Rules for the removal of alcohol intoxication. How to remove alcohol intoxication at home

The severity of alcohol intoxication in living individuals depends on the strength, quantity and quality taken alcohol, the time during which alcohol was drunk, as well as the individual reaction to it, which varies depending on age, psychogenic and physical factors, time of day, body weight, quantity and quality of food.

The symptoms of alcohol intoxication are largely determined by the individual characteristics of the subject, his upbringing, the culture of drinking, the type of higher nervous activity, and the response to alcohol.

Emotional and physical overstrain lowers tolerance to alcohol. Susceptibility to alcohol decreases in people who have suffered a traumatic brain injury, suffering from mental illness, some psychopathy, severe neuroses, chronic hereditary alcoholism, suffering from infectious diseases.

The clinic of acute alcohol intoxication is due to the toxic effect on the body not only of alcohol, but also of its oxidation products. Their action is especially strong at the final stage of alcohol intoxication and during the period of the so-called alcohol hangover due to the action of acetaldehyde and other products of incomplete combustion of alcohol.

The degree of intoxication is influenced by the conditions of taking the drink: on an empty stomach, causing acute intoxication, or after taking a rich fatty meal, addiction to alcohol, heat and staying in poorly ventilated, stuffy rooms, a sudden temperature drop, tolerance, the nature and amount of food taken at the same time with alcohol, composition, purity and concentration of alcohol in the drink, physical and mental condition person at the time of use. alcoholic beverages(fatigue, lack of sleep, colds, somatic, nervous and mental illnesses), situational situation, ambient temperature.

Various impurities such as fusel oils, tobacco infusion, burnt rubber, various roots, herbs, barbiturates, opium and others enhance the effect of alcohol.

The clinical picture of intoxication is determined by the reaction of the central nervous system of a given subject to the incoming alcohol. This reaction is based first on excitation and then on inhibition of the cerebral cortex, with the release of the subcortex from its control.

In parallel, disorders of the vestibular apparatus develop, dizziness is noted, coordination of movements is disturbed, the speed and accuracy of reflex reactions decrease. In the future, with an increase in the concentration of alcohol (if large amounts of alcoholic beverages are taken), inhibition processes capture the subcortical nodes, the cerebellum and the centers of the oblong spinal cord. Severe poisoning develops, leading to a coma, and sometimes death.

The clinical manifestation of acute alcohol intoxication is divided into three degrees depending on the severity (mild, moderate, severe); t psychopathological structure - three types (simple alcohol intoxication, altered forms of simple alcohol intoxication, pathological intoxication).

Mild degree of alcohol intoxication

Subclinical phase . The concentration of alcohol in the blood up to 0.3 ‰. The mood is upbeat, contact with others is not disturbed, appetite is increased, warmth is felt in the epigastric region.

This level of alcohol in the blood may be in the phase of elimination.

Hypomanic phase. It develops after practically healthy people take 50-100 ml of 40% vodka or other strong drink, 200-400 ml of 14-18% wine or 1 liter of 2-3% beer. In the blood from 0.5 to 1.5% of alcohol. The subjects' mood is elevated, gesticulation and motor activity are accelerated, illusory perception of the outside world, a sense of physical and mental comfort, complacency, an inadequate sense of improvement in mental capabilities, a surge of warmth, cheerfulness, increased efficiency, relieve fatigue, pleasant dizziness

Shyness, stiffness, tension disappear, anxiety and excitement are suppressed. Those examined are verbose, sometimes verbose to the point of importunity, boastful, complacent, deceitful. Speech is clear, loud, somewhat accelerated, but meaningful. The topics of conversation change quickly. Mimic reactions are exaggeratedly expressive. There is carelessness, distractibility; orientation in place, time, surrounding persons and own personality is preserved. Increases appetite, libido, lower emotions are disinhibited

The face is reddened, less often pale, the sclera are dilated, the eyes are shining, salivation and appetite are increased, the pulse and respiration are quickened. Tactile and pain sensations are lowered, the threshold of perception of sound (including color) stimuli is increased.

The breath smells like alcohol. Examined people often try to neutralize the smell of alcohol with aromatic substances, deodorants, and smoking.

Precise coordination movements and tests are violated. While walking with sharp turns, the examinees are carried to the side. In the Romberg pose while squatting with eyes closed shaking is observed. Pupils of normal size or slightly dilated.

As a result of the preservation of criticism and orientation of all types, the clinic of this phase of alcohol intoxication can be suppressed by volitional efforts. In such cases, anxiety, concern, conflict, malice, an attempt to imitate a sober state are recorded. Memories of all the events of the period of intoxication are preserved in full.

Average degree of alcohol intoxication

Dysthymic phase . Single or fractional consumption by healthy individuals of individually various doses of alcoholic beverages (on average, about 300 ml or more of vodka, cognac or 1,000 ml of wine) and reaching its concentration in the blood in the range from 1.5 to 2.5 ‰, as it increases, the depth of intoxication causes the transition (transformation) of the hypomanic state into a dysphoric one. The behavior of the intoxicated changes and gradually becomes uncontrollable by volitional efforts. There is incontinence, tactlessness, irritability, spitefulness, rudeness, impulsiveness, aggressiveness, captiousness, importunity, suspicion. Past failures and grievances are updated. Often, inappropriate actions and deeds are committed. Moreover, this phase of intoxication is characterized by the so-called “sharpening” or “exposing” of individual traits (features) of character. Good-natured and cheerful by nature faces become maximally euphoric, foolish (they dance, sing, laugh, clown around, fool around, declare their love to everyone); shy, timid ones become highly sociable, cheerful ones become isolated, remember failures, adversities are sad, crying. Bold and cold-blooded sometimes show cowardice for the most insignificant reason.

Persons prone to a melancholic and sad mood develop tearfulness, they “admit their guilt”, ask everyone for forgiveness, cry, self-flagellate; rude by nature people can be in a state of intoxication cruel, aggressive.

The clarity of perception of the environment progressively decreases, the integrity of thinking is violated. Active attention is attracted with difficulty, often after repeated repetitions of questions. Gross speech disorders appear in the form of a slowdown in pace, monotony, loss of rhythm, perseveration, dysarthria, inarticulateness, chanting, blurring, and distortion of words. Intoxicated people talk to themselves, conduct dialogues with a non-existent interlocutor, shout out separate words, often curses. Productive speech contact with such persons is difficult or impossible. The instinct of self-preservation is suppressed (a sense of caution is reduced or lost, situations dangerous to health and life are neglected).

It decreases, and then the orientation of all types is lost. Drunk people have difficulty explaining or are unable to explain the route of transport or the path they have just followed. There are also other difficulties in activating the memory. The disturbances of consciousness in such cases are similar to those in mild degree stunned. After sobering up, the events of the period of intoxication, as a rule, are fully remembered.

Atactic phase . The most characteristic for this phase (degree) of intoxication are pronounced (visible to others) functional disorders of motor skills and coordination of movements due to the toxic effect of ethanol on the neurophysiological mechanisms of the central nervous system, including the vestibulo-cerebellar. The ability to perform even the usual everyday skills (fastening buttons, lacing shoes, etc.) is lost. The handwriting is changing. Movements become sweeping, multiple, superfluous, inadequate, with the loss of situational expediency, often reaching a degree characteristic of psychomotor arousal. The gait is shaky, unsteady. A person who is in an average degree of intoxication stumbles while walking, may fall, but rises and continues to walk on his own. Muscle strength decreases, pain and temperature sensitivity decreases, and therefore drunk people do not feel pain, blows, wounds, burns, sometimes they have diplopia, tinnitus.

Typical appearance: clothes are soiled, untidy, unbuttoned. Face Puffy, hyperemic (but may be pale). The sclera are injected, the pupils are constricted. There may be hiccups, sneezing, thirst, nausea, vomiting. There is a pronounced smell of alcohol from the mouth, vegetovascular reactions are disturbed, manifested by salivation, increased diuresis.

Other physical and neurological signs include instability in the Romberg position, increased heart rate (up to 100-110 beats per minute) and respiration Tendon reflexes are slightly reduced, nystagmoid twitching of the eyeballs appears, after a test of rotation of the subject in a chair (5 times within 10 s) nystagmus is held for 14-17 s. Muscle strength is significantly weakened, pain sensitivity is dulled Diplopia possible

The next day after atactic intoxication, a post-intoxication state is observed (weakness, weakness, headache, thirst, nausea, vomiting is possible, aversion to alcoholic beverages), decreased mood, mental and physical performance, discomfort in the stomach and heart, aversion to food The presence of the smell of alcohol, speech changes, acrocyanosis, inappropriate behavior, dilated pupils, positive test tashena, a sharp decline or the absence of Achilles and abdominal reflexes, changes in gait, handwriting, Romberg test results, slow work with Schulte tables.

Severe degree of alcohol intoxication

A severe degree of alcohol intoxication is characterized by deeply developed inhibition, covering the cerebral cortex and the brain stem. The intoxicated person is in a heavy sleep. Depending on the phase of intoxication, confusion or loss of consciousness, lethargy or lack of reactions to tactile and painful stimuli is possible.

Adynamic phase. It is observed after drinking large doses of alcohol and reaching its concentration in the blood in the range from 2.5 to 3 ‰. V clinical picture acute alcohol intoxication, increasing muscle hypotension, adynamia, disorders (stupefaction) of consciousness come to the fore

Motor activity is sharply reduced, the gait is unstable, shaky, stability in an upright position is gradually lost. Increasing physical weakness. Being turned on their back, the drunks still try to turn on their side, on their stomach, making chaotic, helpless movements with their arms and legs. Trying to get up, they fall. The appearance is untidy, the clothes are dirty, there are abrasions and bruises on the face and body.

Speech is grossly impaired. Intoxicated people persevere, utter inarticulate fragments of words or phrases, mumble something. Productive speech contact and examination of such persons is almost impossible. Violation of criticism, orientation of all types deepens. Apathy, indifferent and indifferent attitude to the environment, dangerous situations, uncomfortable postures, lack of adequate mimic reactions. Vomiting, hiccups, diarrhea may occur. The skin is white, cold, moist. In exhaled air and vomit strong smell alcohol.

Cardiac activity weakens. Heart sounds are muffled, arterial pressure decreases. The pulse is frequent, weak filling and tension. Breathing is superficial, rapid, may be hoarse due to hypersalivation and accumulation of mucus in the nasopharynx. Due to the relaxation of the sphinct epo frequent involuntary urination and defecation

Neurological symptoms are revealed, a decrease or absence of conjunctival, pain reflexes, the pupils are dilated, the reaction to light is weak. Spontaneous horizontal nystagmus. Tendon reflexes are reduced.

The subject looks drowsy outwardly, can fall asleep, regardless of the time of day, anywhere and in non-physiological sleeping positions.

In a dream, convulsions, urination, defecation can be observed. It is usually possible to wake up a drunk, but he immediately falls asleep again. Inhalation of ammonia vapors causes only a short-term, sluggish defensive reaction. Deep, heavy sleep is an obligatory clinical component of this phase (degree of intoxication).

After awakening, the recovery in the memory of a period of severe intoxication in different individuals occurs differently; in some, fragmentary memories, with failures, in others, they do not remember anything (complete amnesia), in others, events can be fully remembered.

In persons who have undergone the adynamic phase of alcohol intoxication, post-intoxication signs of asthenia, hypodynamia or adynamia, autonomic disorders, dissomia, dysarthria, anorexia, decreased mood, irritability, etc., are observed for several days.

Narcotic phase Alcoholic coma. In a number of classifications of acute alcohol intoxication available in the literature in severe degree alcohol intoxication also included alcoholic coma.

An alcoholic coma develops when the dose of alcohol taken reaches or exceeds the threshold of anesthetic action, similar, for example, to the action of ether or chloroform. The average concentration of alcohol in the blood, causing loss of consciousness (drug phase of intoxication), ranges from 3 to 5% also develop at a lower (2-2.5 ‰) or higher (5-6 ‰) blood alcohol content.

Depending on the depth and dynamics of the toxic process, alcoholic coma is divided into three degrees.

First degree (superficial coma with hyperreflexia). The drunk is in an unconscious state, spontaneously does not react to the environment. However, in response to strong stimuli (for example, when bringing a cotton wool moistened with ammonia to the nose), a short-term motor reaction occurs with chaotic (protective) gestures of the arms, legs, mimic muscles, and pupil dilation. Tendon reflexes are increased, proprioceptive reflexes are preserved or increased, abdominal reflexes and reflexes from the mucous membranes are reduced, the swallowing reflex is preserved. Trismus of masticatory muscles, fibrillar twitching of muscles at the injection site are observed. Babinsky's symptom is determined. tendency to decrease body temperature and increase blood pressure. Breathing is shallow, rapid.

Second degree (superficial coma with hyporeflexia). Unconscious state, significant inhibition of reflexes (tendon, corneal, pupillary, pharyngeal, etc.). Mydriasis, barely noticeable pupillary reaction to light. Weakened shallow breathing, repeated vomiting, hypersalivation, bronchorrhea. Possible aspiration of mucus, vomit, broncholaryngospasm. Tendency to fall in blood pressure. Tachycardia 90-100 beats per minute. Spontaneous passing of urine.

deep coma . Consciousness is lost. "Floating" eyeballs. Areflexia and muscular hypotension. Perhaps breathing like Kussmaul or Cheyne-Stokes. Skin cyanotic, cold, moist, tendency to hypothermia. Increasing cardiovascular insufficiency, drop in blood pressure, muffled heart sounds, weak, frequent thready pulse. Urinary and fecal incontinence.

Alcoholic coma is dangerous for its complications, the most common of which are acute respiratory and cardiovascular failure, toxic hepatitis and acute liver failure, "myorenal syndrome".

Hypertoxic phase alcohol intoxication is caused by the intake of lethal doses of alcohol, when its concentration in the blood reaches 6-8 ‰. Death occurs from paralysis of the bulbar centers or complications noted above.

For a neurologist working in an emergency hospital, one of the urgent problems is alcohol intoxication (AO) and related complications, since the latter have been leading for many years in terms of the absolute number of deaths: more than 60% of all fatal poisonings are due to this pathology. . In addition, the neurologist has to solve urgent or planned issues related not only to the presence of acute alcohol intoxication in patients, but also related to the consequences of AO. So, in the practice of emergency medical care, when establishing the fact of AO, it is necessary to carry out differential diagnosis this condition with stroke (acute disorders cerebral circulation), with the euphoric phase of traumatic brain injury (TBI), diabetic, hepatic and uremic coma.

Currently, alcohol (ethanol, C2 H5 OH) remains one of the most common and available (along with nicotine) toxic factors in everyday life. According to the scale of G. Honge and S. Gleason, compiled for possible lethal doses of xenobiotics in humans when they oral intake(although in the full sense ethanol is not a xenobiotic, since it is constantly present in the body in low concentrations), ethanol belongs to chemical compounds of moderate toxicity. A possible lethal dose can be 0.5 - 5 g / kg of body weight. With short-term consumption and lack of tolerance, the lethal dose for an adult is approximately 300 - 400 g of pure ethanol, with tolerance - up to 800 g (5.0 - 13.0 g / kg). Small dissociation and very weak polarization of small molecules of ethanol determines its extraordinary ability to mix with water in any quantities (the solubility of ethanol in water at 20 - 25 ° C is almost infinite), it is easily soluble in lipoid solvents and fats. These properties allow ethanol to quickly spread in all water sectors of the body, easily penetrate through biological membranes. The distribution of ethanol in the tissues and biological fluids of the body depends to a large extent on the mass of water in the organ. The specific content of ethanol due to its high hydrophilicity is always directly proportional to the amount of water and inversely proportional to the amount of adipose tissue in the organ.

For a neurologist working in the emergency department of an emergency hospital, the most relevant are three conditions for a patient who has consumed ethanol (more precisely: having clinical signs of ethanol consumption): [ 1 ] severe alcohol intoxication (adynamic phase of AO), [ 2 ] acute alcohol intoxication and [ 3 ] acute alcohol poisoning or alcoholic coma ( !!! but it must be remembered that in the international classification of diseases [ICD-10] all of the above conditions are defined by the term "alcohol intoxication"). It is in these states that the patient has those disorders of consciousness and those neurological symptoms that can cause differential diagnostic difficulties.

Alcohol intoxication is understood as a complex of symptoms that includes clinically identifiable behavioral, psychological, mental, somato-neurological, as well as vegetative components associated with the exposure (“acute”, “transient”) psychotropic-euphoric effects of alcohol (ethanol, ethyl alcohol) and its dose-dependent toxic effects (severe alcohol intoxication, as a rule, occurs at a blood alcohol concentration of 2.5 - 3‰). Alcohol intoxication is understood as the toxic effect of ethanol and its metabolic products (at the same time, ethanol may not be detected in the blood). They speak of alcohol poisoning in the event of the development of [alcoholic] coma (with a blood alcohol concentration of 3 - 5 ‰; death is likely if the blood alcohol concentration reaches 5 - 6 ‰).

Among the tissues particularly sensitive to the toxic effects of ethanol, the central nervous system takes one of the first places. In acute intoxication (poisoning) with ethanol, edema of all parts of the brain comes to the fore. In the choroid plexuses of the brain, edema and swelling of the intercellular substance, basement membranes and stroma of the villi are also observed, which leads to compression and desolation of capillaries, necrosis and desquamation of the epithelium, etc. The effect of ethanol on tissue respiration of the brain is associated with its effect on the compounds that are the source energy for functional activity nerve cells. The intake of large doses of ethanol causes a decrease in the activity of Krebs cycle enzymes, causing a significant decrease in the utilization of glucose in the brain (glucose consumption decreases, despite a simultaneous increase in cerebral blood flow). An increase in the ratio of lactic acid to pyruvic acid is observed. Violation of oxidative processes ("cellular respiration") in the mitochondria of the brain is one of the early reactions to the acute toxic effect of ethanol.

Pharmaceutical spirit (95°) contains 92.5% pure ethanol. Natural alcoholic drinks formed during the fermentation of carbohydrates, as well as artificial drinks made from wine alcohol with the addition of sugar and various essences, contain different proportions of pure alcohol, expressed in volumes per 100 ml (vol.%). Volume percentages are called degrees. The degree of ethyl alcohol of a particular drink, multiplied by 0.79 (the density of alcohol), reflects the concentration of ethanol in grams per 100 ml of this drink. So, in 100 ml of 40° vodka there is 31.6 g of pure alcohol, in 500 ml of 5° beer - 19.75 g of pure ethanol, etc. The concentration of ethanol in biological fluids is usually expressed in g/l or ppm (‰).

From a medico-legal point of view, the term "alcohol intoxication" (including the three conditions mentioned above) can only be used by a neurologist in cases where proven causal relationship between the patient's condition (in the form of a disorder: consciousness, cognitive functions, perception, emotions, behavior or other psycho-physiological functions and reactions, statics, coordination of movements, vegetative and other functions) and the intake (slightly separated in time) of a psychoactive substance (ethanol) based on the availability reliable anamnestic data on the recent fact of the use of a psychoactive substance and the presence of a psychoactive substance (ethanol) in the patient's biological media (blood, urine, saliva), confirmed by a laboratory study (the most accurate express method for determining ethanol in biological media is gas-liquid chromatography, which can be used to also detect other drugs).

With the digestive (oral) route of intake, 20% of ethanol is absorbed in the stomach, and 80% in small intestine. Ethanol resorption from gastrointestinal tract happens very quickly. After 15 minutes, half of the dose taken is absorbed on an empty stomach. Food masses in the stomach hinder the absorption of alcohol due to its adsorption. With repeated doses, the rate of resorption increases. In persons with diseases of the stomach (gastritis, peptic ulcer in the absence of pyloric stenosis), the absorption rate of ethanol also increases. The highest concentration of ethanol during the first hour after taking it is determined in the blood, then it increases in the cerebrospinal fluid, where it persists for several hours. In the future, the curves of the content of ethanol in the blood and cerebrospinal fluid change in parallel. In the structures of the central nervous system (CNS), the highest concentration of ethanol is determined in the cerebral cortex, ammon horn, caudate nucleus and cerebellar cortex.

The largest amount of ethanol entering the body is metabolized (90 - 95%), 2 - 4% is excreted by the kidneys and 3 - 7% is removed with exhaled air. Increased urination and hyperventilation do not significantly accelerate the elimination of ethanol from the body. Biotransformation of 98% ethanol is carried out by liver microsomes. The conversion of ethanol in the liver occurs at an average rate of 9 mmol/hour per 1 g of tissue ( !!! for comparison: the rate of ethanol oxidation in the brain does not exceed 60 nmol/hour per 1 g of tissue) Metabolism is carried out mainly in three ways: [ 1 ] the first pathway is associated with the action of alcohol dehydrogenase (AlDH) and acetaldehyde dehydrogenase (AlDH); it oxidizes 80-90% of exogenous ethanol (the primary product of ethanol oxidation with the participation of AlDH is acetaldehyde; the conversion of ethanol to acetaldehyde is a typical example of lethal synthesis, since the toxicity of the latter compound exceeds the toxicity of ethanol by 30 times); [ 2 ] the second way is associated with NADP·H-dependent oxidation pathway and occurs with the participation of the microsomal system, including flavoprotein, cytochrome P450 and phosphatidylcholine; this system is localized in the smooth endoplasmic reticulum of hepatocytes and ensures the conversion of 10–25% of the ethanol that enters the body ( !!! under conditions of chronic ethanol intake, the activity of the second oxidation pathway can increase by 70%); [ 3 ] the third way of ethanol oxidation to acetaldehyde occurs with the participation of catalase and hydrogen peroxide, up to 5% of alcohol is metabolized through it.

Ethanol, according to its pharmacological properties, belongs to fatty drugs with a very small “narcotic latitude” (in doses that cause depression of the spinal cord and the disappearance of reflexes, it also suppresses the activity of the respiratory center - these features, as well as a long, strongly pronounced period of excitation, make alcohol practically unsuitable for anesthesia).

The narcotic effect of ethanol depends on its concentration in the blood, on the degree of tolerance, on the rate of resorption and on the phase of intoxication. The higher the rate of increase in the concentration of ethanol in the blood, the stronger the narcotic effect at identical plasma concentrations in the same patient. In the resorption phase, the narcotic effect is higher than in the elimination phase with an identical blood ethanol content.

The use of 20 - 50 g of pure ethanol determines its concentration in the blood in the range of 0.1 - 1.0‰ (or g / l) and leads to mild euphoria (excitation stage). The thymoanaleptic effect (improvement of mood, euphoria) is explained by an increase in the permeability of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) ​​for catecholamines, which is normally difficult for them to pass [a decrease in the function of the BBB in a person occurs even before the appearance of clinical signs of intoxication] (simultaneous administration of ethanol and adrenaline (or norepinephrine) facilitates the passage of the latter through the BBB, creating a short-term antidepressant effect). Euphoria when taking ethanol is also associated with the stimulation of the production of β-endorphin and enkephalins in the central nervous system and the acceleration of their metabolism. If there was a simultaneous administration (reception) of a large dose of ethanol, then there is an almost 2-fold increase in the accumulation of dopamine in the brain. An increased content of dopamine in the brain tissue mediates an increase in motor activity during the period of excitation.

After taking 40 - 100 ml of pure ethanol (1.0 - 2.0 ‰), the stage of intoxication appears, which is caused by an increase in the concentration of inhibitory mediators (first of all, the content of γ-aminobutyric acid - GABA sharply increases) in the brain tissue 1 hour after ingestion ethanol. An increase in the concentration of GABA in the CNS in the stage of mild intoxication under the influence of ethanol can be considered as a response aimed at reducing the excitability of the CNS due to the release of excitatory amino acids and the action of catecholamines - adrenaline and noradrenaline (however, it should be remembered that in large doses, ethanol blocks the release of excitatory amino acids and mimics the function of inhibitory GABAergic neurons). As the concentration of GABA in the brain, which controls the activity of dopaminergic neurons, increases, increased motor activity (positive locomotor effect) is replaced by physical inactivity.

After drinking 80 - 200 ml of pure ethanol (2.0 - 3.0‰), the narcotic stage begins. This stage is caused (in addition to the direct narcotic effect of high concentrations of ethanol) by a continuing increase in the content of GABA and a large metabolite of ethanol - acetate, which, in turn, increases the endogenous production of adenosine. Adenosine, stimulating postsynaptic purinergic receptors, enhances the action of inhibitory and inhibits the release of excitatory neurotransmitters, potentiating the depressive effect of large doses of ethanol (caffeine and other methylxanthines, showing antagonism to adenosine, weaken the narcotic effect of alcohol). In addition, a decrease in the overall activity of the central nervous system during acute alcohol intoxication is associated with a decrease in the content of free acetylcholine in the nervous tissue. Taking 160 - 300 ml of pure ethanol and higher doses (from 3 - 5 to 12‰) leads to the development of a deep coma with areflexia, apnea and complete loss of pain sensitivity - asphyxic stage.

A single injection of ethanol leads to a decrease in the content of serotonin in the brain. The intensity of serotonin metabolism decreases with an increase in the concentration of ethanol consumed. Central serotonin deficiency determines such consequences of alcohol (ethanol) intake as psychological negativism, depression, manifestation of epileptiform syndrome.

The clinic of acute alcohol intoxication can vary greatly both in different subjects and in the same subject, depending on many factors: [ 1 ] the dynamics of alcohol intake (the time during which it was taken total alcohol), [ 2 ] individual characteristics of the subject (age, nationality, gender, mental and physical condition), [3 ] characteristics of alcohol (strength, quality of the drink drunk, combinations of various alcoholic beverages), [ 4 ] the quantity and quality of food and non-alcoholic drinks taken at the same time or previously), [ 5 ] ambient temperature, [ 6 ] the degree of tolerance to alcohol in persons dependent on psychoactive substances.

Acute ethanol intoxication usually accompanied by the development of hypertensive dehydration: a decrease in the extracellular and intracellular spaces of the body, a decrease in the content of free water and an increase in the molar plasma concentration (the concentration of ethanol in the blood of 1 g / l [= 1‰] causes an increase in the osmolarity of the blood plasma by 22 mosmol / l). At the same time, ethanol inhibits the production of antidiuretic hormone (vasopressin), which leads to a decrease in tubular reabsorption. Due to the interaction of these factors after taking ethanol, the loss of water through the kidneys increases significantly. The situation is aggravated by the fact that dehydration is aggravated by impaired absorption of fluid in upper divisions gastrointestinal tract. The molar concentration of the extracellular water sector increases, followed by cell dehydration. With severe dehydration, the volume of circulating blood decreases, due to an increase in blood viscosity and stimulation of the release of catecholamines, peripheral vascular resistance and the load on the heart increase. Decreased blood volume and depression cardiac output lead to the development of circulatory hypoxia of the body, lowering blood pressure, reducing diuresis. Perhaps the appearance of oligoanuria. As a result of hypertonic dehydration, brain neurons are the first to suffer. Patients are concerned about thirst, weakness, apathy, drowsiness. Deepening dehydration leads to impaired consciousness, hallucinations, convulsions, and the development of hyperthermia.

The severity of water metabolism disorders in case of ethanol overdose is sometimes also due to the fact that the general water deficiency in the body can be combined with the formation of swelling of the brain substance. This is explained by the fact that under conditions of impaired aerobic oxidation of energy substrates by brain neurons, anaerobic glycolysis increases and the intracellular concentration of underoxidized metabolic products increases, causing an increase in the osmolarity of the CNS cellular sector. Hypoglycemia often becomes one of the mechanisms of thanatogenesis in acute ethanol intoxication. The most pronounced decrease in blood sugar levels during intoxication occurs 8 to 10 hours after drinking alcohol. When taking ethanol, it is possible to reduce the level of glycemia by 30-80% (patients with diabetes are especially sensitive to taking ethanol). Glucose is the main source of energy for the CNS. carbohydrate and oxygen starvation The brain is accompanied not only by functional, but also by structural changes up to edema and necrosis of its individual sections. Phylogenetically later structural formations of the brain suffer earlier, primarily its cortex. This is followed by breaking functional state other, more ancient and more resistant to hypoglycemia parts of the brain. The centers of the medulla oblongata are the least sensitive to hypoglycemia, so respiration, vascular tone and cardiac activity persist for a long time even when severe hypoglycemia leads to irreversible decortication of the patient.

Alcoholic coma, developing after taking a sublethal dose of ethanol, lasts 6-12 hours. Death can occur due to the development of acute respiratory and circulatory failure. Respiratory failure is of centrogenic origin, but may also occur due to obstruction respiratory tract with retraction of the root of the tongue, overhanging of the epiglottis, aspiration of vomit.

impression of depth alcoholic violation consciousness is often deceptive. During clinical examination repeated irritations often awaken patients so much that they regain consciousness, and in the future only a slight stimulation is required to maintain the state of wakefulness, but if the patient is left alone, he again falls into an unconscious state, accompanied by respiratory failure. In suicidal attempts, ethanol is often taken in combination with barbiturates or other psychotropic drugs. In these cases, its action is synergistic with the effect of other depressants.

Depending on the depth and dynamics of the intoxication process, alcoholic coma is divided into 3 degrees. [ 1 ] 1st degree (superficial coma with hyperreflexia). The drunk is in an unconscious state, spontaneously does not react to the environment. However, in response to strong stimuli (for example, when bringing a cotton wool moistened with ammonia to the nose), a short-term motor reaction occurs with chaotic "protective" gestures of the arms, legs, mimic muscles, and dilated pupils. Tendon reflexes are increased, proprioceptive reflexes are preserved or increased, abdominal reflexes and reflexes from the mucous membranes are reduced, the swallowing reflex is preserved. Trismus of chewing muscles. Fibrillar twitching of the muscles at the injection site. Babinsky's symptom is determined. Tendency to lower body temperature and increase blood pressure. Breathing is shallow, rapid. [ 2 ] 2nd degree (superficial coma with hyporeflexia). Unconscious state. Significant inhibition of reflexes (tendon, corneal, pupillary, pharyngeal, etc.). Mydriasis, barely noticeable pupillary reaction to light. Weakened shallow breathing, repeated vomiting, hypersalivation, bronchorrhea. Possible aspiration of mucus, vomit, broncholaryngospasm. Tendency to lower blood pressure. Tachycardia 90 - 110 beats per minute. Spontaneous passing of urine. [ 3 ] 3rd degree (deep coma). Consciousness is lost. "Floating" eyeballs. Areflexia and muscular hypotension. Perhaps breathing like Kussmaul or Cheyne-Stokes. Skin cyanotic, cold, moist, tendency to hypothermia. Increasing cardiovascular insufficiency, lowering blood pressure, muffled heart sounds, weak, frequent thready pulse. Urinary and fecal incontinence.

The symptomatology of an alcoholic coma, especially a deep one, is only a variant of a narcotic coma and can be observed in comatose states of a different etiology: alcohol intoxication can be combined with the effects of tranquilizers, hypoglycemia, acute cerebrovascular accident, poisoning with false alcohol surrogates (chlorinated hydrocarbons, methanol, ethylene glycol). With purely alcohol intoxication, the level of ethanol in the blood plasma corresponds quite well to clinical symptoms.

One can think about the presence of an alcoholic coma if the concentration of ethanol in the blood is not less than 2.5 ‰ (the average concentration of ethanol in the blood of patients admitted to the hospital in an alcoholic coma is 2.5 - 5.5 ‰). The higher this indicator, the greater, as a rule, the depth of the coma, although there is no complete correlation here (at the same concentration of ethanol in the blood, both coma and alcohol intoxication can be observed, so this indicator alone cannot serve as a criterion for severity alcohol poisoning). As the level of ethanol decreases in the absence of other complications, there is always a positive trend neurological symptoms(ethanol concentration decreases on average at a rate of 0.15‰ per hour; the rate of elimination can be increased with the use of active detoxification methods).

Preservation of a coma in the patient against the background of a decrease in ethanol in the blood plasma to a level of less than 2.5‰, as well as the absence of obvious positive dynamics in the patient's condition for 3 hours during therapy (restoration of reflexes, muscle tone, reactions to pain stimuli), who was diagnosed with an alcoholic coma, casts doubt on the correctness of the diagnosis and indicates the presence of an unrecognized pathology: TBI, stroke, poisoning with false alcohol surrogates (methanol, ethylene glycol, chlorinated hydrocarbons), poisoning with psychotropic drugs (tranquilizers, antidepressants, antipsychotics, sleeping pills and narcotic drugs) , hypoglycemic coma. And since such circumstances should be considered unfavorable, all diagnostic measures should be accelerated for the timely setting of the correct clinical diagnosis and selection of appropriate therapies.

The relief of acute alcohol intoxication is carried out differentially in various medical institutions. With satisfactory and stable indicators of cardiac and respiratory activity, patients diagnosed with severe acute alcohol intoxication (including those with alcohol poisoning) should be sent for further treatment (by ambulance transport) to narcological institutions in which wards function intensive care and detox departments. In severe alcohol intoxication, when there is a direct threat to life (including suspected stroke [including stroke], TBI [including maxillofacial trauma]), the patient is left in somatic hospital and treatment is carried out under conditions intensive care unit where, along with specialized assistance, complex detoxification anti-alcohol therapy is carried out. Patients admitted to the intensive care unit for acute ethanol intoxication, in addition to the mandatory determination of the concentration of ethyl alcohol in the blood, need to monitor the level of glycemia, and if a cerebral stroke or traumatic brain injury is suspected, it is necessary to conduct computed tomography.

Read more about acute ethanol intoxication:

in the lecture "Acute ethanol poisoning" Kursov S.V., Mikhnevich K.G., Krivobok V.I.; Kharkiv National medical University, Kharkiv medical Academy postgraduate education (magazine "Medicine emergency conditions"No. 7 - 8, 2012) [read];

in federal clinical guidelines"Toxic effect of alcohol" Chief Editor Yu.N. Ostapenko, director of the Federal State Budgetary Institution "Scientific and Practical Toxicological Center of the Federal Medical and Biological Agency of Russia", candidate medical sciences, assistant professor; Moscow, 2013 [read].

REFERENCE INFORMATION: syndrome of neuropsychiatric disorders in acute poisoning

Psychoneurological disorders in acute poisoning are made up of a combination of mental, neurological and somatovegetative symptoms due to a combination of direct toxic effects on various structures central and peripheral nervous system and developed as a result of intoxication lesions of other organs and systems.

Impairments of consciousness are manifested by depression (stupor, somnolence, coma) or excitation (psychomotor agitation, delirium, hallucinations) of mental activity, often replacing each other. The most severe are acute intoxication psychosis and toxic coma.

Toxic coma is more often observed in case of poisoning with substances that have a narcotic effect, although severe poisoning by any toxic substances with a sharp violation of the vital functions of the body (circulation, respiration, metabolism, etc.) can be accompanied by a deep inhibition of brain functions.

The clinical manifestations of coma in acute poisoning are due in the toxicogenic stage to the direct specific effect of poisons on the central nervous system, and in the somatogenic stage of poisoning they are determined by the development of endotoxicosis.

For the overall neurological picture toxic coma in the early toxicogenic stage, the absence of persistent focal neurological symptoms (symmetric neurological signs predominate) and a rapid positive dynamics of neurological symptoms under the influence of adequate emergency therapeutic measures are characteristic.

Each type of toxic coma caused by the action of a certain group of toxic substances is characterized by its own neurological symptoms, which are most clearly manifested at the stage of superficial coma.

Along with narcotic toxic coma, with neurological symptoms of superficial or deep anesthesia (muscular hypotension, hyporeflexia), coma with severe hyperreflexia, hyperkinesis, and convulsive syndrome are observed.

The most noticeable in the neurological picture of acute poisoning, in particular a coma, are the following somato-vegetative disorders: symmetrical changes in the size of the pupils, sweating disorders with impaired functions of the salivary and bronchial glands.

With M-cholinomimetic (muscarine-like) syndrome, miosis, hyperhidrosis, hypersalivation, bronchorrhea, pallor of the skin, hypothermia, bronchospasm, bradycardia, hyperperistalsis are observed, due to an increase in the tone of the parasympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system. It develops in case of poisoning with substances that have M-cholinergic activity (muscarine, organophosphorus compounds, barbiturates, alcohol, etc.).

With M-cholinolytic (atropine-like) syndrome, mydriasis, hyperemia, dry skin and mucous membranes, hyperthermia, and tachycardia are observed. It develops in case of poisoning with substances that have an anticholinergic effect (atropine, diphenhydramine, amitriptyline, asthmatol, aeron, etc.).

Adrenergic syndrome is caused by cocaine, ephedrine, amphetamines, melipramine, aminophylline, etc. It is manifested by hyperthermia, impaired consciousness, agitation, hypertension, tachycardia, rhabdomyolysis, disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC).

Serotonergic syndrome has been described in recent years, sometimes life-threatening. called big group drugs - selective agonists of serotonergic receptors (buspirone, cisapride, new generation antidepressants, etc.), manifested by hyperthermia, impaired consciousness, vegetodistonia (profuse sweat, pressure instability are observed), hyperreflexia, myoclonus, trismus, muscle rigidity. Differs in fast reverse development.

Miosis is caused by substances that increase the activity of the cholinergic system: M-cholinomimetics (muscarine, pilocarpine), anticholinesterase with M-cholinpotentiating action (aminostigmine, organophosphorus compounds, etc.); opiates, reserpine, cardiac glycosides, barbiturates, etc., as well as substances that reduce the activity of the adrenergic system: clonidine and its homologues, depriming agents; industrial agents (insecticides-carbamates).

Mydriasis is caused by substances that increase the activity of the adrenergic system: indirect adrenergic agonists (amphetamines, ephedra, cocaine), catecholamine precursors (L-DOPA, dopamine), inhibitors of enzymes that inactivate catecholamines (MAO inhibitors); LSD; substances that reduce the activity of the cholinergic system: atropine and its homologues, antihistamines, tricyclic antidepressants.

Toxic encephalopathy - the occurrence of persistent toxic damage to the brain (hypoxic, hemodynamic, liquorodynamic with degenerative changes brain tissue, swelling of the meninges, its plethora, disseminated areas of necrosis in the cortex and subcortical formations). The most well-known neuropsychiatric symptoms of toxic encephalopathy in case of poisoning with compounds heavy metals and arsenic, carbon monoxide, opiates, as well as substance abuse.

Cerebral edema is a complication of toxic coma, accompanied by a variety of neurological symptoms corresponding to the topic of the lesion: transient paralysis, hemiparesis, pyramidal signs, cerebellar and extrapyramidal symptoms, epileptiform convulsions, hyperthermia, bulbar disorders, etc. Characteristic signs of cerebral edema are congestion in the fundus, such as disc edema optic nerve, lack of pulsation, varicose veins and an increase in the size of the blind spot. Signs come to light intracranial hypertension- stiff neck, tension of the eyeballs, bradypnea, bradycardia, etc. spinal tap an increase in intracranial pressure is determined.

Intravital brain death is the most severe and irreversible complication of toxic coma with hypoxia and brain tissue edema. Brain viability is determined by EEG. In acute poisoning with sleeping pills and drugs that cause deep but reversible anesthesia, intravital brain death can be judged only after 30 hours of continuous isoelectric EEG recording.

Acute intoxication psychosis is a mental disorder with a predominance of symptoms of "floating" consciousness, hallucinosis (often visual and tactile), catatonic disorders. It is observed when exposed to psychotomimetic substances (cocaine, marijuana, LSD, phenamines), carbon monoxide, tetraethyl lead, bulbocapnine (catatonia). Poisoning with anticholinergics (atropine, atropine-like, antihistamines, amitriptyline) are accompanied by central cholinolytic syndrome.

Convulsive syndrome. In case of poisoning, clonic (corazol, cicutotoxin), clonic-tonic (physostigmine, organophosphorus poisons) and tonic (strychnine) convulsions can occur. In case of poisoning with anticholinesterase poisons, general convulsions are preceded by intense myofibrillations.

Toxic hyperthermia can develop as a result of central violations of thermoregulation in case of poisoning with amphetamines, anesthetics (initial stage), zincophen, cocaine, dinitrocresol, dinitrophenol, ecstasy and its derivatives, MAO inhibitors, phenothiazines, theophylline, salicylates, serotonergic agents, succinylcholine, xanthines. Most often, hyperthermia can be caused by infectious complications (such as pneumonia, including aspiration, bacteremia and septicemia in drug addicts, etc.). Convulsive syndrome may be accompanied by hyperthermia.

Toxic hypothermia is a decrease in body temperature below 35 ° C. Hypothermia can be observed in case of poisoning with alcohol, central analgesics, anesthetics, tricyclic antidepressants, barbiturates, benzodiazepines, carbamates, clonidine, cyanides, chloral hydrate, methyldopa, carbon monoxide, phenothiazines. In case of drug poisoning, it occurs in 7-10% of cases.

Toxic visual, auditory neuritis and polyneuritis develop in acute poisoning with methyl alcohol, quinine, salicylates, antibiotics, organophosphorus, thallium, arsenic, and magnesium salts. Color vision disorders are observed in case of poisoning with salicylates, aconite, foxglove, etc.

There are many poisons in our world, but only one of them a person takes consciously, and even with pleasure - alcohol. The consequences of taking it are terrible: disruption of the nervous system, neurological, vegetative, mental disorders and many other diseases.

In blood healthy person contains approximately 0.4 ppm of alcohol, which is absorbed during fermentation in the intestines (by the way, ppm is equal to 1/10 percent). If this figure is higher, then this condition is already considered alcohol intoxication. But in medicine, and in everyday life, alcohol intoxication is intoxication, which can be dangerous to human life and health. In such cases, the level of alcohol in the blood is much higher than the accepted norms. At home, it is impossible to calculate the degree of intoxication, so you should focus on the state of a drunk person. It is customary to distinguish three degrees of intoxication, consider them in order.

Stages of intoxication

First- slight degree of intoxication. The proportion of alcohol in the blood does not exceed 2%. In this state, a person experiences euphoria, often runs to the toilet, his skin turns red, sweating increases, his pupils dilate, his speech becomes incoherent, loud. All this does not last long and passes without complications.

Second the degree of intoxication is 2-3% alcohol in the blood. The person begins to sway, the gait becomes uneven, there may be double vision. This condition causes slurred speech, inability to control one's actions and words. If you do not touch a person who is at this stage of intoxication, then he will quickly fall asleep. In the morning he will have weakness, vomiting, nausea, thirst, a feeling of weakness and lack of appetite.

Third- the most serious degree of intoxication. The proportion of alcohol in the blood is more than 3%. A person who is in this degree of intoxication experiences breathing problems. His heart may stop. Sometimes there is a stupor, then a coma.

Acute alcohol intoxication can lead to death, in which the accepted dose of alcohol in terms of alcohol is 300-400 grams. The symptoms of this condition are profuse salivation, respiratory failure, convulsions, dilation of blood vessels in the eyes. The lethal dose of alcohol for each person is individual and is equal to 8 grams of pure alcohol per 1 kilogram of body weight. If a person in such a state of intoxication cannot be brought to life by shaking the body or ammonia, then it is worth calling ambulance. Severe alcohol poisoning can only be removed in the toxicology department and only with medical help, otherwise the person may die.

scientific explanation

Why is alcohol intoxication so dangerous? Chronic intoxication is a constant poisoning of the human body with the breakdown products of alcohol. Alcoholic beverages, entering the body, enter the liver, which processes all the toxic substances consumed by a person. Alcohol kills the cells of this organ, but, trying to restore itself, it secretes an enzyme that promotes the processing of alcohol. This process has a side effect - the formation of acetaldehyde, which is very toxic to the brain. It is because of him that a person suffers from a hangover and its components.

There are several signs of alcohol intoxication:

1. nausea, vomiting - they are caused by ethanol acting on the cerebellum, which is responsible for balance;
2. dizziness - appears due to disturbances in the work of the cerebellum;
3. headache - occurs when alcohol enters the bloodstream and dilates blood vessels;
4. thirst - manifested due to an increase in urine output, which in turn occurs due to a decrease in antidiuretic hormone.

Alcohol intoxication can be caused even by a small amount of alcohol, especially if it was taken by children, adolescents and people weakened by illness. Statements that small doses of alcohol are useful, tone up the body, increase efficiency and improve thinking, are a lie. Even the smallest amount of alcohol can lead to carelessness, errors in work, memory difficulties, and fatigue. Regular consumption of alcoholic beverages makes a person dependent, an alcoholic who, in the absence of the next dose, feels physical and mental discomfort. Just another drink helps to get rid of these sensations.

Different degrees of intoxication cause different side effects. Therefore, when providing first aid to a drunk person, it is necessary to know what degree of intoxication the victim has and, depending on this, make attempts to treat him. Of course, the best solution to the problem is to call the doctors. Remember: before the ambulance arrives, you need to help the person remain conscious.

Help with alcohol intoxication (poisoning)

Severe alcohol poisoning is a transient condition in which the central nervous system is in excited state. It can quickly turn into oppression. In this stage of alcohol poisoning, a person can even fall into a coma. He begins to have violations of the vegetative functions necessary for the normal functioning of the body, and reflex and motor activity decreases almost to zero. Such symptoms are very life-threatening, and therefore it is foolish to try to cope with them. In this condition, a person needs urgent drug treatment. The sooner treatment begins, the more likely it is that alcohol intoxication will not bring much harm to the body.

First aid for alcohol intoxication should be as follows. Having called an ambulance, begin to take the first steps to save the patient. In no case do not lay a person on his back, put him on his side, then he will not choke on vomit. If the victim is unconscious, then gastric lavage cannot be done, he can also choke. Get out of this serious condition Can only specialist-narcologist.

Doctors who arrived on call provide assistance to the patient at home, if urgent admission to the hospital is not required, and prescribe treatment. Relatives or the patient himself receives recommendations from them for further getting rid of intoxication. Treatment options for alcohol poisoning include injections, a variety of medicines. Sometimes people with such a diagnosis are given droppers, also at home.

If a person is in the acute stage of alcohol intoxication (he has difficulty breathing, heart failure), then it is urgent to take him to the hospital. Treatment at home in such a situation will not give results, in addition, it may be necessary resuscitation, which can only be carried out in a hospital.

How to get rid of mild to moderate alcohol intoxication at home

There is an opinion that with a hangover you should drink brine. In fact, this is a mistake, since the acid of the drink, in combination with alcohol, forms unstable compounds. They are destroyed, and the effects of alcohol intoxication appear again.

There are several ways to speed up the elimination of harmful substances from the body:

1. Drink plenty of water and take diuretics.
2. Drinking aspirin - it anesthetizes and neutralizes acetaldehyde, which was formed in the body.

Each person should control the use of alcohol, so as not to get poisoned. If you know that you have a feast, then you can prepare for it and then side effects almost untouchable. For example, a couple of minutes before the first toast, you can drink 2-4 tablets of activated charcoal and continue to take it every hour during the holiday. It is also good to drink a glass of milk before drinking alcohol. Before the holiday begins, drink 2-3 tablespoons of Almagel medicine and repeat the intake every half hour. You can also eat a plate of buckwheat, oatmeal or semolina porridge half an hour before the start of the banquet. These methods, in combination or separately, can prevent alcohol poisoning and your body will not suffer.

If you have not used any of the above methods, and in the morning you have a headache, dry mouth and other consequences of alcohol intoxication, then they can be alleviated. The first and best remedy for all diseases, including this one, is sleep. If you need to go to work or for some other important matters, then buy some anti-hangover drug. Antipohmelin, Alkoprim, Alkoseltzer - all these medicines are best taken with plenty of water. It would be nice to take a warm shower. Well restores water-salt balance fish soup and other fish soups, tomato salads. In case of alcohol poisoning, you can also drink dairy products. Later, when the main symptoms of intoxication pass, it is worth drinking a cup of coffee or tea.

If your head hurts a lot, then you can take any painkiller, such as Citramon, and also drink multivitamins. Activated charcoal will help remove the breakdown products of alcohol and its residues from the intestines, you must take at least ten tablets and drink them with plenty of water. You can complete all the procedures with a walk in the fresh air.

All of the above methods of removing alcohol intoxication can be used only for mild poisoning. If all your actions do not bring relief, and even add new symptoms, then immediately call the doctors. Help provided untimely or incorrectly can lead to disastrous results. At diabetes a drunk person can quickly fall into a coma, a patient with hypertension or atherosclerosis can get a stroke, a heart attack. If in such cases a person survives, then he will need a long and serious treatment.

Chronic alcohol intoxication can exacerbate all existing diseases that are associated with reduced immunity and neuroendocrine imbalance. New diseases appear, begin to progress, the body's resistance to infections decreases. Chronic alcoholics earn themselves a disease of the cardiovascular system, or rather, spastic and ischemic changes develop in the blood supply to the muscles of the heart, limbs, parenchymal organs, and the brain.

If acute alcohol intoxication is repeated, then this can cause hypertension, diseases of the kidneys, liver, the appearance or exacerbation of diabetes mellitus.

For these and many other reasons, you should not drink alcohol. Alcoholic drinks are a poison that kills our body, slowly but surely.

The question - what is acute alcohol intoxication is of interest to many drinkers, since this condition appears after taking a large number alcoholic beverages. Alcohol intoxication is a severe poisoning of the body with alcohol, which causes irreversible consequences in many internal organs of a person. This state carries serious problems for the drinker, since the symptoms of alcohol intoxication are not able to withstand every person.

Since this condition is considered poisoning, it is urgent to get rid of it, removing toxins and the remnants of alcohol decay from the body. At home, the treatment of alcohol intoxication is possible only after visiting a doctor - it is impossible to overcome poisoning without taking medications, since they not only relieve the drunkard from the signs of this condition, but also restore the affected organs.

It is known that 3% of alcohol in human blood causes severe intoxication, . If the hangover syndrome is constantly treated by drinking alcohol, this condition quickly develops into alcohol intoxication. It, in turn, causes respiratory failure, short-term hearing loss, as well as a person falling into a coma or cardiac arrest. That is why it is necessary to get rid of alcohol intoxication immediately after the onset of the development of poisoning, which is quite simple to determine in the body. So, how to remove the breakdown of alcohol from the body, as well as quickly get out of a drunken state at home, which causes serious poisoning?

How does toxicity develop in the body?

The poisoning of the body when drinking alcohol proceeds quite quickly, because immediately after entering the stomach, alcohol begins to spread throughout the body with the help of blood flow. After drinking a large dose of strong drinks by an alcoholic, alcohol begins to be quickly and actively absorbed into the liver cells, resulting in their destruction. Why does the liver suffer from alcohol? The fact is that it is this organ that is responsible for the destruction of dangerous elements that enter the body along with food intake, so it begins the first fight with ethanol, which causes severe damage to it. Along with this, the body begins to quickly produce special enzymes that can protect it from the aggressive action of alcohol-containing drinks.

When ethanol breaks down, it creates a strong concentration of acetaldehyde in the body, which. That is why the first sign of the development of intoxication are severe pain in my head.

Important: the level and danger of alcohol poisoning depend on the gender of the person, his state of health and age.

It is quite difficult to completely overcome alcohol intoxication at home, since this requires taking certain drugs that improve the overall health of the drunkard. Such drugs are prescribed by a doctor after examining the patient, as well as assessing the condition internal organs. Self-administration of drugs is strictly prohibited, because any incorrectly chosen remedy can adversely affect human health!

Symptoms of the development of alcohol intoxication

Before answering the question - how to get rid of alcohol intoxication at home and what to do when it is detected, it is worth correctly identifying the poisoning and not confusing it with a hangover. To do this, it is important to familiarize yourself with the main symptoms of the disease, so that if they occur, consult a doctor in time. According to experts, today there are 3 stages of alcohol poisoning, which differ in symptoms.

Signs of stages 1 and 2 of intoxication include:

• , which often turns into vomiting - in this way the body tries to get rid of toxic components on its own;
• severe pain in the head, which does not make sense to get rid of - until intoxication passes, they will accompany the patient;
• thirst caused by severe dehydration of the body - it mainly appears in the morning and is formed due to the fact that alcohol has a powerful diuretic property due to the production of antidiuretic hormone by alcohol;
• dizziness that appears during sudden movements - alcohol can negatively affect the state of coordination, which leads to loss of balance.

You can overcome these signs only after visiting a doctor who will prescribe drugs for alcohol intoxication (pills, dragees), which you should take at home along with the rules that cause quick relief from alcohol poisoning.

Important: the second stage of the disease often goes into the third, the most dangerous for health.

Such alcohol intoxication leads to the appearance of unpleasant and dangerous signs, namely:

• loss of consciousness;
• impaired movement and coordination;
• narrowing of the pupils, which leads to visual impairment;
• tremor;
• profuse sweat;
• lack of intelligible speech.

Do everything at home needed help the victim will not succeed, so the alcoholic must be urgently taken to the hospital. If these signs of alcohol intoxication appear in a drunkard, you can’t hesitate, because every minute can play an important role in treatment.

First aid

Intoxication of the body serious illness that kills many people every year. Therefore, it should be eliminated in a short time. Help with alcohol intoxication is to perform the following methods:

• put the patient on the bed and put a wet rag on his face;
• give 10 activated charcoal tablets to drink;
• give the alcoholic a glass of warm water every 15 minutes;
• if possible, remove the victim to fresh air;
• give a man a drink of brine that does not contain vinegar.

Alcohol intoxication, the first aid of which is carried out at home, must be treated according to a prescription issued by a doctor - only in this case, its manifestation will soon be absent, and the person will quickly restore his own health and normalize the work of all damaged organs.

How is poisoning treated?

It is now quite easy to treat poisoning, since each correctly prescribed pharmacy will allow you to short term overcome the disease, especially if it occurs in 1 or 2 degrees. Modern medicine in the treatment of poisoning uses several effective methods:

• preventing the absorption of ethanol into the blood stream;
• the use of droppers that purify the blood from the decay of alcohol;
• methods of fast and fast sobering up.

To quickly prevent the absorption of ethanol through the stomach into the blood, the doctor prescribes to the patient an intake of activated charcoal, after which he will need to flush the organ.

For the best effect, the patient should be given 3-4 glasses of water. This removal of toxins and harmful substances will quickly get rid of the decay of ethanol, as a result of which they will not be absorbed into the bloodstream, causing deterioration. After that, the alcoholic will be forced to vomit and intramuscularly injected with caffeine-based drugs.

It is also good to remove toxins and normalize health using methods that promote sobering up quickly. For example, you can remove alcohol from the body with the help of thiamine (vitamin). After its introduction intramuscularly, a person will begin to sober up. It is also possible to effectively overcome intoxication with the help of nicotinic acid, corazol and phenamine. After 20 minutes, the person's condition will be restored, and he will begin to think normally - at this time he can be taken home.

Alcohol intoxication, the symptoms of which are characteristic of this condition, can also be treated with droppers, which will contain a whole complex of vitamins and useful elements. Doctors say: "we get rid of intoxication in this way only in emergency and extreme cases."

Consequences of alcohol intoxication:

• disruption of the brain;
• the development of blood clots (the emerging picture from this pathology during intoxication is deplorable);
• aggravation of the work of internal organs;

Therefore, it is better to remove the decay of ethanol from the body in time to avoid unpleasant consequences for the body. Otherwise, the patient will be prescribed anti-alcoholic drugs, which can be bought at any online store.

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Due to the national character, quite often one has to deal with the consequences of a stormy feast, so the question of how to remove alcohol intoxication at home is extremely relevant for many.

When providing assistance to the victim and removing alcohol intoxication at home, it is necessary to determine whether it is possible to help him in such conditions than to treat him to get out of the state of poisoning, or the best way out is to quickly send the patient to the hospital.

Usually a small amount of ethyl alcohol that enters the human body is broken down and excreted by the liver. It does not entail any significant consequences. There are three stages of alcohol poisoning: mild, moderate and severe.

When large doses of alcohol enter the body, which cannot be quickly detoxified by the liver, ethanol enters the brain and causes CNS disorders. At the same time, a person feels high spirits, there is a violation of coordination in space. Such symptoms are typical for the middle stage of intoxication.

Strong intoxication is characterized by a weakening of the main reflexes, the victim loses orientation in space, the person ceases to perceive reality. This condition occurs if the level of alcohol in the body is more than 3%.

The critical dose when the heart can stop working and breathing stops is 300 grams of ethanol, which approximately corresponds to 8 g of the substance per 1 kilogram of human weight (4 ppm).

The body's resistance to alcohol is strictly individual and depends on many factors. For the average person lethal dose will be drunk at a time 3-4 bottles of vodka.

How alcohol affects a person

When large doses of alcohol enter the liver, its cells begin to die in an attempt to neutralize the poison, producing a protective enzyme. Alcohol, breaking down in the human body, forms acetaldehyde, which causes signs of poisoning.

Under alcohol poisoning understand the deterioration of the general condition under the influence of alcoholic beverages. Signs of poisoning can be detected immediately after drinking a dose (it will be individual) or appear after a few hours. The state of poisoning that manifests itself on the second day is called a hangover (alcohol withdrawal). In primary poisoning, alcohol acts on a person through the intestines and the central nervous system (ethanol), with a hangover, acetaldehyde causes discomfort.

Symptoms of alcohol poisoning

The main symptoms of poisoning are:

• severe headache, dizziness, due to a sharp expansion of large vessels with alcohol
• vomiting, which is caused by the action of alcohol on the parts of the brain responsible for coordinating movements and balancing the body when walking;
• unquenchable thirst is caused by a violation of the hormonal balance in the body and excessive urine output;
• noise in the head and excessive perception of sounds occurs due to impaired blood circulation in the brain;
• alcohol poisoning provokes an increase in blood pressure, changes in the activity of the heart, and impaired liver function.

Poisoning by alcoholic surrogates

Often alcohol lesions are associated with the use of natural alcohol substitutes for alcoholism, namely:

1. methanol;
2. hydrolytic and sulfite alcohol;
3. ethylene glycol.
4. perfumery means.

How does such alcohol intoxication manifest itself and how can it be removed? Symptoms of poisoning with these substances:

• no feeling of intoxication;
• the vessels of the eyes are affected;
• convulsions appear;
• separation of saliva, profuse vomiting;
• sweating is noted;
• pain in large joints, intestines.

If alcohol surrogates are suspected, delay is dangerous - 9 out of 10 who have taken substitutes do not live to see the hospital.

How to remove toxins from the body? To provide assistance to a person, one should give a sorbent and an agent that prevents the penetration of a toxic agent into the blood, immediately call for medical assistance, the treatment of such poisoning occurs in a hospital.

Providing first aid for alcohol intoxication

How alcohol intoxication manifests itself and how to remove it at home? The mechanism is to remove alcohol residues from the body and prevent poisoning by decay substances.

How to remove intoxication at the first stage of getting rid of alcohol poisoning? You need to do the following:

1. to remove the remnants of drunk alcohol, vomiting should be provoked;
2. the victim is given to drink warm salted water in the amount of at least two glasses, again they cause vomiting;
3. I repeat the procedure until clean outgoing water without impurities appears after vomiting;

When the victim is unconscious - you can not get rid of alcohol intoxication at home, the person needs medical help.

While waiting for the doctors, the victim should be laid on his back, his head turned to the side so that the tongue does not sink, and the vomit can freely leave.

To bring to life a person in a strong stage of intoxication, one should bring him to consciousness by rubbing his earlobes or give him a sniff ammonia. If the condition of the victim is not critical, it is possible to remove him from the state of intoxication without the participation of doctors.

We remove intoxication at home

How to remove intoxication of the body? To remove a person from this state, it is necessary to remove the alcohol that still remains in the stomach of the victim, equalize the water-salt balance, and restore the normal intestinal flora.

The next step should be to remove the remnants of decay products from the body and remove alcohol intoxication, then you need to cure the symptoms of headaches, heartache, heart disorders and so on.

Removal of alcohol from the stomach and intestines

To do this, you should give a person sorbents, means to prevent the absorption of remnants of toxic substances. Sorbents tend to bind substances, remove them from the intestines with feces. The drugs in this group include:

Enterosgel is taken during gastric lavage, adding up to 30 g of the drug per liter of water to water. After the stomach is washed, up to 50 g of powder is taken orally with water. After several hours, depending on the condition, take up to 30 g of Enterosgel.

Polysorb has a similar effect. It is drunk one tablespoon, dissolved in 100 g of water. The drug can be drunk every 3-4 hours, if the condition is very severe, Polysorb should be drunk every two hours.

To limit the possibility of absorption of alcohol residues by the walls of the stomach, Smecta is used, a drug that simultaneously has the properties of a sorbent and an enveloping agent, therefore it has a strong double effect. To remove absorption, take 2 packets of the drug. In the morning, getting rid of the withdrawal syndrome will provide another package of Smecta.

Filtrum, a medicine that cleanses the intestines and preserves the natural microflora of the body, has a good effect. Treatment consists in taking 2 tons up to 4 times a day.

The effect is activated carbon in the amount of 1 ton per 10 kg. weight of the victim. The powder from the tablets is added to the washing liquid, then taken orally with water. Drinking the drug is allowed every 2 hours.

Sorbents are taken separately, they should not be drunk simultaneously with drugs that will be neutralized by them. How to treat the patient with other drugs? It is possible to take medications 2 hours after taking sorbents.

How to get rid of severe vomiting that accompanies alcohol poisoning? It is possible to stop the process by wetting the hair cold water. If possible, apply ice to the back of the head. The resuscitation drug Regidron, which needs to be drunk in several doses, helps very well from intoxication. Eat and drink before the vomiting stops. If blood clots or yellow-green bile appear in the vomit, the victim must be hospitalized.

Restoring fluid balance

For recovery, fluid balance plays an important role - alcohol has a strong diuretic effect, a lot of water is excreted from the body with vomiting and sweat. The liquid balance is successfully restored by alkaline water, adding to water helps well fresh juice lemon.

We get rid of dehydration with special formulations that contain sodium and potassium salts, a number of substances that relieve dehydration, restore the salt composition of the blood. Compositions of this type include Regidron, Hydrovit. For the rehabilitation of the patient use up to 10 ml. aqueous solution per 1 kilogram of the patient's weight. The dissolved drug is drunk for 24 hours. To prepare such a solution at home, you should take 4 tablespoons of sugar, 0.5 teaspoon of salt and 0.5 tsp for 1 liter of clean boiled water. soda.

Droppers and their composition

by the most the best way how to quickly remove alcohol intoxication at home is a dropper.

The optimal composition is the following - saline, means Hemodez with the inclusion of a glucose solution of 10%, and a 5% solution of vitamin C. Based on the well-being of the victim, magnesium sulfate, potassium chloride, and nicotinic acid are introduced into the solution.

The one-time volume of the treatment solution for the procedure should be at least 500 ml. It is impossible to perform the procedure on your own, it must be performed by a person with a medical education, he must also make a solution for a dropper.

Use of diuretics and restoration of flora

For a complete cleansing of the body, it is necessary to eliminate decay products with urine. The best thing for the body is to replenish the fluid level with ordinary drinking water without gas. Application possible herbal decoctions and infusions that restore the balance of vitamins and microelements in the body of the victim, bind decay products.

Alcohol intoxication negatively affects the intestinal flora; for conditions after alcohol poisoning, there are complaints of intermittent stools. Recovery physiological process cleansing the body at home, you should use fermented milk products.

Pharmaceutical means for the normalization of microflora are probiotics containing cultures of the intestinal flora. Means of this type include Bifidumbacterin, Lineks or Enterol.

For a complete cleansing of the body from alcohol intoxication, it is necessary to follow the cleansing of the large intestine. How can this be treated? Laxatives have a good effect, but best of all is the setting of an enema, which allows stagnant toxic masses to leave the body.

What drugs should be taken with caution

How to remove the intoxication of the body at home? With severe alcohol poisoning, you should not take alcohol and diuretics at the same time, this can cause kidney failure.

Acetylsalicylic acid is a good remedy the day after the feast, but in a state of intoxication, the drug can cause various complications.

Another rule is that all sleeping pills and nootropics that can provoke CNS damage are prohibited for use.