The energy system of the body
TO As can be seen from the previous material, this question is central in solving the problem of human interaction with the Cosmos, and this problem itself is the main one among all the problems that we face when creating a single picture of the World in our brain. Therefore, we will consider the energy system of the body in more detail.
As you have already seen, this system is directly related to such a property of a living organism as electrical conductivity. Therefore, we must start with her.
Prominent American scientist Albert Szent-Gyordi wrote that life is a continuous process of absorbing, transforming and transferring energy different types and different meanings. This process is most directly related to the electrical properties of living matter, and more specifically, with its ability to conduct electricity(electrical conductivity).
Electric current is the ordered movement of electrical charges. The carriers of electric charges can be electrons (negatively charged), ions (both positive and negative) and holes. About "hole" conductivity became known not very long ago, when materials were discovered that were called semiconductors. Before that, all substances (materials) were divided into conductors and insulators. Then semiconductors were discovered. This discovery turned out to be directly related to the understanding of the processes taking place in a living organism. It turned out that many processes in a living organism can be explained through the application of the electronic theory of semiconductors. An analogue of a semiconductor molecule is a living macromolecule. But the phenomena taking place in it are much more complicated. Before considering these phenomena, let us recall the basic principles of semiconductor operation.
Electronic conduction is carried out by electrons. It is realized in metals, as well as in gases, where electrons are able to move under the action of external causes(electric field). This takes place in upper layers the earth's atmosphere - the ionosphere.
Ionic conductivity is realized by the movements of ions. It takes place in liquid electrolytes. There is a third type of conductivity. It arises as a result of the breaking of the valence bond. In this case, a vacant place appears with a missing connection. Where there are no electronic connections, a void is formed, nothing, a hole. So in a semiconductor crystal there is additional opportunity for the transfer of electric charges because holes are formed. This conductivity is called hole conductivity. So, semiconductors have both electronic and hole conductivity.
The study of the properties of semiconductors has shown that these substances bring animate and inanimate nature closer together. What in them resembles the properties of living things? They are very sensitive to the action of external factors, under their influence they change their electro physical properties... Thus, as the temperature rises, the electrical conductivity of inorganic and organic semiconductors increases very strongly. In metals, in this case, it decreases. The conductivity of semiconductors is influenced by light. Under its action, an electric voltage arises on the semiconductor. This means that there is a transformation of light energy into electrical energy (solar batteries). Semiconductors react not only to light, but also to penetrating radiation (including X-rays). The properties of semiconductors are influenced by pressure, humidity, chemical composition air, etc. We respond in a similar way to changing conditions in the outside world. Under the influence of external factors, the biopotentials of tactile, gustatory, auditory, visual analyzers change.
Holes are carriers of a positive electrical charge. When electrons and holes combine (recombine), then the charges disappear, or rather neutralize each other. The situation changes depending on the action of external factors, for example, temperature. When the valence band is completely filled with electrons, the substance is an insulator. This is a semiconductor at a temperature of -273 degrees C (zero Kelvin temperature). In semiconductors, there are two competing processes: the union (recombination) of electrons and holes and their generation due to thermal excitation. The electrical conductivity of semiconductors is determined by the relationship between these processes.
The electric current depends on the amount of transferred charges and on the speed of this transfer. In metals, where the conductivity is electronic, the transfer rate is low. This speed is called mobility. The mobility of charges (in a hole) in semiconductors is much higher than in metals (conductors). Therefore, even with a relatively small number of charge carriers, their conductivity can be more significant.
Semiconductors can be formed in another way. Atoms of other elements, whose energy levels are located in the forbidden zone, can be introduced into the substance. These contributed atoms are impurities. So you can get a substance - a semiconductor with impurity conductivity. Impurity conductors are widely used as transducers primary information, since their conductivity depends on many external factors (temperature, intensity and frequency of penetrating radiation).
In the human body, there are substances that also have impurity conductivity. Some impurity substances, when introduced into the crystal lattice, supply electrons to the conduction band. Therefore, they are called donors. Other impurities capture electrons from the valence band, that is, form holes. They are called acceptors.
It has now been established that living matter contains atoms and molecules, both donors and acceptors. But living matter also has properties that organic and inorganic semiconductors do not have. This property is very small values of the binding energy. So, for giant biological molecules, the binding energy is only a few electron volts, while the binding energy in solutions or liquid crystals is in the range of 20-30 eV.
This property is very important, since it allows for high sensitivity. Conduction is carried out by electrons, which are transferred from one molecule to another due to the tunneling effect. Protein and other biological objects have a very high mobility of charge carriers. In the system of carbon-oxygen and hydrogen-nitrogen bonds, an electron (excited), due to the tunneling effect, moves throughout the entire system of a protein molecule. Since the mobility of such electrons is very high, this provides a high conductivity of the protein system.
In a living organism, ionic conductivity is also realized. The formation and separation of ions in living matter is facilitated by the presence of water in the protein system. The dielectric constant of the protein system depends on it. In this case, the charge carriers are hydrogen ions - protons. Only in a living organism all types of conduction (electronic, hole, ionic) are realized simultaneously. The ratio between the different conductivities changes depending on the amount of water in the protein system. The less water, the less ionic conductivity. If proteins are dried (there is no water in them), then electrons carry out conduction.
In general, the effect of water is not only that it is a source of hydrogen ions (protons) and thus enables ionic conduction. Water plays a more complex role in changing total conductivity. The point is that water is a donor impurity. It supplies electrons (each hydrogen atom bursts into a nucleus, that is, a proton and one orbiting electron). As a result, electrons fill the holes, so the hole conductivity decreases. It decreases a million times. Subsequently, these electrons are transferred to proteins, and the position is restored, but not completely. The total conductivity after that still remains 10 times less than before the addition of water.
It is possible to add not only a donor (water) to protein systems, but also an acceptor, which would lead to an increase in the number of holes. It was found that such an acceptor is, in particular, chloranil, a substance containing chlorine. As a result, the hole conductivity increases so much that the total conductivity of the protein system increases a million times.
Nucleic acids also play an important role in the living organism. Despite the fact that their structure, hydrogen bonds, etc. differ from those in biological systems, there are substances (nonbiological) with fundamentally similar electrophysical properties. In particular, such a substance is graphite. Their binding energy, like that of proteins, is low, and their specific conductivity is high, although several orders of magnitude less than that of proteins. The mobility of the electron carriers, on which the conductivity depends, is less in amino acids than in proteins. But the electrophysical properties of amino acids in general are fundamentally the same as the properties of proteins.
But amino acids in a living organism also have properties that proteins do not. These are very important properties. Thanks to them, mechanical influences in them are converted into electricity. This property of matter in physics is called piezoelectric. In the nucleic acids of a living organism, thermal action also leads to the formation of electricity (thermoelectricity). Both properties of amino acids are determined by the presence of water in them. It is clear that these properties change depending on the amount of water. The use of these properties in the organization and functioning of a living organism is obvious. So, the action of the optic retinal rods is based on the dependence of conductivity on illumination (photoconductivity). But the molecules of living organisms also have electronic conductivity, like metals.
The electrophysical properties of protein systems and nucleic acid molecules are manifested only in dynamics, only in a living organism. With the onset of death, electrophysical activity disappears very quickly. This happens because the movement of charge carriers (ions and electrons, etc.) has stopped. There is no doubt that it is precisely in the electrophysical properties of living matter that the possibility of being alive lies. About this Szent-Györgyi wrote: “I am deeply convinced that we will never be able to understand the essence of life if we restrict ourselves to the molecular level. After all, an atom is a system of electrons, stabilized by a nucleus, and molecules are nothing more than atoms held together by valence electrons , that is, electronic communications. "
Comparison of the electrophysical properties of protein systems and amino acids with semiconductors can give the impression that the electrophysical properties of both are the same. This is not entirely true. Although the protein systems of a living organism have electronic, hole, and ionic conductivity, they are connected with each other in a more complex way than in inorganic and organic semiconductors. There, these conductivities are simply added up and the total, final conductivity is obtained. In living systems, such an arithmetic addition of conductivities is unacceptable. Here it is necessary to use not arithmetic (where 1 + 1 = 2), but the algebra of complex numbers. Moreover, 1 + 1 is not equal to 2. There is nothing strange in this. This suggests that these conductivities are not independent of each other. Their mutual changes are accompanied by processes that change the total conductivity according to a more complex law (but not arbitrarily!). Therefore, when speaking about the electronic (or other) conductivity of protein systems, the word "specific" is added. That is, there is electronic (and other) conductivity, which is characteristic only of living things. The processes that determine the electrophysical properties of living things are very complex. Simultaneously with the movement of electric charges (electrons, ions, holes), which determines the electrical conductivity, electromagnetic fields act on each other. Elementary particles have magnetic moments, i.e. are magnets. Since these magnets interact with each other (and they are obliged to do this), as a result of this impact, a certain orientation of these particles is established. Molecules and atoms continuously change their state - they carry out continuous and abrupt (discrete) transitions from one electrical state to another. By receiving additional energy, they are excited. When they are freed from it, they go into the main energy state... These transitions affect the mobility of charge carriers in a living organism. Thus, the action of electromagnetic fields changes the movement of electrons, ions and other charge carriers. With the help of these charge carriers, information is transmitted in the central nervous system. The signals in the central nervous system that ensure the functioning of the whole organism as a whole are electrical impulses. But they spread much more slowly than in technical systems. This is due to the complexity of the entire complex of processes that affect the movement of charge carriers, their mobility, and hence the speed of propagation of electrical impulses. The body responds with an action to a certain external impact only after it has received information about this impact. The response of the body is very slow because signals about external influences propagate slowly. Thus, the rate of defense reactions of a living organism depends on the electrophysical properties of a living substance. If electric and electromagnetic fields act from the outside, then this reaction slows down even more. This was established both in laboratory experiments and in the study of the influence of electromagnetic fields during magnetic storms on living systems, including humans. By the way, if the reaction of a living organism to an external influence were many times faster, then a person would be able to defend himself against many influences from which he is now dying. Poisoning is an example. If the body could respond immediately to the ingress of poison into the body, then it could take measures to neutralize it. In a real situation, this does not happen and the body dies even with very small amounts of poison introduced into it.
Of course, today we still do not know all the properties of the complex electrical conductivity of living matter. But it is clear that those fundamentally different properties that are inherent only in living things depend on them. It is primarily by influencing the complex electrical conductivity of the abdomen that the influence of electromagnetic radiation of artificial and natural origin is realized. To delve deeper into the understanding of bioenergetics, it is necessary to concretize it. To reveal the essence of electrical phenomena in a living organism, it is necessary to understand the meaning of the potential biological system, biopotential. In physics, the concept of potential has the following meaning.
Potential is an opportunity. In this case, it is an energetic opportunity. In order to tear an orbital electron from a hydrogen atom, it is necessary to overcome the forces that hold it in the atom, that is, it is necessary to have the energetic ability to perform this work. Energy in atomic and nuclear processes, as well as in the study elementary particles and the processes in which they participate is measured in special units - electron volts. If you apply a potential difference of 1 volt, then an electron in such an electric field acquires an energy equal to one electron-volt (1 eV). The amount of this energy on a technical scale is very small. It is only 1.6 x 1019 J (joules).
The energy spent on the detachment of an electron from the nucleus of an atom is called the ionization potential, since the process of detachment itself is called ionization. By the way, for hydrogen it is equal to 13 eV. For the atoms of each element, it has its own meaning. Some atoms are easy to ionize, others are not very easy, and still others are very difficult. This requires great energy capabilities, since their ionization potential is large (electrons are more strongly retained inside the atom).
In order to ionize the atoms and molecules of living matter, much less energy must be applied than when acting on non-living matter. In living substances, as already mentioned, the binding energy in molecules is units and even hundredths of electron volts. In inanimate molecules and atoms, this energy is in the range of several tens of electron volts (30-50). Nevertheless, in principle, this process in both cases has the same physical basis... It is very difficult to measure ionization potentials in biological molecules due to the smallness of the minimum values of the electron energy in this case. Therefore, it is better to characterize them not by absolute values (electron-volts), but by relative ones. The ionization potential of a water molecule can be taken as a unit of measurement of the ionization potential in the molecules of living systems. This is all the more justified since water is the main one in a living organism from an energy point of view. This is the basis of the life of a biological system. It is important to understand that here we are not talking about any water, but about the water that is contained in biological systems. Taking the ionization potential of water in living matter as a unit, it is possible to determine in these units the ionization potentials of all other biological compounds. There is one more subtlety here. The hydrogen atom has only one orbital electron. Therefore, its ionization potential is equal to one energy value. If an atom and a molecule are more complex, then their orbital electrons are in the sense of the possibility of their separation under unequal conditions. It is most easy to remove from the nucleus those electrons that have lowest energies connections with the nucleus, that is, which are located on the outermost electron shells. Therefore, speaking about the ionization potentials of complex biological systems, we mean those electrons that are most easily torn off, for which the binding energy is minimal.
In biological systems, as a result of a certain distribution of electric charges (their polarization), there are electric fields, since electric forces (Coulomb forces) of repulsion and attraction act between electric charges, depending on whether these charges are of the same name or unlike, respectively. The energy characteristic of an electric field is the potential difference between different points of this field. The potential difference is determined by the electric field, which, in turn, is determined by the distribution of charged particles. The distribution of charged particles is determined by the interaction between them. The potential difference in biological systems (biopotentials) can be in units of millivolts. The value of biopotentials is an unambiguous indicator of the state of the biosystem or its parts. It changes if the body is in a pathological state. In this case, the reactions of a living organism to factors change external environment... Reactions occur that harm the body, its functioning and structure.
The electrophysical properties of biological compounds also determine the speed of reaction of a living organism as a whole and its individual analyzers to the action of external factors. The speed of information processing in the body also depends on these properties. It is assessed by the amount of electrical activity. Without the movement of charge carriers, all these functions of the body would be impossible. Thus, bioenergetic phenomena at the level of elementary particles are the basis of the main functions of a living organism, without these functions life is impossible. Energy processes in cells (energy conversion and the most complex biochemical metabolic processes) are possible only due to the fact that light charged particles - electrons - participate in these processes.
Biopotentials are closely related to the electrical activity of this organ. Thus, the electrical activity of the brain is characterized by the spectral density of biopotentials and voltage pulses different frequency... It has been established that the following biorhythms of the brain (in hertz) are characteristic of a person: delta rhythm (0.5-3); theta rhythm (4-7), alpha rhythm (8-13), beta rhythm (14-35) and gamma rhythm (36-55). There are, albeit irregularly, some rhythms with greater frequency. The amplitude of electrical impulses of the human brain reaches a significant value - up to 500 μV.
Anyone who is familiar with electronics knows that not only the pulse repetition rate and their amplitude, but also the shape of the pulses, are important in the transmission of information and its processing.
How are these impulses formed? Their characteristics indicate that they cannot be created by changes in ionic conductivity. In this case, the processes develop more slowly, that is, they are more inertial. These impulses can be formed only by the motion of electrons, the mass (and hence the inertia) of which is much less.
The role of the shape of electrical impulses can be understood by the example of the effectiveness of defibrillation of the heart (return to normal functioning of the heart in case of its arrest by exposure to electrical impulses). It turned out that the efficiency of restoring the work of the heart depends on the shape of the impulse of the supplied electrical voltage. Its spectral density is also important. Only with a certain form of impulses, the normal movement of charge carriers in a living organism is restored, that is, the usual electrical conductivity is restored, at which normal functioning of the organism (heart) is possible.
In this method, electrodes are applied to the person's body in the chest area. But electrical impulses in this case act not only directly on the heart muscle, but also on the central nervous system. Apparently, the second way is the most effective, since the capabilities of the central nervous system on the impact on all organs (including the heart) the widest. Commands to all organs come through the central nervous system the fastest, since its electrical conductivity (and hence the speed of information propagation) is much higher than the electrical conductivity of muscle tissues and circulatory system... Thus, the return to life of the human body occurs if it is possible to restore the electrophysical properties of living matter, or rather the specific movements of electric charges with those features that are inherent in living systems.
It is the electrophysical properties of a living organism that are of decisive importance for the life and functioning of a living organism. This is evidenced by the following facts.
It has been established that if irritating factors suddenly act on a person, then the resistance of the person's body to electric current (the greater the resistance, the less the electrical conductivity) changes sharply. It is fundamentally important that unexpected external influences can have a different physical nature. It can be a bright light, and touching with a hot object, and the message to a person of unexpected, important information for him. In all cases, the result is the same - the electrical conductivity of the human body increases. The change in electrical conductivity over time depends both on the acting external factor itself and on its strength. But in all cases, the increase in electrical conductivity occurs very quickly, and its restoration to normal values is much slower. Rapid change electrical conductivity can occur only due to electronic (one or another), which is the least inertial.
Take, for example, electric shock to a living organism. The consequences of this lesion depend not so much on the magnitude of the current as on the state of the human nervous system at that moment. Death under the influence of external electrical stress occurs when the electrical conductivity of the central nervous system is disturbed. The current passing through the human body destroys the connections of the electronic structure of the nervous system. But the energies of these bonds are very small. Therefore, it is possible to break them even at very low voltages and currents from external voltage sources. If, under the influence of these currents, the movement of charge carriers in the cells of the brain (in the cells of the peripheral and central nervous systems and their connections) is disturbed, then there is a complete or partial cessation of the supply of oxygen to the cells.
Destructive changes in the electrical conductivity of the central nervous system and, in general, in the electrophysical characteristics of the organism occur under the influence of toxic substances. Apparently, medicine in the future will treat a person from # various ailments first of all, the restoration of the electrophysical properties of the central nervous system.
Of course, this question is very difficult. It has already been established that the electrical conductivity of different living organisms and different systems in one living organism is different. The organs and systems of the body, which must respond to external stimuli the fastest in order to ensure survival, have the least inertial conductivity - electron and electron-hole.
Now let's look at the energy system of the body.
Energy enters the body from outside, which ensures its functioning as a whole, as well as all its constituent parts. Energy charges can be both positive and negative signs... It must be borne in mind that we are not talking about electrical charges. In a healthy body, there is a balance of positive and negative energy elements. This means a balance between the processes of excitation and inhibition (energy elements of the same sign excite the work of the organ, and opposite sign- slow it down). When the equilibrium between the flows of positive and negative energy is disturbed, the organism (or its separate organ) goes into a state of illness, since the balance of the processes of excitation and inhibition is disturbed. In this case, some diseases are caused by excessive excitement of functions (excess syndrome), while others are caused by their oppression (deficiency syndrome). To heal the body, it is necessary to restore the balance (balance) of positive and negative types of energy in it. This can be achieved by exposing biologically active points of the skin with a needle.
Energy from the air enters various organs and systems of the body through a certain energy-conducting system. Each organ has its own channels for the flow of this energy. True, in this case, each organ should be understood not narrowly anatomically, but more broadly, proceeding from its functions. So, in the organ "heart" it is necessary to include the entire system, which provides both all the functions of the blood circulation, and some elements mental activity person. In the organ "kidneys" are included along with the urinary system and urinary excretion and all the glands internal secretion... The "lungs" organ also includes the skin. The "liver" organ includes not only the system for ensuring metabolic processes, but also their regulation of the central nervous and vegetative systems... The system that provides all the processes of perception and processing of food in the body is associated with the "spleen".
Thus, in order to understand the work of the body, it is more correct to consider not narrowly anatomical organs, but certain functional systems. It is not the organ itself that is important, but its function. It is important to know how to configure this feature if it is broken. Each such functional system (organ) receives energy from the air (from space) through certain channels of energy movement on the surface of the skin. These channels are called meridians. Each organ consumes energy that flows through a specific meridian. Meridians are the main channels, highways through which energy from the outside enters the given organ (in the broad sense of the word described above). Along with them, there are also less important ways of supplying energy. They, in turn, branch out, and so the entire skin is covered with a network of these channels.
The entire path through which energy flows from the air to the organ is divided into two stages. At the first stage, it is captured. This part of the meridian is located on the arms and legs. Through the next part of the meridian, energy is transported to this organ or body system.
It is important to understand that capturing energy from the air (which is carried out by the skin system of the arms and legs) is more effective if there is active musculature under the skin. This means that the amount of energy received by the body from the air is influenced by the intensity of energy radiation from the muscles under the skin. The energy necessary for the organ is concentrated on the skin, because the processes of excitation and inhibition in this organ attract elements of energy from the outside (of different signs, respectively). So, as a result of the internal activity of the body, particles of the necessary energy are concentrated on the skin. This is reflected in the names of the meridians (energy channels) by specialists: they say - the meridian of the arm and lungs, the meridian of the legs and kidneys, etc. Through some meridians, the energy of excitation is supplied to the organ, and along the others - the energy of the opposite sign, that is, inhibition.
The meridians "work" not independently of each other, but in a very consistent manner. Bodies also work in a coordinated manner (in healthy body). In this case, all channels (meridians), and therefore organs, constitute a single coordinated system through which energy passes in the body. All organs and systems in the body work in a certain rhythm. More precisely, there are many rhythms. European medicine has already come to this. And according to the teaching of acupuncture, it follows that energy through the body must pass rhythmically, with a period of 24 hours. This is the period of the Earth's rotation around its axis.
Energy goes through all the energy lines in the body sequentially. Therefore, each organ (meridian) has its turn in its own time of day. At this time, it is best to act on this organ, to treat it. For the liver system, this time of day is from one to three in the morning, for the respiratory system - from three to five in the morning, for the stomach - from seven to nine in the morning, for the heart - from eleven to thirteen hours, etc.
Since all energy channels (meridians) are connected into a single system, that is, they are a kind of communicating vessels, then any organ can be influenced not only through its "own" meridian, but also through the meridians of other organs. So you can act exciting or depressing. The liver can be influenced by the kidney meridian. Such an effect will be exciting. But if you act on the spleen from the side of the liver (through its meridian), then the work of the spleen will be inhibited. By acting on the liver from the side of the lungs, we will inhibit its work. The impact on the heart from the liver leads to the excitement of its work. This interaction is used by specialists in the practice of treatment. So, there is no need to influence the lung system between three and five o'clock in the morning. The same effect can be carried out through the points of the meridian of the heart in convenient time from eleven to thirteen hours. Etc.
Each energy channel is not uniform. Physiological active points are located on it. There can be from 9 to 68 on a given meridian. There are 12 meridians in total. On each of them, experts distinguish among the active points the so-called standard ones. They have specific functions. There are 6 such points on each meridian.
From the above, for the problem we are describing, the most important thing is that the organism and the cosmos are a single system. A living organism receives energy directly from space, that is, there is a direct energy exchange between the organism and environment... For most, this will seem unusual, since we are brought up on the idea that energy in the body arises from the breakdown of substances (food). In fact, there is also a direct influence of the energetics of space on the energetics of the organism.
It is important to pay attention to another conclusion from the above. The functioning of all organs and systems of the body is not only interconnected (which is natural and no doubt), but is also controlled by some kind of energy (better to say, informational and energy) service of the body. It provides all the regulation in the body. We added the word - "informational" because without information, its receipt, analysis, processing and transmission, nothing and no one can be controlled. Therefore, this service, associated with the flow of energy from space into the body and in the body itself, is informational. If this service is violated for some reason (for example, the state of the environment prevents the flow of energy from the outside), then the course of regulatory processes in the systems of the body is also disrupted. This can become the basis for a violation of the correct functioning of the body, that is, the cause of the disease. This violation can be corrected, it can be eliminated by proper acupuncture, as already mentioned.
The flow of energy from space into the body cannot be arbitrary, unregulated. The body must receive as much energy as is required for its proper functioning. This amount depends on the performed (physical and mental) work, on psycho-emotional stress, etc. etc. Therefore, it is natural that the body should have regulators that, on the basis of an analysis of the state of the body and its energy needs, would regulate the flow of energy into it from space.
The human body is an electromagnetic system. Almost all of its main functions are associated with electricity and magnetism. With the help of electrical potentials, entry and exit from each cell are regulated. Electrical charges provide the transport of oxygen in the blood. The nervous system is a kind of complex electrical circuit. The electric fields of all organs were measured, the nature of which changes depending on the work of the organism, its state and load. Energy channels - meridians - are determined by the fact that the electrical conductivity of the skin is higher along them. Human skin is something like a printed circuit board of a television or radio receiver: it has a complex network of channels that conduct electric current well. We have already seen that the flow of energy from space into the body is also regulated by the electrical system.
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Human physical health is natural state organism due to normal functioning of all its organs and systems. Stress, bad habits, unbalanced diet, lack of physical activity and other unfavorable conditions affect not only the social sphere of human activity, but also cause the appearance of various chronic diseases.
To prevent them, it is necessary to lead a healthy lifestyle, the basis of which is physical development... Regular fitness, yoga, jogging, swimming, ice skating and other activities physical culture help to keep the body in good shape and contribute to maintaining a positive attitude. A healthy lifestyle reflects a certain life position aimed at developing culture and hygiene skills, maintaining and strengthening health, maintaining an optimal quality of life.
Human physical health factors
The main factor in a person's physical health is his lifestyle.
A healthy lifestyle is intelligent human behavior that includes:
- The optimal ratio of work and rest;
- Correctly calculated physical activity;
- Refusal from bad habits;
- Balanced diet;
- Positive thinking.
A healthy lifestyle ensures full fulfillment social functions, active participation in labor, social, family and household spheres, and also directly affects life expectancy. According to experts, physical health a person depends on the way of life by more than 50%.
The factors of environmental impact on the human body can be divided into several groups of impact:
- Physical - humidity and air pressure, as well as solar radiation, electromagnetic waves and many other indicators;
- Chemical - various elements and compounds of natural and artificial origin, which are part of air, water, soil, food products, building materials, clothing, electronics;
- Biological - useful and harmful microorganisms, viruses, fungi, as well as animals, plants and their waste products.
The impact of the combination of these factors on human physical health, according to experts, is about 20%.
To a lesser extent, health is influenced by heredity, which can be both a direct cause of diseases and take part in their development. From the point of view of genetics, all diseases can be divided into three types:
- Hereditary diseases are diseases, the occurrence and development of which is associated with defects in inherited cells (Down's syndrome, Alzheimer's disease, hemophilia, cardiomyopathy, and others);
- Conditionally hereditary - with a genetic predisposition, but provoked external factors(hypertension, atherosclerosis, diabetes, eczema and others);
- Non-hereditary - due to the influence of the environment, and not associated with the genetic code.
All people have a genetic predisposition to various diseases, which is why doctors are always interested in the diseases of the patient's parents and other relatives. The influence of heredity on human physical health is estimated by researchers at 15%.
Medical care, according to expert data, has almost no effect on health (less than 10%). According to WHO research, the main cause of both the deterioration in the quality of life and premature death are chronic diseases which can be divided into four main types:
- Cardiovascular (heart attack, stroke);
- Chronic respiratory (obstructive pulmonary disease, asthma);
- Oncological;
- Diabetes.
Alcohol consumption, smoking, unhealthy diet and lack of physical activity contribute to the development of chronic diseases.
Consequently, the main indicator of a person's physical health is such a way of life, which should be aimed at preventing diseases, strengthening health, achieving spiritual and physical harmony.
Human physical development and health
The basis healthy way life is the physical development of a person, and health directly depends on the optimal ratio physical activity and rest. Regular exercise ensures high level immunity, improve metabolism and blood circulation, normalize blood pressure, increase strength and endurance. When planning physical activity, it is imperative to proceed from age and physiological features person, take into account the state of health, consult a doctor about probable contraindications. Loads should be optimal: insufficient - ineffective, excessive - harm the body. In addition, over time, the loads become habitual and must be gradually increased. Their intensity is determined by the number of repetitions of the exercises, the range of motion and the pace of execution.
Physical culture and human health
Physical culture is a sphere of social activity aimed at improving health and developing a person's physical abilities. Therefore, doctors emphasize the connection between physical culture and human health. There are several types of physical education:
The last two types are especially important, since they promptly normalize the state of the body and contribute to the creation of favorable conditions for life.
A healthy lifestyle is the most important indicator of a person's physical health. To lead it means, on the one hand, to maintain social activity and a positive attitude towards the world, and on the other hand, to give up bad habits, balance nutrition and exercise regularly. Physical education provides motivation to prevent disease, keep the body in good physical form, increase in life expectancy. Exercise improves mood, increases self-esteem and relieves stress, increases performance and has a beneficial effect on the body as a whole.
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As it is already known, the subject of study of sanology is health, and the object is a person who is healthy and a person in the "third" state. To research health, you need to know the human phenomenon, the principles of its organization.
Research recent years based on quantum physics, neurophysiology and psychology (Bohm, Pribram, Prigogine, Wolfe and others) allowed us to consider a person as a microcosm with the concept of a hologram principle of the structure of the Universe, a hologram model of consciousness, an idea of a person as a carrier of all information about the Universe.
"Know yourself, and you will know the world" - Socrates said.
Man is an integral system. System - a set of elements and connections between them, functioning as a single whole and have a single goal - functioning.
Man is a system with a pyramidal structure, which has three levels:
1. Lower, somatic (soma - body).
2. Medium, mental (psyche - soul).
3. Upper, spiritual (Greek nous - spirit). The last level of superconsciousness is the irrational creative sphere.
The pyramid has its own laws. This organization is hierarchical and is determined by what sets the mode of activity of the entire system; there is a peak (spiritual level).
The relationship between levels and elements is subject to the laws of harmony (the rule of the golden cut). This feature ensures the dynamic stability of the system and its development.
Man is a part of the world, and therefore a subsystem of it. In turn, in himself, in his biological structure, a person has minisystems, in which the entire organism is reflected. This is the iris of the eye Auricle, tongue, skin, nasal mucosa, especially the palm, feet. By changing these structures, one can determine the state of health, and through them, influence health, for example, iridology, palmistry, etc.
Each of its cells is an elementary microsystem of an organism.
Each of the three levels of the "Man" system is considered as a separate subsystem, organized according to the same principle as the integral system. Subsystems function relatively autonomously, but interconnected and hierarchically.
The system-forming factor of each system is final result, the purpose of the system functioning. The structure of the system is determined by the goal. There are three basic goals of human life:
1) survival (at the somatic level), that is, the formation and storage of an individual biological structure, the preservation of the population;
2) self-realization as a person (mentally), that is, the need to live full life in society;
3) the development of altruism, the desire to understand oneself and the World, oneself in the World, to live life in harmony with one's individual aspirations, abilities, to prove oneself as a creator (at the highest level).
The advantage can be given to various intentions (goals), depending on the intelligence of a person, the conditions of his life.
According to the structure life purpose a person reveals certain aspects of valeology as a science:
1) individual physical health (its diagnosis, forecasting, formation, preservation, consolidation) and adaptation of survival;
2) reproductive health;
3) mental health and management;
4) the role of the higher aspects of consciousness in maintaining health.
The principles of functioning of the "Human" system
Each living system is built on the basis of: matter, energy and information.
Information organizes the system in space and time, determines the form in which matter and energy are located. Science has accumulated a lot of material on the biological structure of man and much less on the mental. A higher level (the sphere of superconsciousness) is just beginning to be explored.
Biological structure information matrix is the genetic code.
Information structures for adaptive purposes are system regulators - the neurohumoral and immune complex, directing the body's functions to ensure the survival and continuation of the species, that is, to reproduction.
Psychic information matrix- this is the mental code, the archetypes of a person.
A person comes into life with a certain set of archetypes (according to K. Jung), which are manifested throughout life in her behavior. "X manifestation depends on self-consciousness and a conscious attitude to life, distinguishes a person from animals. At the same time, a person has free will, freedom of choice. Through consciousness, a person organizes his psyche to preserve individual, physical, reproductive health, ensures social adaptation and his mental development.
Energy principle. Each system can function with the appropriate energy. A person needs energy for growth and development, maintaining the desired body temperature, the functioning of his organs and systems, and adaptation to environmental conditions. Lack of energy leads to disruption of the body's functions, a decrease in its vital activity.
Structural principle. Human origin is a biological system. It has a definite structure. The structural unit is a cell. In the human body there are more than two hundred different in structure and function of cell forms, and total amount reaches 75 trillion. Cells build tissues, and tissues form organs. This is the structural side human body on which its functions are based. The state of its structure, that is, the body, as well as health, depends on the functional activity of organs and systems, of the whole organism.
With the help of a systematic approach, the biological level of a person is deeply analyzed. It is the whole organism that possesses such integral qualities that its individual parts (systems, organs, tissues, cells) do not possess, that outside the organism they do not have the ability to maintain their individual existence. In the whole organism, they interact, mutually condition each other, which ensures the principle of economy of structures and a safety net of functions. An integral element, the top of the pyramidal system of the biological (physical) level, is the neurohumoral-immune ensemble.
As a biosystem, an organism has the following properties of "qualities: 1. The ability to preserve individual existence due to self-organization. This is, first of all, self-renewal, which is associated with a constant exchange of matter, energy and information with the environment."
Human organism- this is open system, which maintains its orderliness if it conflicts with the second law of thermodynamics. Orderliness is manifested by homeostasis. Continuity of exchange with the environment ensures the dynamic stability of the system, that is, its preservation over time. It is the violation of this process in dynamics that causes the disease.
Self-organization is also provided by self-regulation. It is based on the mutual directionality of information between elements. In this case, a special role belongs to feedbacks, which can be negative (inhibitory) and positive (exciting). Typically, low strength feedbacks are positive, and high strength feedbacks are negative. Examples of such processes in the central nervous system are induction (or guidance, when inhibition of cells in some nerve centers causes excitation in others), irradiation (or radiation, when inhibition or excitation spreads from one nerve center to others), dominant (or dominant, when the temporarily dominant center of excitation in the central nervous system is able to inhibit the work of others).
Organization of regulation according to the principle of a circuit (direct and feedback) and the principle of dose-dependence of regulatory effects (from of varying strength reverse stimuli) underlie self-regulation and self-renewal of the human body.
The third manifestation of self-organization is self-formation - regeneration and the presence of parallel regulatory influences that provide compensation and reliability of the biosystem.
2. The ability for self-development (ontogenesis) occurs on the basis of positive connections, the asymmetry of the space of living systems (rightism and leftism). Since space and time are interconnected, then the life time is asymmetric and moves only in one direction. This universal property of the organism manifests itself as a regularity in aging and death.
With the development of an organism through the genetic apparatus, one genetic program replaces another according to the principle of chain links. The great importance of asymmetry was envisaged by V.I. Vernadsky.
3. Self-reproduction. It was V.I. Vernadsky emphasized two main properties of living things: the asymmetry of space and time and the colossal energy of reproduction. The latter is called the quintessence of life (A. Lendinger, 1976). At the same time, information is transmitted genetically to the next generations.
The ability to simultaneously realize all of the above qualities determines the phenomenon of biological life. Some of them, for example, openness, the ability for self-healing, self-regulation and self-development, are also characteristic of the mental level. But they are still not well understood.
The biological essence of man connects it with the animal world, but man performs his evolution primarily in the psychic sphere, expanding consciousness, mastering its new levels.
The entire psychic sphere of a person is divided into conscious (consciousness) - 10% and unconscious (subconscious, superconscious) - 90%. It is the evolution of the psychic sphere that provides for the increase in the part of the conscious and the expansion of the higher level of consciousness.
Human biological field(biofield)
Together with the biological body, a person has a biofield that can be registered (electroencephalogram, electrocardiogram, etc.). A person is in the flow of information and energy, consumes them, transforms and radiates them in the form of waves. The biofield is formed due to the unification of all the waves that the body emits.
A living person is a kind of oscillatory circuit.
The most active generators of energy are the brain, heart, muscles.
The biofield has a wave nature. It cannot be identified with the known physical fields of bodies of inanimate nature (electromagnetic, gravitational, weak). It includes the so-called spinning, or spin-angular moments of rotation of microparticles.
A change in the biofield is associated with changes in the physical body and vice versa. The action of the biofield and the physical body is inversely conditioned, therefore, the biofield is corrected in order to improve the health of a person. Visible part the biofield is called the aura (aura - a breeze). It is most intense around the head. With the help of the aura, the psychoemotional state of a person is diagnosed, there is such a direction - aurodiagnostics.
Under the influence of information and energy currents, a person changes, which affects the state of her biofield. On the basis of this, an idea of a common biofield was created, which provides for the existence of a collective mind.
The existence of a biofield in humans has been known for a long time. In a famous painting, demonstrates the rule of the golden ratio, Leonardo da Vinci depicted not only human body, but also an energy informational structure - a biofield.
There are several forms of exchange of matter, information and energy between a person and the external environment, namely nutrition, respiration, movement, psycho- and bioenergy-informational exchange.
Optimization of metabolism contributes to the improvement of the system, is widely used in medicine, hygiene, valeology.
But it is necessary that the ecology of large and small living space meets the requirements of the human body.
To maintain health, biorhythms should be taken into account, i.e. temporary organization of life. Violation of biorhythms negatively affects human health.
Thus, in modern science, a person acts as a bioenergy-informational open system of a pyramidal type, which has certain spatio-temporal aspects of functioning. Systemic representation is a scientific analogue of a holistic (holistic) approach to a person. From this point of view, one should "treat the patient", not "the disease".
Introduction
Ontogenesis is the process of development of an organism from the moment of its inception to the end of life. The organism of a living being is a single whole, and a person with its complex anatomical structure, physiological and mental characteristics represents the highest stage of evolution organic world... It is impossible to imagine an organism as a set of separate organs performing their own functions and not being influenced by neighboring ones. The organism is a single whole, the components of which are the most perfect and harmonious creation of all those that nature could create. All organs and their purposes are interconnected. An organism is a biological system consisting of interconnected and subordinate elements, the relationship of which and the features of their structure are subordinate to their functioning as a whole. Knowledge of the body and its systems will help provide real assistance to its functioning. This lends relevance to this study.
The purpose of this work is to reveal the features of the system of functioning of the organs of a living organism.
The object of research is a living organism.
The subject of research is the organism as a whole. Regulation mechanism.
As part of achieving this goal, the following tasks are being solved:
Determine the organ system of a living organism using the example of a person;
To reveal the mechanism of regulation and control in living organisms.
In the work on the topic, the following methods were used: observation, data comparison, content analysis.
The study was based on literary sources on this topic by the following authors: L.A. Belchenko, V.A. Lavrinenko, G.I. Milovzorov, V.M. Smirnova and others.
1. The concept and essence of ontogeny of organisms
The term "ontogeny" ("ontogeny") was introduced by the German zoologist E. Haeckedl in 1866 as opposed to phylogeny - the historical (evolutionary) development of a given species. Haeckel believed that ontogeny is exhaustively determined by phylogeny (“phylogeny is mechanical cause ontogeny ").
Ontogenesis is the individual development of an organism, a set of sequential morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations that an organism undergoes from the moment of its inception to the end of life. Ontogenesis includes growth, i.e. increase in body weight, size, differentiation. The term "ontogeny" was introduced by E. Haeckel (1866) when he formulated the biogenetic law.
In animals and plants that reproduce sexually, the birth of a new organism is carried out in the process of fertilization, and ontogenesis begins with a fertilized egg, or zygote. In organisms that are characterized by asexual reproduction, ontogeny begins with the formation of a new organism by dividing the maternal body or a specialized cell, by budding, as well as from the rhizome, tuber, bulb, etc.
In the course of ontogenesis, each organism naturally goes through successive phases, stages or periods of development, of which the main ones in organisms that reproduce sexually are: embryonic (embryonic, or prenatal), post-embryonic (postembryonic, or postnatal) and the period of development of an adult organism.
Ontogenesis is based on a complex process of implementation on different stages development of the organism of hereditary information embedded in each of its cells. The program of ontogenesis determined by heredity is carried out under the influence of many factors (environmental conditions, intercellular and interstitial interactions, humoral-hormonal and nervous regulation, etc.) and is expressed in the interrelated processes of cell reproduction, their growth and differentiation.
Ontogenesis is divided into next periods: pre-embryonic development, or gametogenesis - the development of female and male germ cells until they become capable of fertilization; development of the embryo, or embryogenesis, from the moment of fertilization to hatching or birth (in medical literature this period is designated as prenatal development); postembryonic (postnatal) development, including metamorphosis (where it is present), growth (an increase in the linear size and mass of the body), physiological (spontaneously proceeding) and reparative (caused by artificial injuries) regeneration; aging. The study of aging is the subject of a special discipline - gerontology.
Cognition of ontogenesis, its driving forces and mechanisms is one of the main problems of modern biology, and indeed natural sciences generally. This problem is also important from an applied point of view. The heart of the science of ontogenesis is embryology, a branch of biology that studies the development of embryos. Modern embryology is closely related to other branches of biology, primarily with the doctrine of heredity (genetics), cell and molecular biology. At the same time, ontogeny requires broader, interdisciplinary approaches for its understanding. Of particular importance for understanding ontogenesis is new section physics and mathematics - the theory of self-organization. Developing embryos, from the most general point of view, are examples of self-organizing systems. The modern synthetic theory of ontogeny is often called developmental biology.
Among the main problems of ontogenesis is the elucidation of the factors of cell reproduction (the study of this issue, however, is usually taken outside the framework of the theory of ontogenesis and referred to cytology), morphogenesis, and cell differentiation.
The eggs of all multicellular animals after fertilization with spermatozoa (or after artificial activation for development - parthenogenesis) are sequentially divided into several thousand daughter cells, the total volume of which is equal to the volume of the egg. This initial period of development is called egg breaking. After the end of cleavage, the embryos of various animals have the form of a dense lump of cells, a hollow sphere, or a multicellular disc.
As a result of morphogenesis, the embryo acquires a two- or three-layer structure, the intestine is formed, and then in vertebrates, the central nervous system. Later, the specialization of individual organs and cells of the embryo begins. As a result, from several tens (in lower animals) to hundreds (and according to other classifications - millions) of specialized (differentiated) cells arises. This process is called cell differentiation (cytodifferentiation).
2. The organ system of a living organism on the example of a person
An organ is a part of the body that occupies a constant position in it, has a certain structure and shape, and performs one or more functions. An organ consists of several types of tissues, but one of them always prevails and determines its main, leading function. Skeletal muscle, for example, includes striated muscle and loose connective tissue... It contains blood and lymph vessels and nerves.
Organs are the working apparatus of the body, specialized in performing complex activities necessary for the existence of an integral organism. The heart, for example, acts as a pump, pumping blood from veins to arteries; kidneys - the function of excreting end products of metabolism from the body; Bone marrow- the function of hematopoiesis, etc. An organ is a historically developed system of various tissues united by a common main function, structure and development for a given organ.
There are many organs in the human body, but each of them is a part of the whole organism. Several organs, jointly performing a specific function, form an organ system. All organ systems are in complex interaction with each other and constitute an anatomically and functionally a single whole - an organism.
Often, two or more organ systems are combined into the concept of an apparatus. But, having a complex organization, a living organism is a single whole, in which the activity of all its structures - cells, tissues, organs and their systems - is coordinated and subordinated to this whole.
The integrity of the organism is manifested in the anatomical and functional connection between all systems of human organs. A living organism, consisting of many organs, exists as a single whole.
The system of the organs of movement ensures the movement of the body in space and participates in the formation of body cavities (chest, abdominal), in which the internal organs are located. This system also forms the cavities in which the brain and spinal cord are located.
The digestive system carries out mechanical and chemical processing of food entering the body, as well as absorption into the internal environment of the body nutrients... This system removes the remaining undigested substances from the body into the environment.
The human digestive apparatus is represented by the digestive tube, large glands digestive tract, as well as many small glands that lie in the mucous membrane of all parts of the digestive tract. The total length of the digestive tract from the oral cavity to anus is 8-10 m. For the most part, it is a tube bent in the form of loops and consists of parts passing one into the other: the oral cavity, pharynx, esophagus, stomach, small, large and rectum.
For food to be digested, you first need to chew and swallow it. The food then enters the stomach and intestines, where digestive juices are secreted. Only the well-coordinated work of all digestive organs makes it possible to completely digest food. Each organ in this case performs part of a complex process, and together they carry out digestion. This means that there is a physiological dependence between the departments of one organ system.
For normal work digestive system the supply of nutrients and oxygen to the cells of its organs is required. Carbon dioxide and other harmful substances must be removed from the cells. In other words, the system of the digestive system is closely connected physiologically with the system of the organs of blood circulation, respiration, excretion, etc.
The respiratory system provides gas exchange, i.e. the delivery of oxygen from the external environment to the blood and the removal of carbon dioxide from the body, one of the end products of metabolism, and also takes part in the sense of smell, voice formation, water-salt and lipid metabolism, and the production of certain hormones. In the respiratory apparatus, the lungs perform a gas exchange function, and the nasal cavity, nasopharynx, larynx, trachea and bronchi are air-conducting. Getting into airways, the air is warmed, cleaned and humidified. In addition, the perception of temperature, mechanical and olfactory stimuli takes place here.
System urinary organs removes metabolic products from the blood and the body. The urinary organs, also called excretory organs, cleanse the body of metabolic waste.
The genital system supports the life of the species, i.e. carries special function reproduction. The genitals are divided into external and internal. The internal male genital organs form the testes, epididymis, seminal vesicles, vas deferens, prostate and bulbourethral glands. The external male genital organs are the scrotum and penis.
The internal female genital organs include the ovaries, uterus, the fallopian tubes, the vagina, and to the outer - large and small labia, clitoris, bulbs of the vestibule and large glands of the vestibule. The external female genital organs are located in anterior section perineum, in the genitourinary triangle.
The cardiovascular system, consisting of the circulatory and lymphatic systems, delivers nutrients and oxygen to organs and tissues, removes metabolic products from them, and also ensures the transportation of these products to the excretory organs (kidneys, skin), and carbon dioxide to the lungs. In addition, the waste products of the endocrine organs (hormones) are also carried by the blood vessels throughout the body, which ensures the influence of hormones on the activity of individual parts and the body as a whole.
The system of organs of internal secretion, with the help of hormones, regulates the vital activity of the body.
The reproductive system is the testes in men, the ovaries and uterus in women. The reproductive system ensures the reproduction of offspring.
The nervous system unites all parts of the body into a single whole and balances its activity in accordance with the changing conditions of the external environment. Closely associated with endocrine organs, it provides together with the latter neurohumoral regulation vital functions of individual parts and the organism as a whole. The nervous system (the cortex of the cerebral hemispheres) is the material substrate of human mental activity, and also constitutes the most important part of the sense organs.
Since movement in space and sensitivity are inherent in animal organisms (this is what distinguishes them from plants), the somatic part of the nervous system is also called animal ("animal" - animal).
The autonomic nervous system is so named because it affects the "internal economy" of the body: metabolism, blood circulation, excretion, reproduction ("vegetatio" - vegetation).
The organs and systems of the body are in such a close connection and interdependencies that pathological changes in one of them cannot but affect others, which leads to a violation normal life the organism as a whole. Even minor changes, not to mention the constant influence of pathogenic environmental factors, lead to a deterioration general condition, the occurrence of dysfunction various bodies and as a result - to the disease. And not just one organ, but the whole organism.
Back in the 30s of the XX century, the well-known domestic therapist D. D. Pletnev argued that "a doctor deals not with organopathology, that is, not with a disease of any organ, but with atropology, that is, a human disease." Modern medicine, while theoretically proclaiming this statement, in practice ignores it.
Modern science considers the human body as a whole, in which all organs and systems are in close connection with each other, and their functions are regulated and directed by the central nervous system. Because of this, the effect of exercise on the muscular system also affects the cardiovascular, respiratory, nervous system, digestion, metabolism, excretion, etc., in other words, the entire body. The establishment by scientists of the fact that there is a fixed energy field around the human body, which affects its physical structure, convincingly proves the existence of the organism as a whole.
Thus, the human body, its integral whole, comprise several levels of organization in ascending order, namely: the molecular level, the cellular level, the tissue level, the organ level, the systemic organ level and the organismal level. Moreover, a cell is considered to be a unit, and higher levels, due to complex interaction, carry out the existence of an organism.
3. The mechanism of regulation and control in living organisms
An organism as a whole can exist only under the condition that its constituent organs and tissues function with such an intensity and in such a volume that they provide adequate balance with the environment. According to I.P. Pavlov, a living organism is a complex isolated system, inner strength which is constantly balanced with the external forces of the environment. Balancing is based on the processes of regulation, management physiological functions.
I.P. Pavlov in his doctrine of the highest nervous activity humans and animals convincingly showed that the interaction and interdependence of internal and external manifestations of the body's vital activity is coordinated by the central nervous system. He found that there is not a single organ and function in the body that is not, to one degree or another, under the control of the central nervous system.
The human body is constantly connected with the external environment, from which it receives nutrients, oxygen and at the same time releases waste products into it. The body is affected by all changes in the external environment - temperature fluctuations, air movement and humidity, solar insolation, etc. The connection and active adaptation of the organism to its surrounding external environment are provided by the cerebral cortex, which is at the same time the highest regulator of the entire activity of the organism.
The integrity of the body is also expressed in the fact that not only patients suffer from illness and injury, damaged organs or part of the body, but always appears and general reaction organism. This is expressed in a change in the functions of nerve cells and nerve centers, which leads to the entry into the blood of the necessary hormones, vitamins, salts and other substances involved in the regulation of the vital activity of the body. As a result, its energetic and protective capabilities increase. This helps to overcome the violations that have arisen, contributes to their compensation or recovery.
Control, or regulation, in living organisms is a set of processes that provide the necessary modes of functioning, the achievement of certain goals or adaptive results useful for the organism. Management is possible in the presence of interconnection of organs and systems of the body. Regulatory processes cover all levels of system organization: molecular, subcellular, cellular, organ, systemic, organismic, supraorganism (population, ecosystem, biosphere).
Control methods in the body. The main methods of control in a living organism involve the launch (initiation), correction and coordination of physiological processes.
Startup is a control process that causes a transition of the organ function from a state of relative rest to an active state or from vigorous activity to a state of rest. For example, under certain conditions, the central nervous system initiates the work of the digestive glands, phasic contractions of skeletal muscles, the processes of urination, defecation, etc.
Correction allows you to control the activity of an organ performing a physiological function in automatic mode or initiated by the arrival of control signals. An example is the correction of the work of the heart by the central nervous system by means of influences transmitted along the vagus and sympathetic nerves. ontogenesis organism human regulation Coordination involves the coordination of the work of several organs or systems at the same time to obtain a useful adaptive result. For example, for the implementation of the act of bipedal locomotion, coordination of the work of muscles and centers that provide movement is necessary lower limbs in space, displacement of the center of gravity of the body, changes in skeletal muscle tone. Control mechanisms. In the body, cells, tissues, organs and organ systems work as a whole. Their coordinated work is regulated in two ways: humoral (Latin humor - liquid) - with the help of chemicals through the body fluids (blood, lymph, intercellular fluid) and with the help of the nervous system. The humoral control mechanism provides for a change in the physiological activity of organs and systems under the influence of chemicals delivered through the body fluids (interstitial fluid, lymph, blood, cerebrospinal fluid, etc.). The humoral control mechanism is the oldest form of interaction of cells, organs and systems, therefore, in the human body and higher animals, one can find various options humoral mechanism of regulation, reflecting to a certain extent its evolution. One of the simplest options is to change the activity of cells under the influence of metabolic products. The latter can change the work of the cell, from which the release of these products occurs, and other organs located at a sufficient distance. For example, under the influence of CO2 formed in tissues as a result of oxygen utilization, the activity of the respiratory center changes and, as a consequence, the depth and frequency of respiration. Under the influence of adrenaline released into the blood from the adrenal glands, the frequency and strength of heart contractions, the tone of peripheral vessels, a number of functions of the central nervous system, the intensity of metabolic processes in skeletal muscles change, and the coagulation properties of blood increase. The humoral control mechanism is characterized by a relatively slow spread and diffuse nature of control actions, and low reliability of communication. V natural conditions nervous and humoral mechanisms work as a single neurohumoral control mechanism. The neurohumoral control mechanism is a combined form in which humoral and nervous mechanisms are used simultaneously; both are interconnected and interdependent. Thus, the transmission of control actions from the nerve to the innervated structures is carried out with the help of chemical intermediaries - mediators acting on specific receptors. An even closer and more complex connection is found in some nuclei of the hypothalamus. The nerve cells of these nuclei come into an active state when the chemical and physicochemical parameters of the blood change. The activity of these cells causes the formation and release of chemical factors that stimulate the restoration of the original characteristics of the blood. So, to an increase in osmotic pressure of blood plasma, special nerve cells the supraoptic nucleus of the hypothalamus, the activity of which leads to the release of antidiuretic hormone into the blood, which enhances the reabsorption of water in the kidneys, which causes a decrease in osmotic pressure. The interaction of humoral and nervous mechanisms creates an integrative control option capable of providing an adequate change in functions from the cellular to the organismal levels when the external and internal environment. Physiological functions are controlled through the transfer of information. The information may contain a message about the presence of disturbing influences, deviations of functions. It is transmitted through afferent (sensitive) communication channels. The information transmitted over the efferent (executive) communication channels contains a message about which functions and in which direction should be changed. The humoral mechanism uses chemical substances- metabolic products, prostaglandins, regulatory peptides, hormones, etc. Thus, the accumulation of lactic acid in muscles during exercise is a source of information about the lack of oxygen. The nervous mechanism as a means of control and information transmission uses excitation potentials, which are combined into certain patterns in frequency, set, characteristics of interpulse intervals and encode the necessary information. It was shown that the patterns of excitation of hypothalamic neurons during the formation of hunger motivation are specific and differ significantly from the same specific patterns of excitation of neurons responsible for the formation of thirst motivation. The humoral and nervous mechanisms involve the use of several forms of control. Autocrine, paracrine, and humoral forms are characteristic of an evolutionarily more ancient mechanism. The autocrine form of control involves a change in the function of the cell by chemical substrates secreted into the extracellular environment by the cell itself. The paracrine form of control is based on the release of chemical controls into the interstitial fluid by cells. Chemical substrates, spreading through interstitial spaces, can control the function of cells located at some distance from the source of control influences. The humoral form of control is realized when excreting biological substances into the blood. With the blood flow, these substances reach all organs and tissues. The nervous control mechanism is based on a reflex - the body's response to changes in the internal and external environment, carried out with the participation of the central nervous system. Reflex control involves the use of two forms. Local reflexes are carried out through the ganglia of the autonomic nervous system, which are considered as nerve centers carried out to the periphery. Local reflexes control, for example, the motor and secretory functions of the small and large intestine. Central reflexes proceed with the obligatory involvement of various levels of the central nervous system (from spinal cord to the cerebral cortex). An example of such reflexes is the release of saliva when the oral cavity receptors are irritated, drooping of the eyelid when irritating the sclera of the eye, withdrawing the hand when irritating the skin of the fingers, etc. Thus, in natural conditions, the nervous and humoral mechanisms are the same and, forming a neurohumoral mechanism, are implemented in various combinations that most fully provide an adequate balance of the organism with the environment. Conclusion
Ontogenesis is the individual development of an organism, a set of sequential morphological, physiological and biochemical transformations that an organism undergoes from the moment of its inception to the end of life. At present, it is customary to consider a living organism not just as a multicellular colony, but as a complex system with several levels of organization. The lowest is the basic level, this is the cellular level. The aggregate of cells, similar in structure and properties, forms a higher level - tissue. The organs are composed of the totality of tissues - this is an even higher level of organization. Finally, a set of organs performing similar functions forms organ systems and allows a multicellular colony to exist as a whole. Thus, the human body is a complexly organized system, in which each of its elements is itself a system, i.e. a multicellular organism is a system of systems. Each organ system performs its own, specific function, but in the whole organism it acquires a new property - to communicate with the external environment in order to change the work of organs and organ systems so that the chemical composition and physical properties of the internal environment do not change for any change in the environment. ... This is necessary to preserve and maintain the constancy of the internal environment. Thus, organ systems do not work in isolation, but combine to achieve useful result, forming a temporary union - functional system... The functioning of the body as a whole is ensured by the interaction of nervous and humoral regulation. Bibliographic list of literature The Purposes of a Living Being And higher mammals can give rise to the theory that all organs serve only to serve the brain and nervous system, which are the throne of consciousness.
Doesn't this mean that the functioning of a living organism still has some hidden common ...
About mammals
Zhdanova TD Features of the structure of the organism. The mammals, or beasts, class numbers 4000 ...
... is related to the structure of their body, including the structure and functioning of such vital systems and organs as the nervous and sensory systems ...
Classes physical exercise and sports cause many-sided and profound changes in the human body in accordance with general biological principles. Therefore, the natural science basis of physical education is medical and biological sciences: biology, anatomy, physiology, morphology, etc.
The human body is an integral open self-regulating living system that responds to changes in the external and internal environment, has an autonomous system of regulation and control vital functions in different situations.
Modern science considers the human body as a single whole, in which all organs are in close interconnection and interaction and form a complex self-regulating, self-developing system. The vital activity of the organism can be considered as the coordinated activity of its anatomical and physiological systems: nervous, cardiovascular, respiratory, digestive, excretory, and also the musculoskeletal system. An organism can exist only with constant interaction with the environment and be renewed due to such interaction.
The most important property of a living organism, developed in the process of evolution - to maintain the constancy of the internal environment, has received the name homeostasis. The phenomenon of homeostasis is that living organisms, when the factors of the external and internal environment change, strive to provide optimal conditions its existence (temperature, arterial and osmotic pressure, etc.). The vital activity of all parts of the human body is possible only if the relative physical and chemical constancy of its internal environment, which includes three components: blood, lymph and interstitial fluid, is preserved. An important role in maintaining homeostasis is played by humoral and nervous regulation of functions.
In the process of adaptation, dominant nervous and humoral reactions were created in the animal world, which were gradually transformed into the corresponding mechanisms of regulation of body functions. The nervous mechanism of regulation is carried out through nerve impulses that travel along certain nerve fibers to strictly defined organs or parts of the body. The main nervous mechanism regulation of functions is reflex - the body's response to irritation from the external or internal environment. It is realized along a reflex arc: the path along which excitation proceeds from receptors to executive organs (muscles, glands, etc.). There are two types of reflexes: a) unconditioned - congenital and b) conditioned - acquired.
Nervous regulation of functions consists of the most complex relationships between two types of reflexes. With any deviation of the state of the environment, the body reacts with a physiological reaction aimed at its restoration. The regulation of body functions is carried out through the nervous system, as well as humoral (including hormonal) way. In ensuring the interaction between organs and tissues, the leading role belongs to nervous regulation: its action is 250-300 times higher, it is always strictly directed towards a certain effector and can quickly cease.
The humoral mechanism of regulation is carried out due to chemicals that are contained in the fluids circulating in the body (blood, lymph, tissue fluid). The chemicals (hormones) secreted by the endocrine glands, entering the bloodstream, enter all organs and tissues, regardless of whether they are involved in the regulation of functions or not. Nervous and humoral functions are closely interrelated and form a single neurohumoral regulation. During motor activity, muscles contract, the heart changes its work, the glands release hormones into the blood, which, in turn, have a strengthening or weakening effect on the same muscles, heart and other organs.
The main property of the body as a biological system is self-regulation. Under the influence of physical exercises and sports, progressive morphological and functional changes occur in the muscular, bone, cardiovascular and other systems, which ensure the adaptability of the human body to training and competitive loads. Without knowledge of the regularities of the functioning of organs and systems of the body, features complex processes life, it is impossible to properly organize the process of physical education, to determine the volume and
exercise intensity, ensure health-improving effect classes. Let's take a closer look at these changes.
2.3. Muscular system and its functions
Muscular system human unites about 400 different muscles, which make up 40% of body weight. For athletes, this figure can reach 50%. With the help of muscles, the supporting role of the skeleton and the movement of a person are carried out. They promote more complete breathing and blood circulation, support the internal organs in a certain position, protect them from the effects of the external environment, etc. Muscles are highly efficient and economical. This property of muscles is in direct proportion to a person's ability to relax non-working muscles. This ability, to a greater extent, is possessed by athletes. With their tone, muscles largely determine the shape and way of holding the body. Only thanks to the work of the muscles is it possible to keep the body in an upright position with a small support area.
Muscles are divided into three types: a) smooth, covering the walls of blood vessels and internal organs; b) heart muscle; c) skeletal muscles. The first two types of muscles work independently of a person's will. The work of skeletal muscles is controlled voluntarily and it is carried out through tension or contraction. Skeletal muscle is composed of varying amounts muscle fibers.
When performing differentiated movements, the number of muscle fibers involved in the work is small, and with an increase in muscle efforts, their number increases.
For example, the eye muscles have five fibers, and the muscles of the trunk and lower extremities have up to 200 fibers in each motor unit. If more than 2/3 of the skeletal muscles are involved in vigorous activity, then such work is called global. If during work from 1/3 to 2/3 of the muscles function, then we are talking about regional work, and if less than 1/3 - local muscle work.
When a muscle that does not change length is excited (isometric mode), static work is performed. Contraction of the same muscle with a decrease in its length (isotonic mode) provides dynamic work. Most often, muscles work in a mixed (auxotonic) mode.
Muscles, with their contraction and tension, develop a certain force that can be measured. The strength of an individual muscle depends on the number and thickness of muscle fibers, as well as on its original length.
Which of the muscles have greatest value and which muscle groups should you develop first? Have different people the strength of individual muscle groups is different. People who are not involved in sports tend to have better muscles to resist gravity: the extensors of the back and legs, as well as the flexors of the arms. In athletes, the increase in the strength of individual muscles depends on the sport. So, in weightlifters, the extensors of the arms, legs and trunk are most developed; in gymnasts - adductor muscles of the shoulder girdle; for boxers - muscles of the shoulder girdle, neck, chest, abdominal, the front of the thigh; for swimmers - muscles of the shoulder, chest, abdomen, lateral muscles torso, etc ..
Muscle performance depends on the level of blood circulation. The number of active capillaries in a hard working muscle increases 60-70 times compared to a muscle at rest. During dynamic work, the muscle plays the role of a "pump" in the blood circulation. During relaxation, the muscle is filled with blood and receives oxygen as well as nutrients. When the muscle contracts, blood and metabolic products are pushed out. During static work, the muscle is tense and continuously presses on blood vessels... She receives neither oxygen nor nutrients, but uses own reserves glycogen to get energy to work. Under these conditions, decay products are not removed, lactic acid accumulates in the muscles, which contributes to the rapid development of fatigue.
Under static loads, along with an increase in the volume of muscles, the surface of their attachment to the bones increases, and the tendon part lengthens. Intensive metabolic processes in the muscles contribute to an increase in the number of capillaries that form a dense network, which leads to a thickening of muscle fibers.
Loads of a dynamic nature are less than static ones, they contribute to an increase in weight and muscle volume. In the muscles, the muscle part is lengthened and the tendon part is shortened. The number of nerve fibers in the muscles, primarily affecting performance dynamic function, 4-5 times more than in muscles performing a static function.
Some young people, including students, are fond of the so-called. athleticism, which aims to develop muscle strength and muscle definition, using mainly static exercises.
Indeed, such exercises help to increase the volume of muscles that are lagging behind in development, but they do not develop accuracy, dexterity, speed of movement, do not help to navigate and adapt to changing conditions. In addition, they require great nervous efforts, make breathing difficult, and limit the development of endurance. Static exercises can only be an addition to dynamic ones and are effective only when they do not exceed 1/3 of the total number of exercises.
2.4. Skeletal system and its functions
Skeletal system consists of more than 200 bones connected by joints into movable joints, with the help of which muscles can work. Bone is a complex organ permeated with blood and lymph vessels, nerve fibers.
Bones are 50% water, while the remaining half includes organic (12.4%) and inorganic (21.85%) substances, as well as fats (15.75%). Over the entire period of growth, the mass of the bone skeleton increases by almost 24 times. How younger organism the more in his bones organic matter and the more elastic they have.
The main part of the solid support of the trunk is the spinal column, which consists of 24 vertebrae, the sacrum and the coccyx. Cervical the spine consists of 7 vertebrae, the thoracic vertebrae from 12, the lumbar from 5, the sacral from 5 and the coccygeal from 4 or 5. Vertebral column has natural curves: cervical and lumbar lordosis, thoracic and sacral kyphosis, which act as shock absorbers. Exercise contributes to the development of higher mechanical properties of bones. Under the influence of exercise, bones develop, become larger, stronger and heavier, richer in calcium. The strength of bones, especially those that can withstand greater physical activity, can be traced to the example of the femur and tibia. Femur can withstand a load of up to 1500 kg, and the second - up to 1800 kg. Bones are connected by joints, the main function of which is to perform movements. Each joint is enclosed in a joint capsule, reinforced with ligaments.
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