are still preferable.
Excess Omega-9 fatty acids in the body
How does excess Omega-9 fatty acids threaten our health? The most healthy foods If they are abused, they become harmful, so there is no need to “get hung up” on one type of fat, considering them complete - all natural fats, both plant and animal origin, should be present in the diet, but they should be consumed in reasonable quantities. In this case, you can not only maintain your health, but also get rid of chronic diseases that have tormented you for many years.
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