Every day a person is exposed to various irritants that in every way try to worsen the process of blood flow, so sometimes it is simply necessary to know how to improve blood circulation in the body. All this can lead to irreversible situations that cause diseases to arise or existing ones to worsen. Impaired blood circulation due to pathologies in the chronic stage inhibits the performance of the organ system.
Forms of circulatory failure
Doctors distinguish circulatory dysfunction as general shape(throughout the body), as well as local, when a blood flow problem is observed in a certain part of the body or in an organ. Circulatory failure (CI) has a number of striking signs and symptoms. If you notice them in time, you can prevent the condition from worsening, thereby avoiding many complications.
The classification of circulatory failure includes 2 stages of pathology in adults, depending on which the symptoms and nature of the course may differ:
- Acute NK, which is divided into cardiac (right and left ventricular) and vascular failure (shock, collapse, loss of consciousness).
- Chronic NK, which can also be vascular and cardiac.
The classification of circulatory failure in children is somewhat different. The characteristics of the disease are based on the forms of its course.
The classification consists of 3 degrees of circulatory failure:
- NK1 - the pathology occurs latently, symptoms include shortness of breath and heart rhythm disturbances during active physical activity.
- NK2 - symptoms appear even in a calm state of the child.
- NK3 - dystrophic changes occur in the body, affecting internal tissues and organs.
With NK, the process of supplying organs with oxygen slows down, as a result - a violation of their functions, and, accordingly, damage to all tissues.
Factors causing pathologies
Various factors can provoke disturbances in the circulatory system:
- thinning or thickening of blood;
- venous or arterial plethora;
- state of shock;
- poor blood clotting;
- chronic/general anemia;
Timely diagnosis of these pathological disorders and proper treatment can increase the likelihood of a favorable outcome of the disease.
Among other things, disorders can be caused by diseases of the regional circulatory system, which include:
- blood stasis;
- various hemorrhages or bleeding;
- thrombosis;
- heart attack;
- ischemic disease or embolism.
And also symptoms of poor circulation can appear due to congenital heart defects, ailments peripheral vessels, for other diseases and disorders of cardio-vascular system.
Much attention is paid to the problems of disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC), because the causes of disruption of this process in most cases are difficult to find out. Pathology occurs when a large number of thromboplastic substances are released from body tissues.
There are certain reasons that can cause ICE. For example, for pregnant women they are dangerous gynecological diseases, processes. Occurring in the event of placental abruption, amniotic fluid embolism, or intrauterine fetal death.
All people are at risk of contracting infectious diseases that can cause circulatory diseases.
The main ones include:
- malaria;
- fungal infections;
- severe form of bacteremia.
It is impossible to independently determine the presence or form of circulatory system disease. Therefore, the doctor prescribes tests and tests to confirm the causes of blood flow dysfunction.
Poor circulation also occurs in cases where pathological processes occur in the body:
- renal failure;
- diabetes;
- hypertension;
- if the person is undergoing dialysis treatment.
This also includes bad habits that can cause diseases of the circulatory system: smoking, drugs and alcohol abuse. Smoking especially has a negative effect on the functioning of the heart and lungs, often causing problems with blood circulation.
With old age, the arteries lose their elasticity, and the heart begins to work worse, so any age-related pathology can cause circulatory problems.
People at risk are:
- with excess body weight;
- leading a sedentary lifestyle;
- whose diet largely consists of harmful cholesterol products, poorly absorbed and contributing to vascular blockage.
Most often, the lower extremities are affected by the problem of insufficient blood circulation.
Some types of circulatory failure can be diagnosed even during an in-person examination of the patient by a doctor, but most of them can be identified only after a series of diagnostic tests.
Symptoms of the disease
Signs of poor circulation may vary depending on the etiology of the disorder.
Pathology can arise for many reasons, which are divided into the following groups:
- vasospastic;
- traumatic;
- during the occurrence of tumors;
- occlusal;
- compression
Some symptoms of circulatory diseases are characteristic of any type of pathology:
- cephalgia;
- dizziness;
- fatigue;
- poor blood pressure;
- a person may feel pain in places where there is a lack of circulation.
Usually, circulatory disorders are accompanied by these symptoms constantly, so a person can suspect the disease at the very beginning of its development.
The main features are often accompanied by:
- intolerance to cold weather;
- change in skin color in the affected area;
- tingling or numbness in fingers;
- poor wound healing or completely absent tissue regeneration process;
- chest pain;
- cyanosis;
- migraine;
- deterioration in the general condition and appearance of nails.
It is important to understand that circulatory disorders can occur in anyone who ignores basic prevention methods and leads an unhealthy lifestyle. This applies to everyone age categories population, regardless of gender.
Ways to normalize blood circulation
There are many ways to normalize circulatory failure; you just need to know the most effective ones and regularly carry out preventive procedures. So how to improve blood circulation?
Physical training
The main ways to restore blood circulation include physical exercise. They help activate blood flow throughout the body. Physical education not only has a preventive effect, but also helps improve blood circulation, due to which a person’s endurance increases and he is less tired during the working day.
Through regular exercise:
- the heart muscle is trained and strengthened;
- the heart rhythm is stabilized and manifestations of tachycardia are suppressed;
- Diseases of the circulatory system are prevented.
Particular attention should be paid to cycling, swimming or strength exercises. They, in turn, not only contribute to the growth muscle mass, but also ensure stable blood circulation and heart function.
No need to attend gym and resort to extreme measures To eliminate disturbances in the blood circulation, they can be “defeated” with the help of complex exercises performed at home. Just 15-20 minutes of daily moderate intensity training is enough, the load can be increased as the body adapts.
You can stretch, walk, do squats, or do other simple exercises that will help prevent poor circulation. Thanks to this, you can significantly transform your lifestyle: you should improve not only blood circulation, but also metabolic processes. A weak level of physical fitness can provoke the development of NK.
Treatment of circulatory disorders involves A complex approach, in which massage will help increase blood circulation. Of course, it is more often prescribed as a preventive measure, but it will not be superfluous during treatment.
Massage will help:
- increase performance and strengthen the cardiovascular system;
- eliminate circulatory disorders in soft tissues;
- relieve tension caused by diseases of the circulatory system.
Massage also helps eliminate toxins and allows you to relax your body and muscles after a hard day at work.
In addition, massage treatments are the best way to increase blood flow to a specific area of the body. The use of medicated oils and special products can provide additional therapeutic results.
For example, you can use oil:
- mint;
- rosemary;
- cypress;
- ginger
Diet
Treatment of diseases of the circulatory system is carried out in conjunction with compliance with nutritional rules and regulation of food intake. It is known that alcohol, processed foods and caffeine in large quantities have a negative impact on health, thereby causing poor blood circulation. The exclusion of these products will the best way how to improve blood circulation. In addition, by following the regime, you can improve your general condition, which, in combination with sports, will lead to minimizing the risk of circulatory dysfunction and disruption of the body as a whole.
Should be used:
- fresh fruits and vegetables;
- a large amount of filtered water;
- lean proteins and healthy fats.
You should avoid eating foods that contain large amounts of sugar, trans fats or salt at all costs.
Temperature treatment that improves blood flow
A hot bath and contrast shower are also effective ways to restore blood circulation. Hot and warm water can increase blood flow throughout the body or to specific affected parts of the body. Soft fabrics respond well to warm water. The effect can be considered similar to that of a massage. And also the hot bath method is excellent for prevention and helps prevent circulatory failure. You can carry out water procedures daily for half an hour, which ensures lasting healing effect and poor blood circulation improves.
Cold and hot shower - effective method eliminate circulatory failure. Shock therapy occurs soft fabrics sudden changes in temperature, which increases blood flow and activates the entire blood circulation system throughout the body.
Each person needs to monitor the position of the spine and posture, because incorrect posture affects circulatory disorders. Incorrect position of the spine impairs blood circulation not only in the back, but also in the upper/lower limbs and head.
Therefore, you need to try to monitor your body position and avoid staying in an uncomfortable position for a long time, which only aggravates the circulatory disorder syndrome. In addition, incorrect posture looks bad from the outside and causes other diseases, such as scoliosis.
Office workers should avoid long periods of overhead and lower limbs in the same position, which can cause poor circulation in the arms and legs. To do this, you need to perform some simple exercises every 1-2 hours, try to change the position of your limbs during the work process.
But if, due to circulatory problems, symptoms appear constantly, there is no remission, then for treatment you need to urgently consult a doctor.
An experienced specialist will tell you what to do, as well as:
- will carry out diagnostics;
- will find out the cause of the violations;
- will determine an effective way to normalize blood circulation.
In case of pronounced symptoms of circulatory dysfunction, treatment should only take place under the supervision of a physician. Otherwise, you can only worsen the course of the disease.
For normal functioning of the brain, a large amount of blood is required, which is a natural transporter of oxygen. Damage to the main arteries, venous and jugular veins, due to the development of thrombosis, embolism, aneurysms, etc. leads to serious oxygen deficiency, tissue death and loss of certain vital functions for the body. Poor blood circulation in the brain is a serious pathology that requires urgent treatment.
Features of blood supply to the brain
According to the most rough estimates, the human brain contains about 25 billion. nerve cells. There is a hard and soft shell, gray and white matter.The brain consists of five main sections: terminal, posterior, intermediate, middle and medulla, each of which performs its own function. required function. Obstructed blood supply to the brain leads to disruptions in the coordinated work of departments and the death of nerve cells. As a result, the brain loses certain functions.
Signs of circulatory problems in the head
Initially, symptoms of poor circulation are of low intensity or not observed at all. But as the disorders develop, clinical manifestations become more and more obvious.Symptoms of the disease include:
If the blood circulation in the brain is impaired, it occurs oxygen starvation, provoking a gradual increase in the intensity of symptoms. Each of the manifestations may indicate a number of other diseases and requires mandatory contact with a neurologist.
Causes of obstructed blood supply to the brain
The anatomy of the blood supply has a complex structure. Transport of oxygen and other nutrients is carried out through four arteries: vertebral and internal.For normal functioning, the brain needs to receive about 25-30% of the oxygen supplied to the body. The supply system comprises about 15% of the total blood volume found in the human body.
Insufficient blood circulation has symptoms that make it possible to determine the presence of certain disorders.
The cause of the development of pathology is: 
Whatever the cause of circulatory failure, the consequences of the disorders are reflected not only in the activity of the brain itself, but also in the functioning of the internal organs. Treatment outcome is influenced by accuracy established cause- catalyst and timely elimination of violations.
What are the dangers of poor blood flow problems in the brain?
A sharp disruption of the blood circulation in the brain leads to serious complications. The consequences of an attack can be:- Ischemic stroke – accompanied by nausea and vomiting. With focal damage, it affects the functioning of individual internal organs. Affects motor and speech function.
- Hemorrhagic stroke - disorders are provoked by blood entering the brain area. As a result of increased pressure, the brain is compressed, and tissue is wedged into the foramen magnum. The high speed of blood flow in the vessels of the brain leads to a rapid deterioration of the patient's condition. Hemorrhagic stroke leads in the number of deaths.
- Transient ischemic attack is a temporary lesion. Blood circulation can be restored with the help of medications that improve brain activity and stimulate hematopoiesis.
A transient attack is observed mainly in elderly patients. The attack is accompanied by a violation of motor and visual function, numbness and paralysis of the limbs, drowsiness and other symptoms.
Cerebral blood flow disorders in children
For children minimum indicators blood flow in the arteries, sufficient for normal brain function, is 50% higher than in adults. For every 100 gr. brain tissue requires about 75 ml. blood per minute.A change in the total indicator of cerebral blood flow of more than 10% is critical. In this case, there is a change in the tension of oxygen and carbon dioxide, which leads to serious disturbances in brain activity.
In both adults and children, the brain is supplied with blood by several main arteries and vessels:
- The middle cerebral artery supplies blood to the deep parts of the brain and the eyeball. The internal one is responsible for nourishing the cervical region, scalp and face.
- The posterior cerebral artery supplies blood occipital lobes hemispheres. This task is helped by small blood vessels that directly supply the deep parts of the brain: gray and white matter.
- Peripheral circulation - controls the collection of venous blood from the gray and white matter.
Control over the operation of the system is carried out thanks to complex mechanism regulation. Since brain tissue continues to develop after the birth of a child, new synapses and neural connections constantly appear, any disturbances in the blood circulation of the brain in a newborn affect his mental and physical development. Hypoxia is fraught with complications at a later age.
When solving a mathematical problem or any other mental load, an increase in the speed parameters of blood flow is observed. cerebral arteries. Thus, the regulation process responds to the need for more glucose and oxygen.
Why do newborns have problems with blood supply to the brain?
Among the many reasons due to which disturbances in the blood supply to the brain develop, only two main ones can be identified:
Why is impaired blood supply to the head dangerous for a baby?
For the normal development of a child, the volume of incoming blood in relation to brain tissue is required to be 50% greater than that of an adult. Deviations from the norm affect mental development.The complexity of the therapy lies in the fact that when prescribing drugs that improve blood circulation in the vessels of the brain, the doctor must take into account the effect of the drugs on the child’s still fragile vital structures: the gastrointestinal tract, nervous system, etc.
The consequence of a lack of blood supply is:
- Poor concentration.
- Problems in learning.
- Borderline intellectual disability.
- Development of hydrocephalus and cerebral edema.
- Epilepsy.
How to check the blood supply to the brain
Suspicions of insufficient blood supply to brain tissue arise in the presence of neurological symptoms and disorders. To determine the factors of damage and prescribe the necessary therapy, an additional examination is carried out using instrumental methods circulatory studies:
Any drugs, tablets, injections and other medications are prescribed only after full examination patient and identify the problem that has affected the deterioration of blood supply to the brain.
How and how to improve cerebral circulation
Based on the results of the diagnostic study, we select medications, making cerebral circulation better. Since the cause of disorders is a variety of factors, the course of therapy for one patient may not coincide with what is prescribed for another patient.What improves blood circulation, what medications
There is no one medicine to improve blood circulation in the brain that can eliminate disorders. For any deviation, a course of therapy is prescribed, including one or more drugs from the following groups:
Some drugs have a special purpose. So, cortexin, in the form intramuscular injections, it is recommended for use during pregnancy and after the birth of a child with pronounced encephalopathy. Emoxipine is used for internal bleeding. Available in the form of intravenous injections.
New generation drugs are constantly appearing that have fewer negative side effects. side effects. Appoints drug therapy exclusively the attending physician. Self-medication is strictly prohibited!
How to improve blood flow without drugs
At the initial stage, it is possible to improve blood supply to the brain without the help of medications. There are several ways to influence a person’s well-being:
It would be useful to include in your therapy the intake of vitamins E and C, which increase blood flow, and also to visit a nutritionist in order to select an effective therapeutic diet.
Folk remedies for improving blood supply to the brain
Treatment of cerebral circulatory disorders with folk remedies does not eliminate the need to receive professional medical care. Non-traditional methods of therapy are good at relieving symptoms of disorders:
Herbs that improve blood flow may cause bleeding. Before taking herbal tinctures, it is recommended to consult with your doctor.
Breathing exercises to improve blood circulation
The set of exercises is aimed at enriching the blood with oxygen. There are several types of breathing exercises.Like any effective remedy, exercise without proper supervision and preparation can be dangerous. The first lessons should be conducted together with an instructor.
Breathing exercises are present in yoga and other eastern gymnastics. Effective methods were also developed by our compatriots. Thus, Streltsova’s method deserves special mention, as it allows you to quickly restore lost brain functions.
Exercises and gymnastics
Exercise therapy to improve the patient’s well-being is aimed at the source-catalyst of the problem. During exercise, blood pressure and the functioning of the cardiovascular system are normalized.The following types of gymnastics are optimal:
- Yoga.
- Qigong.
- Pilates.
- Classes in the pool, swimming.
Diet for poor cerebral circulation
We are what we eat! Life itself proves the truth of this statement. A person’s diet and eating habits have a negative or positive effect on the blood supply to the brain.What foods improve blood flow
Products that improve blood counts include:- Fatty fish.
- Seafood.
- Dairy products.
- Vegetables and fruits, especially rich in iron vitamins.
Foods that are harmful to the blood supply to the brain
If blood circulation is poor, you should avoid rich and saturated foods. fatty acids products.The following are prohibited:
- Sugar.
- Sweets and baked goods.
- Smoked and fatty foods.
- Flavorings and synthetic seasonings.
- Carbonated and alcoholic drinks.
Alcohol and cerebral circulation
Moderate doses of alcohol have a beneficial effect on the blood supply to the brain, preventing blockage blood vessels. We are talking about small or moderate portions.Alcohol abuse is harmful to humans. With prolonged abuse, there is a high probability of developing hemorrhagic stroke, which can be fatal.
According to a recent study published in Stroke: Journal of the American Heart Association, moderate consumption improves blood circulation, and excessive amounts lead to atrophy of brain cells.
The activity of our body directly depends on its circulatory system. Circulatory disorders are an abnormal condition in which the supply of tissues with oxygen and essential nutrients deteriorates due to changes in the properties and volume of blood in the vessels. The result of this is the development of hypoxia and a slowdown in metabolic processes leading to the occurrence large number diseases.
Systemic and pulmonary circulation
Heart failure, circulatory disorders and circulatory disorders - all these concepts characterize the same condition, in which not only changes occur in the contractile function of the myocardium of the left and right ventricles, but also peripheral circulatory lesions are observed, spreading to the entire body.
The heart is the central circulatory organ of the body. From the left atrium, arterial blood enters the left ventricle, then during heart contractions, blood enriched with oxygen and nutrients is pushed out of the ventricle into the aorta, moves through the arteries, branches into arterioles and ends up in capillaries, entangling all organs like a web. Through the walls of the capillaries, nutrition and gas exchange occur in the tissues; the blood delivers oxygen and receives carbon dioxide and metabolic products. From the capillaries, venous blood is transferred through the veins to the right atrium, where the systemic circulation ends. In the pulmonary circle, venous blood, entering the capillary bed of the lungs, is enriched with oxygen and freed from metabolic products, then returns through the pulmonary veins to the left atrium. If at some stage of blood movement or in the cardiac circle a circulatory disorder occurs, the consequence of the damage is the occurrence of various diseases.
Types of Circulatory Disorders
The circulatory system is conventionally divided into central and peripheral. Anomalies of the central system are caused by disturbances in the functioning of the heart and large blood vessels. Defeats in peripheral system are caused by structural and functional disorders of these vessels. Circulatory disorders are divided into the following types: hyperemia, ischemia, bleeding, thrombosis, embolism, shock.
Chronic and acute circulatory disorders are also distinguished. Chronic pathologies develop over a long period of time gradual development atherosclerotic plaques on the inner surface of the arteries, leading to their narrowing up to complete obliteration. Occlusive lesions of the vessels of the lower extremities can cause the development of necrosis.
Acute lesions of the circulatory system are usually a consequence of cardiovascular failure, but also occur against the background of damage to the central nervous system, endocrine diseases and other pathologies. Acute circulatory disorders include strokes and cerebral vein thrombosis.
Causes of the disease
Poor circulation is one of the symptoms of a large number of diseases of the cardiovascular system. Conditionally all the reasons causing pathology, can be divided into five groups:
- Compression;
- Traumatic;
- Vasospastic;
- Caused by the occurrence of tumors;
- Obliterating.
Also, the cause of the anomaly may be the presence of infectious diseases, hormonal imbalances, hypertension, diabetes, and renal failure. Favorable factors for the development of circulatory disorders are burns, aneurysms, and Raynaud's phenomenon.
Clinical picture and symptoms of circulatory disorders
Clinical picture of the disease with different types its manifestations have their own characteristics, let’s consider some of the symptoms of circulatory disorders:
- Hyperemia. Dilatation of the blood vessels of the body with an excessive increase in blood filling. It is manifested by a change in the color of the skin at the site of damage to the vessel as a result of filling with blood, acquiring a pink-red color. The patient feels pulsation and increased temperature in the affected area;
- Bleeding. The release of blood from a vessel, when its walls rupture, can be external or internal, arterial bleeding is pulsating, bright scarlet in color, venous bleeding is dark red, with capillary bleeding, pinpoint bleeding is observed from small vessels;
- Ischemia. A reduced supply of arterial blood to the vessels is manifested by a feeling of pain in the affected organ due to a lack of oxygen supply and the accumulation of metabolic products;
- Thrombosis. A blood coagulation disorder, in which the lumen of the vessel is blocked by a thrombus, there may be complete or partial blockage. The consequence is a slowdown in the outflow of blood from the affected area, with swelling, cyanosis of the skin, and pain;
- Embolism. Blocking of the lumen of the vessel with foreign particles such as pieces of adipose tissue, microorganisms, air bubbles. The symptoms are the same as for thrombosis;
- Shock. A clinical condition caused by a decrease in blood supply to tissues due to impaired autoregulation of the microcirculatory system. It manifests itself as destructive changes in internal organs; if blood circulation is disrupted, it can lead to rapid death.
Also often with peripheral damage, the following symptoms of circulatory disorders are observed: pain, tingling, feeling of chilliness and numbness in the extremities, dizziness, tinnitus, memory impairment, weakened vision, sleep disturbance. The symptoms are most pronounced after physical activity, the degree of their manifestation also depends on the severity of the disease.
Treatment of circulatory disorders
To diagnose the disease, blood tests, MRI examinations, duplex scanning, consultations with an ophthalmologist and other specialists. Treatment of circulatory disorders depends primarily on determining the cause and type of pathology. For blood flow disorders identified at the initial stage of development, adequate drug treatment In addition, experts recommend performing regular physical exercise, helping to strengthen the heart muscle and improve blood supply to organs and tissues. Must be adhered to special diet low in fat and salt, it is important to lose excess weight and give up bad habits. Following all recommendations along with the course of therapy has an effective effect on the body. At acute disorder circulatory treatment is carried out operational methods, allowing to restore vascular patency. Such methods are: arterial plastic surgery, bypass surgery and vascular prosthetics, embolectomy; indirect revascularization operations are used to improve blood circulation in the extremities.
Circulatory disorders can and must be treated by following all the prescriptions of specialists; ignoring the disease or attempting self-medication can lead to disability.
Symptoms of the disease - circulatory disorders
Violations and their causes by category:
Violations and their causes in alphabetical order:
circulatory disorders -
The health of the human body as a whole directly depends on the state of its circulatory system.
Impaired blood supply to any organ leads to the fact that the tissues do not receive the required amount of nutrients and oxygen. As a result, a person's metabolism slows down and hypoxia develops.
Impaired blood supply to any organ leads to the fact that the tissues do not receive the nutrients and oxygen necessary for normal functioning, as a result of which a person develops hypoxia and a slowdown in metabolism. This may well lead to the development of various diseases. In other words, the health of the body as a whole depends on the state of the circulatory system.
Ensuring adequate blood flow is a complex process that depends on adequate cardiac function, the integrity of the vasculature, and the precise balance between the coagulation and anticoagulation systems of the blood.
According to the prevalence and localization of the process, circulatory disorders are divided into general and local. General disorders occur throughout the body, throughout the circulatory system and are associated with disturbances in the activity of the heart or changes in the volume and physicochemical properties of the blood.
Local disturbances of blood and lymph circulation are caused by structural and functional damage to the vascular bed in any of its sections - in one organ, part of an organ or part of the body.
What diseases cause circulatory disorders:
The division of circulatory disorders into general and local is conditional and must be understood in the aspect of the dialectical unity of local and general. For example, a decrease in blood pressure in the aorta during general acute anemia leads to a decrease in blood supply to the renal cortex, which activates the renin-angiotensin system and in turn causes an increase in pressure in the same aorta. In most cases, local circulatory disorders are a consequence of general circulatory disorders. Thus, with general venous congestion, thrombosis of the veins of the lower extremities often develops. In turn, local circulatory disorders can cause general disorders. Myocardial infarction causes heart failure, the morphological substrate of which is general venous congestion. Bleeding as a local process can be the cause of general acute anemia.
General circulatory disorders.
Common circulatory disorders include:
- general arterial plethora;
- general venous congestion;
- general anemia – acute and chronic;
- blood thickening;
- blood thinning;
- shock;
- disseminated intravascular coagulation (DIC syndrome).
General arterial plethora (hyperaemia universalis arteriosa)
General arterial plethora, or arterial hyperemia, is an increase in the number of blood cells (erythrocytes), sometimes combined with an increase in the volume of circulating blood. The process is relatively rare: when climbing to a height (among climbers), among residents of mountainous areas, in persons with lung pathology, as well as in newborns after ligation of the umbilical cord. Clinically, redness of the skin and mucous membranes and increased blood pressure are noted. In practice, general arterial plethora is of greatest importance in Vaquez disease (polycythemia vera), a disease in which there is a true hyperproduction of red blood cells.
General venous congestion (hyperaemia universalis venosa)
General venous congestion is one of the most common types of general circulatory disorders and is a clinical and morphological manifestation of cardiac or pulmonary heart failure.
The pathophysiological and pathomorphological essence of general venous congestion consists of a redistribution of blood volume in the general circulation with its accumulation in the venous part of the systemic circulation (venas cava, and sometimes in the vessels of the lungs) and a decrease in the arterial part.
In the mechanism of development (that is, in the pathogenesis) of general venous congestion, the following three main factors play a role:
1. Impaired cardiac activity, referred to as heart failure, the causes of which may be:
- purchased and birth defects hearts;
- inflammatory heart diseases (pericarditis, myocarditis, endocarditis);
- cardiosclerosis of various etiologies(atherosclerotic, post-infarction, etc.);
- myocardial infarction, etc.
2. Pulmonary diseases, accompanied by a decrease in the volume of vessels in the pulmonary circulation:
- emphysema;
- chronic nonspecific pneumonia;
- pneumosclerosis of various etiologies;
- pneumoconiosis (dust lung diseases), etc.
3. Damage chest, pleura and diaphragm, accompanied by a violation of the suction function of the chest:
- pleurisy (including adhesive);
- pneumothorax;
- deformations of the chest and spine.
General venous congestion can be clinically acute or chronic.
Acute general venous congestion is a manifestation of the syndrome of acute heart failure and hypoxia (asphyxia). It may be caused by:
- myocardial infarction;
- acute myocarditis;
- acute exudative pleurisy with excessive accumulation of pleural effusion, compressing the lungs;
- high position of the diaphragm (with peritonitis), limiting breathing;
- pulmonary embolism;
- pneumothorax;
- all types of asphyxia.
As a result of hypoxia, the histohematic barrier is damaged and capillary permeability sharply increases. Observed in tissues venous stasis, plasma impregnation (plasmorrhagia), edema, stasis in the capillaries and multiple diapedetic hemorrhages. Dystrophic and necrotic changes appear in parenchymal organs. The most characteristic morphological changes in acute general venous congestion develop in the lungs and liver.
The cause of venous congestion of the lungs is left ventricular heart failure. Acute venous congestion causes dilation of the alveolar capillaries, which is clinically accompanied by extravasation of fluid into the alveoli (pulmonary edema). Intra-alveolar hemorrhages may also occur. At autopsy, a large amount of pinkish-reddish, finely and coarsely foamy liquid flows from the cut surface of the lungs.
Right ventricular heart failure causes stagnation in the systemic circulation. In this case, in the liver there is an expansion of the central hepatic veins and stagnation in the sinusoids in the central part of the hepatic lobule. These stagnant red central areas alternate with normal paler tissue in the peripheral areas and create a distinctive nutmeg-like pattern (called “nutmeg liver”). In the liver, due to the peculiarities of the architectonics of the hepatic lobule and its blood circulation, with acute venous congestion, centrilobular hemorrhages and necrosis appear.
General anemia (anaemia universalis)
Depending on the etiology and pathogenesis there are:
- general acute anemia;
- general chronic anemia.
General acute anemia (anaemia universalis acuta)
This is a condition that develops with rapid large blood loss, that is, a decrease in circulating blood volume (CBV) in the general circulation in a short period of time.
Causes of general acute anemia:
- various injuries with damage to organs, tissues and blood vessels (domestic, industrial, military, road accidents);
- spontaneous rupture of a large, pathologically altered vessel or heart (rupture of an aortic aneurysm due to syphilis, atherosclerosis);
- rupture of a pathologically altered organ (rupture fallopian tube at ectopic pregnancy, rupture of the infectious spleen due to malaria, relapsing fever, massive blood loss due to pulmonary tuberculosis, stomach ulcers, cancer various localizations).
Clinical manifestations of general acute anemia: pallor of the skin and mucous membranes, dizziness, often fainting or loss of consciousness, frequent weak pulse, low blood pressure. Patients often die from acute anemia. Why do patients die? Due to hypovolemic shock.
General chronic anemia (anaemia universalis chronica)
General chronic anemia, or anemia, is a decrease in the number of red blood cells and/or hemoglobin content in a volumetric unit of blood. The total volume of circulating blood in the body does not change.
In the pathogenesis of general chronic anemia, two factors are important:
- dysfunction of the hematopoietic organs;
- increased hemolysis of erythrocytes.
Clinical manifestations of general chronic anemia: pallor, easy fatigue, weakness, decreased performance, dizziness, fainting states. Blood tests show a decrease in the number of red blood cells and a decrease in hemoglobin content.
Blood thickening (anhydraemia, inspisatio sanguinis)
Blood thickening is a depletion of blood in the liquid component, that is, a decrease in the content of water and some electrolytes in the peripheral blood. As a result, the blood thickens, its viscosity increases, the rheological properties of the blood change, and the number of cells per unit volume increases relatively.
Blood thickening develops with loss of large quantity liquids.
Causes of blood thickening:
- persistent diarrhea and vomiting (cholera, severe forms dysentery, salmonellosis);
- common second-degree burns, when a lot of fluid goes into the burn blisters;
- poisoning with chemical warfare agents (CWA) of asphyxiating effect, when gas poisoned persons develop severe chemical burns of the lungs and lung tissue up to 10 liters of fluid accumulates - toxic pulmonary edema;
- iatrogenic pathology - inadequately carried out forced diuresis in case of poisoning to eliminate toxic products in the urine in cases where this therapy is carried out uncontrolled (without taking into account the ratio of the volume of incoming and outgoing fluid).
Blood thinning (hydraemia)
Blood thinning, or hydremia, is an increase in the amount of water in a person’s peripheral blood. Rarely observed with:
- kidney diseases, when osmotic, oncotic pressure, protein balance are disturbed - fluid is retained in the blood;
- with rapid resolution of edema – hypervolemia;
- when replacing BCC with plasma and blood substitutes after blood loss;
- in some cases of resuscitation and intensive care, if doctors administer a large amount of fluid intravenously for the purpose of detoxification and/or restoration of hemodynamic parameters. Overhydration (lots of water) and hypervolemia occurs, that is, an increase in blood volume. One of its manifestations is blood thinning.
Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome (DIC syndrome, thrombohemorrhagic syndrome, consumption coagulopathy)
Disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome is characterized by widespread formation of small blood clots (fibrin, erythrocyte, hyaline) in the microvasculature of the whole body in combination with blood incoagulability, leading to multiple massive hemorrhages. It is a serious and often fatal complication of numerous diseases and requires early diagnosis and treatment. It is based on discoordination of the functions of the coagulation and anticoagulation systems of the blood, responsible for hemostasis.
In many cases, the cause of disseminated intravascular coagulation is unknown. Most common reasons DIC syndrome:
1. Infectious diseases:
- Gram-negative and gram-positive bacteremia
- Meningococcal sepsis
- Disseminated fungal infection
- Rickettsial diseases
- Severe viremia (eg, hemorrhagic fever)
- Malaria caused by Plasmodium falciparum
- Neonatal or intrauterine infections
2. Gynecological diseases:
- Amniotic fluid embolism
- Intrauterine fetal death
- Placental abruption
3. Liver diseases:
- Extensive liver necrosis
- Cirrhosis of the liver
4. Malignant tumors
- Acute promyelocytic leukemia
- Cancer metastasis, most often adenocarcinoma
5. Other diseases
- Vasculitis of small vessels (for example, with the development of hypersensitivity of cytotoxic and immunocomplex (II and III) types)
- Extensive trauma
- Fever
- Heatstroke
- Surgical interventions with artificial circulation
- Snake bites
- Severe shock
- Intravascular hemolysis
Numerous blood clots in the microvasculature in disseminated intravascular coagulation syndrome lead to impaired tissue perfusion with the accumulation of lactic acid in them and the development of ischemia, as well as the formation of microinfarctions in a large number of organs. Thrombi are especially common in the microvessels of the lungs, kidneys, liver, adrenal glands, pituitary gland, brain, gastrointestinal tract, skin and are combined with multiple hemorrhages, dystrophy and necrosis of organs and tissues (cortical necrosis of the kidneys, necrosis and hemorrhages in the lungs, brain and etc.). You need to know that in some cases, during autopsy, due to the parallel and predominant action of the fibrinolytic system, microthrombi may not be detected (so-called fibrinolysis).
Shock
Shock is a clinical condition associated with a decrease in effective cardiac output, a violation of autoregulation of the microcirculatory system and characterized by a generalized decrease in blood supply to tissues, which leads to destructive changes in internal organs.
Based on the characteristics of etiology and pathogenesis, the following types of shock are distinguished: hypovolemic, neurogenic, septic, cardiogenic and anaphylactic.
Local circulatory disorders
Classification
Local circulatory disorders include:
- arterial plethora;
- venous congestion;
- blood stasis;
- bleeding and hemorrhage;
- thrombosis;
- embolism;
- ischemia (local anemia);
- heart attack.
Local arterial plethora (hyperaemia arteriosa localis)
Local arterial plethora (arterial hyperemia) is an increase in the flow of arterial blood to an organ or tissue.
There are physiological and pathological hyperemia.
An example of physiological arterial hyperemia can be a blush of shame on the face, pink-red areas of the skin at the site of its thermal or mechanical irritation.
Based on the etiology and mechanism of development, the following types of pathological arterial hyperemia are distinguished:
Angioedema is observed in vasomotor disorders caused by irritation of the vasodilator nerves or paralysis of the vasoconstrictor nerves, irritation of the sympathetic ganglia. An example of such disorders is acute lupus erythematosus, in which areas of hyperemia appear on the face in the form of a symmetrically lying butterfly, or redness of the face and conjunctiva of the eye with many acute infections. Angioneurotic hyperemia includes hyperemia of the extremities with damage to the corresponding nerve plexuses, hyperemia of half the face with neuralgia associated with irritation of the trigeminal nerve, etc.
Angioedema is characterized by an acceleration of blood flow not only in normally functioning, but also in opening reserve capillaries. The skin and mucous membranes become red, slightly swollen, and feel warm or hot to the touch. Usually this hyperemia passes quickly and leaves no traces.
Collateral hyperemia occurs when the main artery is closed, for example, by an atherosclerotic plaque. The inflowing blood rushes through the collaterals, which expand. Of great importance in the development of collateral arterial hyperemia in other equal conditions have closing rates main vessel and blood pressure levels. Stenoses and even closures of large arteries, when they develop over years, may not be accompanied by severe consequences. This is due to the fact that collaterals in the arterial system develop in parallel with increasing obstruction to blood flow along the main trunk. Sometimes, for example, with atherosclerosis, the closure of both coronary arteries of the heart is not accompanied by severe symptoms of heart failure, since collateral circulation develops here due to the mediastinal, intercostal, pericardial and bronchial arteries. Knowledge of the anatomical capabilities of collateral circulation allows surgeons to successfully perform operations to ligate the femoral, popliteal, and carotid arteries without developing serious complications such as necrosis of the corresponding organs.
Postanemic hyperemia (hyperemia after anemia) develops in cases where the factor (for example, tumor, accumulation of fluid in cavities) causing local anemia (ischemia) is quickly removed. The vessels of previously bloodless tissue expand sharply and fill with blood. The danger of such arterial hyperemia is that overcrowded vessels, especially in the elderly, can rupture and lead to bleeding and hemorrhage. In addition, due to a sharp redistribution of blood, anemia of other organs, for example, the brain, can be observed, which in the clinic is accompanied by the development of fainting. Therefore, manipulations such as removing fluid from the chest and abdominal cavities are performed slowly.
Vacuum hyperemia (from the Latin vacuus - empty) develops due to a decrease in barometric pressure. An example of such plethora is skin hyperemia under the influence of medical cups.
Inflammatory hyperemia is one of the important clinical signs any inflammation.
Hyperemia due to an arteriovenous shunt occurs in cases where, due to injury, an anastomosis is formed between an artery and a vein and arterial blood rushes into the vein. The danger of this hyperemia is determined by the possibility of rupture of such an anastomosis and the development of bleeding.
Local venous congestion (hyperaemia venosa localis)
Local venous congestion (venous hyperemia) develops when the outflow of venous blood from an organ or part of the body is disrupted. Based on the etiology and mechanism of development, they distinguish:
- obstructive venous hyperemia caused by blockage of the vein lumen by a thrombus, embolus (obliterating thrombophlebitis of the hepatic veins - Chiari disease, in which, as with general venous congestion, nutmeg liver will develop, and in a chronic course - nutmeg cirrhosis of the liver; cyanotic induration of the kidneys with thrombosis of the renal veins );
- compression venous hyperemia, observed when a vein is compressed from the outside by inflammatory edema, tumor, ligature, growing connective tissue;
- collateral venous hyperemia, which can be observed when a large main venous trunk is closed, for example, portocaval anastomoses when the outflow of blood through the portal vein is obstructed (portal vein thrombosis, cirrhosis of the liver).
The morphological restructuring of venous collaterals follows the same principle as arterial ones, with the macroscopic difference that the expanding venous vessels take on serpentine and nodular shapes. Such changes are called varicose veins and are observed in the lower extremities, in spermatic cord(varicocele), in broad ligaments uterus, in the area of the urethra, in the area of the anus and the nearby part of the rectum - the so-called hemorrhoids. On the front abdominal wall the vessels overflowing with venous blood have the appearance that is called “medusa’s head” in the literature, referring to the hair of the Gorgon jellyfish from ancient Greek mythology. The collateral veins, overflowing with blood, sharply expand, and their wall becomes thinner. This could be the reason dangerous bleeding(for example, massive bleeding from hemorrhoids protruding into the lumen of the rectum, bleeding from dilated and thinned veins of the esophagus with cirrhosis of the liver). With varicose veins of the lower extremities (mainly v. saphena magna et parva and their collaterals, as well as small skin veins), cyanosis, swelling, and pronounced atrophic processes are noted: the skin and subcutaneous tissue, especially the lower third of the leg, become very thin, and the resulting then leg ulcers can be cured with great difficulty (“varicose leg ulcers”).
Exodus. Local venous congestion is a reversible process if the cause is eliminated in a timely manner.
Stasis (from Latin stasis - standing) is a slowdown, up to a complete stop, of blood flow in the vessels of the microvasculature, mainly in the capillaries.
Blood stasis may be preceded by venous congestion (stagnant stasis) or ischemia (ischemic stasis). However, it can occur without the previous listed circulatory disorders, under the influence of endo- and exogenous causes, as a result of the action of infections (for example, malaria, typhus), various chemical and physical agents on tissue ( heat, cold), leading to disruption of the innervation of the microcirculatory bed, with infectious-allergic and autoimmune ( rheumatic diseases) diseases, etc.
Blood stasis is characterized by stopping blood in capillaries and venules with expansion of the lumen and gluing of red blood cells into homogeneous columns - this distinguishes stasis from venous hyperemia. Hemolysis and blood clotting do not occur.
Stasis must be differentiated from the “sludge phenomenon”. Sludge is the phenomenon of red blood cells sticking together not only in capillaries, but also in vessels of various sizes, including veins and arteries. This syndrome is also called intravascular aggregation of erythrocytes and is observed in various infections and intoxications due to increased adhesiveness of erythrocytes and changes in their charge. In the clinic, the sludge phenomenon is reflected by an increase in ESR. As a local (regional) process, sludge develops in the pulmonary veins, for example, with the so-called shock lung, or acute respiratory failure in adults (respiratory distress syndrome).
With hypoxia of various origins, an isolated spasm of the veins, the so-called “venous crisis” according to Ricker, can be observed. This can cause leukostasis - the accumulation of granulocytes inside the vascular bed: in venules, capillaries. Leukostasis is not uncommon in shock and is accompanied by leukodiapedesis.
Exodus. Stasis is a reversible phenomenon. Stasis is accompanied by dystrophic changes in the organs where it is observed. Irreversible stasis leads to necrosis.
Clinical significance stasis is determined by the frequency of this phenomenon. Stasis and prestatic states are observed during angioedema crises (hypertension, atherosclerosis), with acute forms inflammation, shock, viral diseases such as influenza, measles. The cerebral cortex is the most sensitive to circulatory disorders and hypoxia. Stasis can lead to the development of microinfarctions. Extensive stasis in areas of inflammation carry with them the danger of tissue necrosis, which can radically change the course of the inflammatory process. For example, with pneumonia, this can lead to suppuration and the development of gangrene, that is, necrosis.
From a general biological point of view, stasis is a decompensation of the adaptive mechanisms underlying the regulation of peripheral circulation and blood supply to organs.
Bleeding (haemorrhagia) is the release of blood from the lumen of a vessel or cavity of the heart. If blood is shed into the environment, then we talk about external bleeding, if in the cavity of the body - about internal bleeding. Examples of external bleeding include hemoptysis (haemoptoe), nosebleeds (epistaxis), vomiting blood (haematomesis), bleeding from the stool (melena), bleeding from the uterus (metrorrhagia). With internal bleeding, blood can accumulate in the pericardial cavity (haemopericardium), pleura (haemothorax), and abdominal cavity (haemoperitoneum).
The release of blood beyond the vascular bed with its accumulation in the tissue is designated as hemorrhage. Hemorrhage is a special type of bleeding.
The causes of bleeding (hemorrhage) can be rupture, corrosion and increased permeability of the vessel wall.
Bleeding as a result of a rupture of the wall of a vessel or heart - haemorrhagia per rhexin - occurs with necrosis, inflammation or sclerosis of the wall of a vessel or heart. This type of bleeding occurs, for example, with rupture of the heart due to myomalacia during myocardial infarction (acute coronary heart disease), rupture of the aorta with necrosis of its middle membrane (medionecrosis), with inflammation of the middle membrane of the aorta (mesaortitis) with syphilis. Often there are ruptures of aneurysms of the heart, aorta and cerebral arteries, pulmonary artery with vasculitis of various etiologies, hypertension, atherosclerosis, etc.
Bleeding as a result of corrosion of the vessel wall - haemorrhagia per diabrosin - or arrosive bleeding, occurs when the vessel wall is corroded gastric juice in the bottom of the ulcer, caseous necrosis in the wall of the cavity in tuberculosis, cancer, purulent exudate in an abscess, phlegmon. Arrosive bleeding also develops during ectopic (tubal) pregnancy, when chorionic villi grow and corrode the wall of the fallopian tube and its vessels.
Bleeding due to increased permeability of the vessel wall (without visible violation of its integrity) - haemorrhagia per diapedesin - arises from arterioles, capillaries and venules for many reasons. Diapedetic hemorrhages occur in systemic vasculitis, infectious and infectious-allergic diseases, diseases of the blood system (hemoblastosis and anemia), coagulopathies, vitamin deficiencies, certain intoxications, overdose of anticoagulants, etc. When diapedetic hemorrhages become systemic in nature, they become a manifestation of hemorrhagic syndrome.
Based on the macroscopic picture, hemorrhages are distinguished:
- punctate – petechiae and ecchymoses;
- bruise - planar hemorrhage in the skin and mucous membranes;
- hematoma – accumulation of blood in tissue with disruption of its integrity and formation of a cavity;
- hemorrhagic infiltration - saturation of tissue with blood without violating its integrity.
Exodus. Complete resorption of blood is the most favorable outcome of bleeding and hemorrhage.
Organization - replacement of shed blood with connective tissue. Encapsulation is the growth of connective tissue around the shed blood with the formation of a capsule. Petrification is the precipitation of Ca2+ salts into the blood. Attachment of infection and suppuration - unfavorable outcome.
The meaning of bleeding and hemorrhage is determined by its type, that is, where the blood comes from: from an artery, vein, capillaries; localization, that is, where the blood is poured out, the amount of blood lost, the rate of blood loss, the state of the body. Rupture of the aorta or its aneurysm leads to rapid loss of a large amount of blood and, in the vast majority of cases, to death from general acute anemia. Prolonged, recurring bleeding (for example, with peptic ulcer stomach and duodenum, hemorrhoids) can lead to chronic anemia. Particularly dangerous, often fatal, is hemorrhage in the brain, for example, when a cerebral artery aneurysm ruptures, or hemorrhagic stroke due to hypertension. Hemorrhage into the lungs is often fatal when a vessel erodes in the wall of a tuberculous cavity or in a disintegrating tumor. At the same time, massive hemorrhages in the subcutaneous fat and muscles may not pose any danger to life.
Thrombosis (from the Greek thrombosis) is intravital blood clotting in the lumen of a vessel, in the cavities of the heart, or loss of dense masses from the blood. The resulting blood clot is called a thrombus.
Blood clotting is observed in blood vessels after death (post-mortem blood clotting). And the dense masses of blood that fall out are called post-mortem blood clots.
In addition, blood clotting occurs in tissues during bleeding from a damaged vessel and is a normal hemostatic mechanism that is aimed at stopping bleeding when the vessel is damaged.
According to modern idea, the process of blood coagulation occurs in the form of a cascade reaction (“cascade theory”) - the sequential activation of precursor proteins, or coagulation factors, located in the blood or tissues (this theory is described in detail in the lecture of the Department of Pathological Physiology).
In addition to the coagulation system, there is also an anticoagulant system, which ensures the regulation of the hemostasis system - the liquid state of blood in the vascular bed in normal conditions. Based on this, thrombosis is a manifestation of impaired regulation of the hemostatic system.
Thrombosis is different from blood coagulation, but this distinction is somewhat arbitrary, since in both cases a cascade reaction of blood coagulation is triggered. The thrombus is always attached to the endothelium and is composed of layers of interconnected platelets, fibrin threads and blood cells, and the blood clot contains randomly oriented fibrin threads with platelets and red blood cells located between them.
Hemostasis disorders
The normal balance that exists between clot formation and fibrinolysis ensures the formation of a blood clot of optimal size, sufficient to stop bleeding from the vessel. Fibrinolytic activity prevents excessive thrombus formation. Violation of this balance leads in some cases to excessive thrombus formation, in others to bleeding.
Excessive thrombus formation leads to a narrowing of the lumen of the vessel or to its occlusion (complete closure). This usually occurs as a result of local factors that suppress the activity of the fibrinolytic system, which normally prevents excessive thrombus formation.
On the contrary, a decrease in blood coagulation leads to excessive bleeding and is observed in various disorders that lead to increased bleeding: with a decrease in the number of platelets in the blood, a deficiency of coagulation factors and an increase in fibrinolytic activity.
Factors influencing thrombus formation:
- damage to the vascular endothelium, which stimulates both platelet adhesion and activation of the blood coagulation cascade, is the dominant factor causing thrombus formation in the arterial bed. When a blood clot forms in veins and in the microvasculature, endothelial damage plays a lesser role;
- changes in blood flow, such as slow blood flow and turbulent blood flow;
- changes in the physicochemical properties of blood (blood thickening, increased blood viscosity, increased fibrinogen levels and platelet counts) are more significant factors in venous thrombosis.
Causes of thrombosis:
1. Diseases of the cardiovascular system
2. Malignant tumors
3. Infections
4. Postoperative period
In relation to the lumen of the vessel there are:
- parietal thrombus ( most of lumen is free);
- obstructing or clogging thrombus (the lumen of the vessel is almost completely closed).
Localization of blood clots
1. Arterial thrombosis: blood clots in arteries are much less common than in veins, and usually form after damage to the endothelium and a local change in blood flow (turbulent blood flow), for example, in atherosclerosis. Among the arteries of large and medium caliber, the aorta is most often affected, carotid arteries, arteries of the circle of Willis, coronary arteries of the heart, arteries of the intestines and limbs.
Less commonly, arterial thrombosis is a complication of arteritis, for example, with periarteritis nodosa, giant cell arteritis, thromboangitis obliterans and Henoch-Schönlein purpura and other rheumatic diseases. In hypertension, arteries of medium and small caliber are most often affected.
2. Cardiac thrombosis: Blood clots form within the chambers of the heart under the following circumstances:
1. Inflammation of the heart valves leads to endothelial damage, local turbulent blood flow and deposition of platelets and fibrin on the valves. Small blood clots are called warts (rheumatism), large ones are called vegetations. Vegetations can be very large and loose, crumbling (for example, with infective endocarditis). Fragments of a blood clot often break off and are carried through the bloodstream in the form of emboli.
2. Damage to the parietal endocardium. Endocardial damage can occur during myocardial infarction and the formation of ventricular aneurysms. Blood clots that form on the chamber walls are often large and may also crumble to form emboli.
3. Turbulent blood flow and stasis in the atria. Thrombi often form in the atrial cavity when turbulent blood flow or blood stasis occurs, for example, with mitral stenosis and atrial fibrillation. The blood clots can be so large (ball-shaped) that they obstruct blood flow through the atrioventricular opening.
2. Venous thrombosis:
1. Thrombophlebitis. For thrombophlebitis venous thrombosis occurs secondarily as a result acute inflammation veins Thrombophlebitis is a common occurrence with infected wounds or ulcers; are more often affected superficial veins limbs. The damaged vein has all the signs of acute inflammation (pain, redness, feeling of warmth, swelling). This type of blood clot tends to become firmly attached to the vessel wall. Emboli rarely form from it.
Sometimes thrombophlebitis develops in numerous superficial veins of the legs (migratory thrombophlebitis) in patients with malignant neoplasms, most often with cancer of the stomach and pancreas (Trousseau's sign), since mucins and other substances formed by tumor cells have thromboplastin-like activity.
2. Phlebothrombosis is vein thrombosis that occurs in the absence of obvious signs of inflammation. Phlebothrombosis is observed mainly in the deep veins of the legs (deep vein thrombosis). Less commonly, the veins of the pelvic venous plexus are affected. Deep vein thrombosis is quite common and is of medical importance because the large blood clots that form in these veins are quite loosely attached to the vessel wall and often break off easily. They migrate with the bloodstream to the heart and lungs and close the lumen of the pulmonary arteries (thromboembolism of the pulmonary trunk and its branches).
Causes of phlebothrombosis: The factors causing deep vein phlebothrombosis are typical of thrombosis in general, but endothelial damage is usually subtle and difficult to detect. The most important causative factor in the occurrence of phlebothrombosis is a decrease in blood flow. In the venous plexus of the leg, blood flow is normally maintained by contraction of the leg muscles (muscle pump). The development of blood stasis and the development of thrombosis is facilitated by prolonged immobilization in bed and heart failure. The second factor - an increase in the adhesive and aggregation ability of platelets, as well as acceleration of blood clotting due to an increase in the level of some coagulation factors (fibrinogen, factors VII and VIII) - occurs in postoperative and postpartum period, when using oral contraceptives, especially with high doses of estrogens, in cancer patients. Sometimes several factors can act together.
Clinical manifestations: deep vein thrombosis of the legs may be mild or asymptomatic. When examining the patient, moderate swelling of the ankles and pain in the calf muscles with plantar flexion of the foot (Homan symptom). In most patients, pulmonary embolism is the first clinical manifestation of phlebothrombosis. Deep thrombosis veins can be detected by phlebography, ultrasound, radiological methods, and comparative measurement of the legs with a centimeter tape.
Outcome of thrombosis
The formation of blood clots triggers a response from the body that aims to remove the clot and restore blood flow to the damaged blood vessel. There are several mechanisms for this:
1. Lysis of a blood clot (fibrinolysis), leading to complete destruction of the blood clot, is an ideal favorable outcome, but is very rare. The fibrin that makes up the clot is broken down by plasmin, which is activated by Hageman factor (factor XII) when the intrinsic coagulation cascade is activated (that is, the fibrinolytic system is activated simultaneously with the coagulation system; this mechanism prevents excessive thrombosis). Fibrinolysis prevents the formation of excess fibrin and the breakdown of small blood clots. Fibrinolysis is less effective at breaking up large blood clots found in arteries, veins, or the heart. Some substances, such as streptokinase and tissue plasminogen activator, which activate the fibrinolytic system, are effective inhibitors of thrombus formation when used immediately after thrombosis and cause thrombus lysis and restoration of blood flow. They are used successfully in treatment acute heart attack myocardium, thrombosis
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Is your blood circulation impaired? It is necessary to take a very careful approach to your overall health. People don't pay enough attention symptoms of diseases and do not realize that these diseases can be life-threatening. There are many diseases that at first do not manifest themselves in our body, but in the end it turns out that, unfortunately, it is too late to treat them. Each disease has its own specific signs, characteristic external manifestations - the so-called symptoms of the disease. Identifying symptoms is the first step in diagnosing diseases in general. To do this, you just need to do it several times a year. be examined by a doctor to not only prevent terrible disease, but also to maintain a healthy spirit in the body and the organism as a whole.
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To treat impaired blood circulation, doctors prescribe angioprotectors. They improve metabolic processes in the vascular wall and normalize capillary permeability. Among the angioprotectors, the most effective are Curantil, Trental, and Pentoxifylline.
"Reopoliglucin" is a low-molecular dextran preparation that attracts additional blood volume from the intercellular space into the bloodstream and improves blood fluidity.
"Vazoprostan" is a drug from the prostaglandin E1 group. It improves blood flow, elasticity of red blood cells, microcirculation, and also activates the anticoagulation system of the blood.
Calcium channel blockers are intended to improve cerebral circulation and have a cerebroprotective effect. These include “Cordaflex”, “Cinnarizine”, “Arifon”.
Myotropic antispasmodics dilate blood vessels, increase cerebral blood flow and are highly effective in cerebral vascular spasms. The drugs in this group are “Cavinton”, “No-shpa”, “Eufillin”.
Folk remedies to improve blood circulation
Traditional treatment for poor circulation includes periodic consumption of drinks with ginger. To prepare them, pour boiling water over a teaspoon of ginger, a teaspoon of honey and a pinch of black pepper. Ginger drink warms and stimulates blood flow, especially in the legs. Black and red pepper, mustard and horseradish are good for the blood. These spices prevent blood thickening and help fight cold feet syndrome. Garlic in its natural form or in also improves blood circulation.
Hawthorn saturates the blood with vitamins and strengthens the immune system. It is recommended to take hawthorn tincture 2 times a day for 20 minutes. before meals. Treatment with hawthorn is complemented complex composition from ginger and cinnamon, which enriches the blood with nutrients. Watermelon is good for the blood. It contains lycopene, which improves blood quality. The ginseng plant accelerates blood flow in the legs and increases the tone of blood vessels and the body as a whole.
To treat poor circulation in the legs, use an ointment with calendula or red pepper. It is applied to the legs if there is no damage to the skin.
Water procedures to improve blood circulation
A hot foot bath is an effective remedy that has been proven over centuries. This procedure improves blood circulation and reduces hypertension arterial pressure. You can increase the effectiveness of foot baths by adding a little mustard, oregano or rosemary powder to the water. Another option for a similar procedure to strengthen blood vessels is a bath with ground black pepper and crushed ginger.
A hot compress has the same healing effect as foot baths. A compress soaked in water is applied to the soles of the feet. hot water, leave for 3 minutes, and then apply ice. This alternation is repeated several times. You can also take alternating hot and cold showers. This method will improve blood circulation not only in the legs, but throughout the body.
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