There are thousands of names modern antibiotics... They help against various diseases of infectious etiology.
Antibiotics are a broad group of drugs that act to treat disease infectious form... There have been changes in the lists of these drugs over the past few years, and antibiotics are now popular. wide range actions of a new generation.
- Modern medicines are aimed at treating specific bacteria.
- V recent times more and more preference is given to antibiotics of a narrowly targeted effect. This is due to the fact that they do not provide harmful effects for a good microflora.
- Antibacterial agents affect the processes of pathogenic cells, and do not affect the vital processes of the body at the cellular level.
- Modern drugs act selectively. They only eliminate pathogenic cells.
- In this article you will find information on the classification of antibacterial drugs. Thanks to the list for each type of medicine, you will find out which antibiotics are the most effective and have good antibacterial activity.
Most eye diseases are caused by bacteria such as chlamydia, streptococcus, gonococcus and staphylococcus. These bacteria provoke a purulent-inflammatory process, itching, burning and lacrimation.
Eye drops with an antibiotic can be prescribed not only for the treatment of bacterial infections, but also for the prevention of infection of the conjunctiva after surgery, with lesions of the eyes, in case of ingress of a foreign body.
List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children ophthalmic.
For the treatment of eye infections, children are prescribed other drugs that have almost no contraindications, and which have a mild effect on the body. Macrolides:
- Erythromycin;
- Azidrop.
Erythromycin comes in the form of an ointment. It is used in the treatment of infectious and inflammatory process different etiology.
WITH purulent inflammation another group of antibiotics, aminoglycosides, does an excellent job. Application in small doses inhibits pathogenic microflora, in large doses it destroys bacteria.
If you are worried about conjunctivitis, blepharitis or keratitis, then antibiotics based on chloramphenicol will help you. These medicines are based on chloramphenicol. Levomecitin drops are available with the following names:
- Levomycetin-Dia;
- Levomycetin-Ferein;
- Levomycetin-Akos.
Added to these preparations boric acid... She happens to be disinfectant, which perfectly enhances the antibacterial effect of the drug.
If the disease was caused by a pathogenic microflora resistant to the above drugs, then the doctor may prescribe Futsitalmik. This drug is made on the basis of a natural antibiotic - fusidic acid.
Also, for the treatment of various eye diseases, complex drops are often used based on two antibacterial drugs: Framycetin and Gramicidin. These drugs include Sofradex, the effect of which is enhanced by Dexamethasone.
V modern medicine antibiotics in the form of tablets and injections are widely used to treat intestinal infections. There are two types of intestinal inflammation:
- Enteritis- infection in the small intestine;
- Colitis- inflammation of the large intestine.
The reason infectious colitis or enteritis in most cases is hypersensitivity to gram-negative flora. List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children, intestinal:
- Aminopenicillin;
- Ampicillin or amoxicillin;
- Augmentin or Amoxiclav;
- Imipinem;
- Meropenem;
- Cefamezin;
- Ceftriaxone;
- Cefepim;
- Aztreons;
- Azithromycin;
- Clarithromycin;
- Tetracycline;
- Nifuroxazide;
- Ciprofloxacin;
- Levofloxacin;
- Gatifloxacin;
- Vancomycin;
- Metronidazole.
These drugs can be prescribed for both adults and children, but with different dosage... The daily dose should be prescribed only by the attending physician!
New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children for infections, colds, SARS: a list Broad-spectrum antibiotics help fight pathogenic microflora in the body, acting in a complex and purposeful manner.
- It often happens that it is impossible to cope with ARVI, a common cold or other infection without antibiotics.
- The disease can be prolonged and cause complications. It was at this time that antibiotics are prescribed - human defenders from different viruses and disease.
- Antibacterial drugs appointed when there is no time to accurately determine the causative agents of the disease, and the disease progresses.
These medicines are prescribed for such health problems:
- inflammation of the sinuses;
- purulent foci in the body;
- high fever, which lasts for several days and is not confused by antipyretic drugs;
- acute otitis media;
- flu, pneumonia;
- severe dry cough;
- moist cough with clots of yellow or green phlegm, pus, or blood.
List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children with infections, colds, SARS:
- Penicillins(destroy the walls of bacteria): Amoxil, Ampicillin, Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Ampiox.
- Cephalosporins(destroy the cell membrane of pathogenic flora): Cefixime, Cephalexin, Cefuroximexetil, Cephaloridin, Cefazolin, Cefantrexil.
- Fluoroquinolones (active ingredients of this group of antibiotics penetrate bacteria and destroy it): Moxifloxacin, Norfloxacin, Levofloxacin.
- Macrolides(bacteria get inside and destroy its protein synthesis): Azitral, Azitrox, Hemomycin, Sumamed.
- Tetracyclines (inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria at the cellular level): Morphcycline, Tetracycline Hydrochloride, Doxycycline.
- Aminoglycosides(these antibiotics are not prescribed for high temperature, they are used for heavy infectious complications): Amikacin, Gentamicin.
Children with acute respiratory viral infections and complications of the common cold are prescribed the following antibiotics:
New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children for infections, colds, ARVI The course of treatment with such antibacterial drugs is 5-7 days, but improvements are noticeable already on the 3rd day of treatment.
In most cases, bronchitis and pneumonia are bacterial in nature. Therefore, antibiotics must be used to treat these diseases. But before prescribing drugs, the doctor must do a study of blood, urine and sputum. Only after that, treatment is prescribed. Individual drug intolerance, drug toxicity, contraindications and the rate of drug dose accumulation in the lesion are also taken into account.
Against bronchitis, the following new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics are used for adults and children:
For the treatment of bronchitis, children are prescribed milder drugs: Erespal or Ceftazidime.
When treating pneumonia - pneumonia, you cannot do without antibacterial drugs. The following antibiotics are commonly used:
These drugs can be combined, and when severe course diseases are prescribed by injection.
Cough can also be due to bronchopneumonia - focal pneumonia... The causative agents of this disease can be bacteria, viruses and fungi. After the studies carried out, antibiotics are prescribed from following list:
If the doctor deems it necessary, then he can prescribe several drugs at once in the complex. When the course of the disease is severe with a combined pathogen, a second-line drug is used: Meropenem, Tikarcillin, Fluoroquinolone.
Bacterial form sore throat begins acutely, with a temperature rise of up to 40 degrees. Pus appears on the tonsils, and the cervical lymph nodes increase. Antibacterial drugs for angina are prescribed if the disease does not go away within 7 days and there are signs of complications.
Such antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action of a new generation for adults and children with angina are successfully used:
- Ampicillin;
- Azithromycin;
- Augmentin;
- Erythromycin;
- Tetracycline;
- Amoxicillin;
- Flemoxin;
- Sumamed;
- Tsiprolet;
- Bacterium.
Children are prescribed Amoxicillin in suspension, as well as preparations based on clavulanic acid: Panklav, Amoxiclav, Bactoklav.
New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for STDs Globally, there are up to 250 million cases of sexually transmitted diseases (STDs). Chlamydia, ureaplasma, mycoplasma and treponema pallidum are sensitive to antibacterial drugs. The most effective broad-spectrum antibiotics of the new generation for STDs are the following groups of drugs:
Most STDs can be effectively treated with antibiotics from these groups. But the dosage and course of treatment must be prescribed by a doctor.
Even 40 years ago, doctors were sure that cystitis does not require antibacterial treatment, and prescribed to patients exclusively anti-inflammatory drugs. But it has long been proven that cystitis is infectious in nature.
Many people prefer phytotherapy and folk remedies in getting rid of this disease. But untreated cystitis can take years and this is a direct way to chronic form... New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children with cystitis:
- Furadonin;
- Furagin;
- Amoxiclav;
- Augmentin;
- Ceftriaxone;
- Palin;
- Ceforal;
- Monural.
For children, these antibiotics are prescribed in the form of injections or suspensions. Many of the drugs can be dissolved in water before taking.
In gynecology in the fight against bacteria, causing inflammation, not to do without antibacterial agents... For the destruction of pathogenic microflora, antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action of a new generation are used. These drugs help reduce the growth of microorganisms and prevent them from multiplying. Most often, the following antibiotics are used in the treatment of certain diseases:
- Cefazolin(inflammation of the labia).
- Terzhinan(has anti-inflammatory, antimicrobial and antifungal effects in inflammation of the vaginal mucosa).
- Nystatin, Mikosist, Flucostat, Diflucan(inflammation cervical canal). If cervicitis is chlamydial, then the following antibiotics are prescribed: Sumamed, Doxycycline.
- Ampicillin(inflammation of the fallopian tubes).
- Azithromycin(inflammation of the uterus).
In gynecology, for the treatment of various diseases, they can also be used the following antibiotics:
As with other diseases, with gynecological ailments, the dosage and course of treatment with drugs is prescribed by a specialized specialist. Self-medication is hazardous to health!
Macrolide antibacterial drugs occupy a leading position among safe antimicrobial drugs. This group antibiotics are used to treat nosocomial infections caused by gram-positive flora or atypical pathogens.
List of antibiotic drugs of the macrolide group for adults and children:
These antibacterial drugs inhibit the growth of bacteria, allowing you to cope with the disease quickly and effectively.
Antibiotics in tablets must be taken with caution, as the components of the drug can damage the gastric mucosa and negatively affect the liver. Usually, doctors prescribe probiotics in parallel with such antibiotics to restore intestinal microflora and drugs to protect the liver. There are many new generation of broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children in tablets, but mostly modern doctors these drugs are prescribed:
It is worth noting that some drugs, such as Tetracycline and Doxycycline, are often prescribed as ointments and injections so that the drug affects all cells, rather than selectively. The doctor may prescribe clavulanic acid for Amoxicillin. Thanks to this combination, it is possible to quickly and successfully cope with the complex pathogenic flora.
A suspension is a soluble powder of a drug in a liquid. This form of antibiotics comes to the rescue when a person cannot swallow a pill, and an injection is discomfort, stress and discomfort... Suspended antibiotics are usually prescribed for young children and the elderly.
Such drugs can be sold ready-made or in powder form for preparation of a mixture. How to make the mixture is written in the instructions for the medicine - it can be done without difficulty. New generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children in suspensions:
The "Solutab" prefix always says that the tablets can be dissolved in water before taking them. When a child needs to prescribe a drug in the form of tablets, since a medicine in the form of a suspension is not suitable according to indications, the doctor advises to drink exactly soluble tablets - Flemoxin Solutab and others.
Antibiotic ointments help to eliminate inflammation on the skin, in the eye area, on wounds. Such drugs successfully fight against pathogens. Pathogenic microflora can appear when the integrity of the mucous membrane and dermis is compromised with such problems:
- deep cuts and scratches;
- pustules on the skin;
- abrasions;
- burns of various etiologies;
- cracks in the fingers, heels and elbows;
- trophic ulcers;
- erosion;
- chronic dermatoses.
New generation broad-spectrum antibiotic ointments for adults and children contain wound-healing substances. With their help, the process of tissue repair is accelerated. Special antimicrobial ointments:
Ointments are applied in a thin layer to the damaged area. You do not need to rub, they should be absorbed into the skin on their own. Often the doctor will prescribe ointment to be applied at night. The duration of the use of the drug is established by the doctor and depends on the rate of healing.
Antibiotic drops are used to treat the eyes and nose. Bacterial rhinitis without the help of antibacterial drugs can cause complications in the form of sinusitis and other chronic diseases... Therefore, the doctor, after studying the etiology of the common cold, should prescribe a new generation of broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children in drops:
Eye drops with antibacterial effect help to cope with pathogenic flora on the mucous membranes. Thanks to such drugs, it is possible to successfully cure various eye infections. The list of these drugs is very long, but doctors usually use the most popular and effective drugs... These include the following antibiotic eye drops:
- Aminoglycosides - drops such as Torbex, Dilaterol and others belong to this category.
- Fluoroquinolones - Signicef, Cypromed.
- Levomycetin - this group includes eye drops of the same name.
The following antibiotic drugs can also be used:
- Vitabact is prescribed even for newborn children.
- Gentamicin is a combined topical antibiotic.
- Ciprofloxacin - used to eliminate complications after surgery.
- Floxal - successfully treats ocular chlamydia.
Antibiotics in drops, as well as in tablets, can only be prescribed by a specialist. Self-medication should not be done.
If the drug is needed to work quickly, it is administered by injection intramuscularly or intravenously. Thanks to this, it quickly enters the site of infection and begins to work immediately after the injection. The list of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children in injections is very extensive. Here are several groups and drugs that relate to them:
Such drugs are prescribed depending on the severity of the disease and the characteristics of the infectious agents.
All medical professionals unanimously say that overuse of antibiotics can lead to antibiotic resistance. It is forbidden to drink antibacterial drugs all the time, at the first symptoms of a cold. Microbes get used to drugs, mutate and stop taking drugs. If something serious happens, the drugs may not work.
But nature has foreseen everything, and created natural antibiotics for humans. In addition, nature has given humans such drugs that fight bacteria, viruses, and fungi at once. These are perfect medicines, the action of which is significantly different from laboratory ones. Here is a list of natural broad-spectrum antibiotics for adults and children:
- Basil;
- Cowberry;
- Blueberry;
- Mustard;
- Garnet;
- Grapefruit;
- Ginger;
- Red viburnum;
- Cabbage;
- Cranberry;
- Cinnamon;
- Red and white dry wine;
- Lemon;
- Raspberries;
- Honey and propolis;
- Sea buckthorn;
- Radish;
- Horseradish;
- Black currant;
- Garlic.
Despite the fact that these antibiotics were created by nature, they also have contraindications - it may be an individual intolerance or allergy. So listen to your body.
Almost all groups of antibacterial drugs harm the body. But there are times when you can't do without them. At the end antibacterial therapy take care of immunity and restore intestinal microflora... Protect your liver by taking special medications while taking antibiotics. The doctor will prescribe what to take and in what quantities. Remember that self-medication, as well as refusal of the prescribed therapy, can lead to undesirable consequences.
Video: When Do You Need Antibiotics? - Doctor Komarovsky
Antibiotics are a broad group of medicines that are used to treat various infections... The causative agents of diseases are fungi and pathogenic microorganisms. Antimicrobial drugs not only stop reproduction but also kill harmful bacteria. All microorganisms are different, so not every antibiotic can cope with them.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics can kill many types of pathogenic bacteria. These are new generation drugs that are used in different areas medicine, including gynecology.
Features of antibiotics with a broad spectrum of activity
Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs are versatile drugs that act on a large number of pathogens. These medicines are used in the following cases:
Antimicrobial drugs are divided into the following groups:
- Fluoroquinolones.
- Aminoglycosides.
- Amphenicols.
- Carbapenems.
A description of the groups of antibacterial drugs and their representatives will follow.
Broad-spectrum antibiotics of the penicillin group are divided into 2 groups:
The most famous antibacterial drugs include Ampicillin and Amoxicillin. They are able to deal with:
- staphylococci;
- streptococci;
- gonococci;
- spirochetes;
- meningococci and other pathogens.
Ampizzilin is a semi-synthetic antibacterial drug with a bactericidal effect that inhibits the biosynthesis of bacterial cell walls.
The drug is used for diseases respiratory tract, genitourinary system, ENT diseases, rheumatism, purulent infections etc. The drug is poorly absorbed, has a short half-life. Dosage form- tablets and powder.
Amoxicillin is an antimicrobial drug used to treat infections of bacterial origin. The drug is rapidly absorbed and has a long half-life.
Most of all Amoxicillin is suitable for the treatment of bronchitis and pneumonia. Other indications: tonsillitis, diseases of the genitourinary system, skin infections.
Used in composition complex therapy with an ulcer. Available in capsule form and chewable tablets... List of parenteral penicillins:
There are also combination medicines that suppress the effect of β-lactamases (bacterial enzymes that destroy penicillins):
Group of tetracyclines
Tetracyclines are broad spectrum antibiotics that have a similar chemical structure and biological properties... There is no β-lactam ring in their structure, and therefore they are not susceptible to the influence of β-lactamases. These antimicrobial drugs able to fight gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms.
These antibiotics are able to destroy intracellular pathogens, due to the fact that they can penetrate into the bacterial cell. Tetracyclines cannot cope with the causative agent of Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
List of commonly prescribed tetracyclines:
- Meropenem. It is a synthetic antimicrobial drug that comes in the form of a lyophilisate and powder. Indications: pneumonia, complex form of appendicitis, pyelitis, various skin infections.
- Ertapenem. Designed for the treatment of severe abdominal, genitourinary, skin, postoperative infections.
- Imipenem. Antimicrobial drug that has a bactericidal effect.
It is an antimicrobial drug for internal and external use.
Indications: pneumonia, bronchitis, purulent pleurisy, endocarditis, tonsillitis, whooping cough, purulent meningitis, cholecystitis, burns, etc. Dosage form: tablets, suspensions, ointment. The tablets have a negative effect on the intestinal flora. Eye ointment is considered the most effective and safe drug from this subgroup.
Doxycycline. This is a medicine with bacteriostatic action. It is used to treat respiratory, genitourinary, intestinal infectious diseases.
Available in the form of tablets, capsules, powder. This drug is much more effective than tetracycline, it is absorbed faster, it inhibits the intestinal bacterial flora less than all representatives of the class.
Fluoroquinolones
Fluoroquinolones are broad-spectrum antibiotics with a pronounced antimicrobial effect. Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Ciprofloxacin are the first representatives of fluoroquinolones that are capable of destroying Escherichiosis, Klebsiella, Gonococcus, the causative agent of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, etc.
Staphylococci, streptococci, eirichiosis, Pfeiffer's sticks, gonococci, chlamydia, etc. are sensitive to modern fluoroquinolones.
Important! These drugs are strictly forbidden to be taken by children under 18 years of age, as they can change cartilage tissue.
List of popular drugs:
Aminoglycoside group drugs
Aminoglycosides are natural semi-synthetic antibiotics that have similar structure and properties. They inhibit protein synthesis in bacteria. Their influence is aimed at the destruction of streptococci, staphylococci, Escherichiosis, Klebsiella, Salmonella, etc.
List of commonly prescribed aminoglyclzides:
Amphenicols
The main representative of this class is the well-known Levomycetin. This antibiotic is active against staphylococci, streptococci, gonococci, salmonella, etc.
Indications: typhoid fever, dysentery, whooping cough, etc. The ointment is used to treat skin infections.
The medication is available in the following forms:
With the help of drops, infectious eye diseases are treated.
Few people know that this drug must be taken as a course, because Levomycetin is an antibiotic. Most patients take it for diarrhea, considering that 3 tablets is the maximum.
After such a dose, only weak bacteria die, while others survive and even become stronger. After that, the drug can no longer cope with persistent microbes. Recommended daily dose- 0.5 g 3 times a day. The duration of the minimum therapeutic course is 7 days.
Carbapenem group
Carbapenems are beta-lactam antimicrobial drugs that inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens. These medicines are intended for the treatment of severe hospital-acquired infectious diseases that are life-threatening. They are active against most bacteria, including resistant ones.
List of effective carbapenems:
Important! All of the above medications are prescription drugs and can only be prescribed by the attending physician. The drugs are administered only by the intravenous method.
Antibacterial medicines in gynecology
List of broad spectrum antibiotics used in gynecology:
These names are known to many. Antimicrobial drugs interfere with the development of bacteria, displace them, destroy them.
Since the spectrum of their activity is quite wide, they destroy useful microorganisms in addition to pathogens. As a result, the intestinal flora is disturbed, and immunity is reduced.
That is why, after a course of treatment, it is necessary to restore the body with the help of vitamin complexes.
For the treatment of gynecological diseases, vaginal or rectal suppositories as well as intramuscular and intravenous medications. Varieties of candles:
Broad-spectrum antibacterial drugs can be used alone or as part of complex therapy.
It is important to remember that antibiotics are last resort with infectious and inflammatory ailments. Do not self-medicate, because this can lead to irreparable consequences! Follow the advice of your healthcare professional.
Chapter 7. Antimicrobial drugs
Containment or cessation of microbial growth is achieved different methods(complexes of measures): antiseptics, sterilization, disinfection, chemotherapy. Accordingly, the chemicals that are used to implement these measures are called sterilizing agents, disinfectants, antiseptics, and antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs. Antimicrobial chemicals are divided into two groups: 1) unselective action- harmful to most microbes (antiseptics and disinfectants), but at the same time toxic to the cells of the macroorganism, and (2) possessselective actions(chemotherapy drugs) ..
7.1. Chemotherapy drugs
Chemotherapeutic antimicrobialsmedicines- this is chemical preparations that are used in infectious diseases for etiotropic
treatment (i.e. targeting the microbe as the cause of the disease), and (rare and acuteshit!) for the prevention of infections.
Chemotherapy drugs are injected into the body, so they should have a detrimental effect on infectious agents, but at the same time be non-toxic to humans and animals, i.e., have selectivity of action.
Thousands of chemical compounds with antimicrobial activity are currently known, but only a few dozen of them are used as chemotherapeutic agents.
According to which microbes chemotherapy drugs act on, it is determined spectrum their activities:
acting on the cellular forms of microorganisms (antibacterial, antifungalvye, antiprotozoal).Antibacterial, in turn, it is customary to subdivide into drugs narrow and broad spectrum of action: narrow- when the drug is active against only a small number of species or gram-positive or gram-negative bacteria, and wide - if the drug acts on a sufficiently large number of varieties of representatives of both groups.
antiviral chemotherapy drugs.
In addition, there are some antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs that also have againstneoplastic activity.
By type of action distinguish between chemotherapy drugs:
"Microbicidal"(bactericidal, fungicidal, etc.), ie, harmful to microbes due to irreversible damage;
"Microbostatic", that is, inhibiting the growth and reproduction of microbes.
Antimicrobial chemotherapeutic agents include the following groups of drugs:
Antibiotics(they act only on cellular forms of microorganisms; antitumor antibiotics are also known).
Synthetic chemotherapy drugs different chemical structures (among them there are drugs that act either on cellular microorganisms or on non-cellular forms of microbes).
7.1.1. Antibiotics
The fact that some microbes can somehow inhibit the growth of others has been well known for a long time. Back in 1871-1872. Russian scientists V. A Manassein and A. G. Polotebnov observed an effect in the treatment of infected wounds by applying mold. The observations of L. Pasteur (1887) confirmed that antagonism in the world of microbes is a common phenomenon, but its nature was unclear. In 1928-1929. And Fleming discovered a strain of the mold of penicillus (Penicillium notatum), secreting a chemical that inhibits the growth of staphylococcus. The substance was named "penicillin", but only in 1940 H. Flory and E. Chain were able to obtain a stable preparation of purified penicillin - the first antibiotic widely used in the clinic. In 1945 A. Fleming, H. Flory and E. Chain were awarded Nobel Prize... In our country, a great contribution to the doctrine of antibiotics was made by Z. V. Ermolyeva and G. F. Gauze.
The term "antibiotic" itself (from the Greek. anti, bios- against life) was proposed by S. Waxman in 1942 to denote natural substances, produced microorganisms and in low concentrations antagonistic to the growth of other bacteria.
Antibiotics are chemotherapy drugs from chemical compounds biological origin (natural), as well as their semi-synthetic derivatives and synthetic analogs, which in low concentrations have a selective damaging or destructive effect on microorganisms and swelling.
7.1.1.1. Sources and methods of obtaining antibiotics
The main producers of natural antibiotics are microorganisms, which, being in their natural environment(mainly in soil), synthesize antibiotics as a means of survival in the struggle for existence. Animal and plant cells can also produce some substances with selective antimicrobial action (for example, phytoncides), but they have not received widespread use in medicine as antibiotic producers.
Thus, the main sources of natural and semi-synthetic antibiotics are:
Actinomycetes(especially streptomycetes) are branching bacteria. They synthesize the majority of natural antibiotics (80%).
Mold fungi- synthesize natural beta-lactams (fungi of the genus Cephalosporiurr, and Penicillium) n fusidic acid.
Typical bacteria- for example, eubacteria, bacilli, pseudomonads - produce bacitracin, polymyxins and other substances with antibacterial action.
There are three main ways to get antibiotics:
biological synthesis (this is how natural antibiotics are obtained - natural products of fermentation, when under optimal conditions microbes-producers are cultivated, which release antibiotics in the course of their vital activity);
biosynthesis followed by chemical modifications(this is how semi-synthetic antibiotics are created). First, a natural antibiotic is obtained by biosynthesis, and then its original molecule is modified by chemical modifications, for example, certain radicals are added, as a result of which the antimicrobial and pharmacological characteristics of the drug are improved;
chemical synthesis (this is how synthetic analogs natural antibiotics, such as chloramphenicol / chloramphenicol). These are substances that have the same structure.
like a natural antibiotic, but their molecules are chemically synthesized.
7.1.1.2. Classification of antibiotics by chemical structure
By chemical structure, antibiotics are grouped into families (classes):
beta-lactams(penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)
glycopeptides
* aminoglycosides
tetracyclines
macrolides (and azalides)
lincosamides
chloramphenicol (chloramphenicol)
rifamycins
polypeptides
polyenes
different antibiotics(fusidic acid, ruzafunzhin, etc.)
Beta-lactams. The basis of the molecule is the beta-lactam ring, upon destruction of which the drugs lose their activity; the type of action is bactericidal. Antibiotics in this group are subdivided into penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, and monobactams.
Penicillins. Natural preparation - benzylpe-nicillin(penicillin G) - active against gram-positive bacteria, however, it has many disadvantages: it is quickly excreted from the body, is destroyed in acidic environment stomach, is inactivated by penicillinases - bacterial enzymes that destroy the beta-lactam ring. Semisynthetic penicillins obtained by adding various radicals to the base of natural penicillin - 6-aminopenicillanic acid - have advantages over natural preparation, including a wide range of actions:
depot preparations(bicillin), lasts about 4 weeks (creates a depot in the muscles), is used to treat syphilis, prevent recurrence of rheumatism;
acid-fast(phenoxymethylpenicillin), htya oral administration;
penicillinase-resistant(methicillin, oxacil-pl), but they have a rather narrow spectrum;
wide range(ampicillin, amoxicillin);
antipseudomonal(carboxypenicillins- carbe-nicillin, ureidopenicillins- piperacillin, azlocyllin);
combined(amoxicillin + clavulanic acid, ampicillin + sulbactam). These preparations include inhibitors enzymes - beta-lactamase(clavulanic acid, etc.), which also contain a beta-lactam ring in their molecule; their antimicrobial activity is very low, but they readily bind to these enzymes, inhibit them, and thus protect the antibiotic molecule from destruction.
V Cephalosporins. The spectrum of action is wide, but it is more active against gram-negative bacteria. According to the sequence of introduction, 4 generations (generations) of drugs are distinguished, which differ in activity spectra, resistance to beta-lactamases and some pharmacological properties, therefore drugs of the same generation not replace drugs of another generation, but supplement.
1st generation(cefazolin, cephalothin, etc.)- more active against gram-positive bacteria, destroyed by beta-lactamases;
2nd generation(cefuroxime, cefaclor, etc.)- more active against gram-negative bacteria, more resistant to beta-lactamases;
3rd generation(cefotaxime, ceftazidime, etc.) - more active against gram-negative bacteria, highly resistant to the action of beta-lactamases;
4th generation(cefepim, etc.)- act mainly on gram-positive, some gram-negative bacteria and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, resistant to the action of beta-lactamases.
Carbapenems(imipenem, etc.)- of all beta-lactams have the widest spectrum of action and are resistant to beta-lactamases.
Monobactams(aztreons, etc.) - are resistant to beta-lactamases. The spectrum of action is narrow (very active against gram-negative bacteria, including Pseudomonas aeruginosa).
GLYCOPEPTIDES(vancomycin and teicoplanin) - these are large molecules that find it difficult to pass through the pores of gram-negative bacteria. As a result, the spectrum of action is limited to gram-positive bacteria. They are used for resistance or allergy to beta-lactams, with pseudomembranous colitis caused by Clostridium difficile.
AMINOGLICOSIDES- compounds, the molecule of which includes amino sugar. The first drug, streptomycin, was obtained in 1943 by Waxman as a treatment for tuberculosis.
Several generations of drugs are now distinguished: (1) streptomycin, kanamycin, etc., (2) gentamicin,(3) sisomycin, tobramycin, etc. The drugs are bactericidal, the spectrum of action is wide (they are especially active against gram-negative bacteria, they act on some protozoa).
TETRACYCLINES is a family of large-molecular drugs containing four cyclic compounds. Currently, semi-synthetics are mainly used, for example doxycycline. The action type is static. The spectrum of action is wide (especially often used to treat infections caused by intracellular microbes: rickettsia, chlamydia, mycoplasma, brucella, legionella).
MACROLIDES(and azalides) are a family of large macrocyclic molecules. Erythromycin- the most famous and widely used antibiotic. Newer drugs: azithromycin, clarithro-mycin(they can be used only 1-2 times a day). The spectrum of action is wide, including intracellular microorganisms, legionella, Haemophilus influenzae. The type of action is static (although, depending on the type of microbe, it can also be cidal).
LINCOSAMIDES(lincomycin and its chlorinated derivative - clindamycin). Bacteriostatics. Their spectrum of action is similar to macrolides; clindamycin is especially active against anaerobes.
POLYPEPTIDES(polymyxins). The spectrum of antimicrobial action is narrow (gram-negative bacteria), the type of action is bactericidal. Very toxic. Application - external; not currently used.
POLYENES(amphotericin B, nystatin and etc.). Antifungal drugs, the toxicity of which is quite high, therefore, they are often used locally (nystatin), and in case of systemic mycoses, the drug of choice is amphotericin B.
7.1.2. Synthetic antimicrobial chemotherapy
By means of chemical synthesis, many substances have been created that do not occur in living nature, but are similar to antibiotics in their mechanism, type and spectrum of action. In 1908, P. Ehrlich synthesized salvarsan, a drug for the treatment of syphilis, on the basis of organic compounds of arsenic. However, further attempts by the scientist to create similar drugs - "magic bullets" - against other bacteria were unsuccessful. In 1935 Gerhardt Domagk proposed prontosil ("red streptocide") for the treatment of bacterial infections. The active principle of prontosil was sulfanilamide, which was released during the decomposition of prontosil in the body.
To date, many varieties of antibacterial, antifungal, antiprotozoal synthetic chemotherapeutic drugs of various chemical structures have been created. The most significant groups include: sulfonamides, nitroimidazoles, quinolones and fluoroquinolones, imidazoles, nitrofurans, etc.
Antiviral drugs constitute a special group (see section 7.6).
SULPHANYLAMIDES. The basis of the molecule of these drugs is the para-amino group, therefore) they act as analogs and competitive antagonists of para-aminobenzoic acid, which is necessary for bacteria to synthesize vital folic (tetrahydrofolic) acid, a precursor of purine and pyrimidine bases. Bacteriostatics, the spectrum of action is wide. The role of sulfonamides in the treatment of infections has recently declined, as there are many resistant strains, side effects are serious, and the activity of sulfonamides is generally lower than that of antibiotics. The only drug in this group that continues to be widely used in clinical practice, is co-trimoxazole its analogs. Co-trimoxazole (bactrim, 6ucenmol)- a combined preparation, which consists of sulfamethoxazole and trimethoprim. Both components act synergistically, potentiating each other's action. It has a bactericidal effect. Trimethoprim blocking
Table 7.1. Classification of antimicrobial chemotherapy drugs according to the mechanism of action
Cell wall synthesis inhibitors
Beta-lactams (penicillins, cephalosporins, carbapenems, monobactams)
Glycopeptides
Synthesis inhibitors
Aminogdicosides
Tetracyclines
Chloramphenicol
Lincosamides
Macrolides
Fusidic acid
Nucleic acid synthesis inhibitors
Nucleic acid precursor synthesis inhibitors
Sulfonamides
Trimethoprim DNA Replication Inhibitors
Quinolones
Nitroimidazoles
Nitrofurans RNA polymerase inhibitors
Rifamycins
Function inhibitors
cell membranes
Imidazoles
Polymyxins
stimulates the synthesis of folic acid, but at the level of another enzyme. Used for urinary tract infections caused by gram-negative bacteria.
QUINOLONES. The first drug in this class is nalidixic acid (1962). She has limited
Spectrum of action, resistance to it rapidly develops, it has found application in the treatment of infections of the choche excretory tract caused by gram-negative bacteria. Now the so called fluoroquinolones are used, i.e., fundamentally new fluorinated compounds. Benefits of fluoroquinolones- different ways introduction, bactericidal
action, good tolerance, high activity at the injection site, good permeability through the histohematogenous barrier, a fairly low risk of developing resistance. For fluoroquinolones (qi-profloxacin, norfloxacin and others) the spectrum is wide, the type of action is cidal. Used for infections caused by gram-negative bacteria (including Pseudomonas aeruginosa), intracellular
Especially active against anaerobic bacteria, since only these microbes are able to activate metronidazole by reduction. Action type -
cidal, spectrum - anaerobic bacteria and protozoa (Trichomonas, lamblia, dysentery amoeba). Imidazoles (clotrimazole and etc.). Antifungal drugs act at the level of the cytoplasmic membrane. NITROFURANES (furazolidone and etc.). Action type
tviya - cidal, spectrum - wide. Accumulate
in urine in high concentrations. They are used as uroseptics for the treatment of urinary tract infections.
The development of most diseases is associated with infection with various microbes. Antimicrobial drugs that exist to combat them are represented not only by antibiotics, but also by agents with a narrower spectrum of action. Let us consider in more detail this category of drugs and the features of their use.
Antimicrobial agents - what are they?
- Antibacterial agents are the largest group of drugs for systemic use. They are obtained using synthetic or semi-synthetic methods. They can disrupt the reproduction of bacteria or destroy pathogenic microorganisms.
- Antiseptics have a wide spectrum of action and can be used for the defeat of various pathogenic microbes. They are mainly used for local treatment of damaged skin and mucous surfaces.
- Antimycotics - antimicrobial drugs that suppress the viability of fungi. They can be used both systemically and externally.
- Antiviral drugs can affect the multiplication of various viruses and cause their death. Presented as systemic medications.
- Anti-tuberculosis drugs interfere with the life of Koch's bacillus.
Depending on the type and severity of the disease, several types of antimicrobial drugs may be prescribed simultaneously.
Types of antibiotics
Overcome the ailment caused by pathogenic bacteria, it is possible only with the help of antibacterial agents. They can be of natural, semi-synthetic and synthetic origin. Recently, drugs belonging to the latter category have been increasingly used. According to the mechanism of action, bacteriostatic (cause the death of the pathogenic agent) and bactericidal (prevent the life of the bacillus) agents are distinguished.
Antibacterial antimicrobial drugs are divided into the following main groups:
- Penicillins of natural and synthetic origin are the first drugs discovered by man that can fight dangerous infectious diseases.
- Cephalosporins have a similar effect to penicillins, but they are much less likely to cause allergic reactions.
- Macrolides inhibit growth and reproduction pathogenic microorganisms, having the least toxic effect on the body as a whole.
- Aminoglycosides are used to kill gram-negative anaerobic bacteria and are considered the most toxic antibacterial drugs;
- Tetracyclines can be natural or semi-synthetic. They are mainly used for local treatment in the form of ointments.
- Fluoroquinolones are drugs with a powerful bactericidal effect. They are used in the treatment of ENT pathologies, respiratory diseases.
- Sulfonamides - antimicrobial drugs broad action, which are sensitive to gram-negative and gram-positive bacteria.
Effective antibiotics
Prescribing drugs with antibacterial effects for the treatment of a particular ailment should only be when infection with a bacterial pathogen is confirmed. Laboratory diagnostics will also help determine the type of pathogen. This is necessary for correct selection medication.
Most often, experts prescribe antibacterial (antimicrobial) drugs with a wide range of effects. Most pathogenic bacteria are sensitive to such medicines.
TO effective antibiotics include such drugs as "Augmentin", "Amoxicillin", "Azithromycin", "Flemoxin Solutab", "Cefodox", "Amosin".
"Amoxicillin": instructions for use
The drug belongs to the category of semi-synthetic penicillins and is used in the treatment of inflammatory processes different etiology... "Amoxicillin" is produced in the form of tablets, suspensions, capsules and solution for injection. It is necessary to use an antibiotic for pathologies of the respiratory tract (lower and upper section), diseases of the genitourinary system, dermatoses, salmonellosis and dysentery, cholecystitis.
In the form of a suspension, the drug can be used to treat children from birth. The dosage in this case is calculated only by a specialist. Adults, according to the instructions, need to take 500 mg of amoxicillin trihydrate 3 times a day.
Application features
The use of antimicrobial drugs often causes the development of allergic reactions. This should be taken into account even before starting therapy. Many doctors recommend taking antibiotics at the same time antihistamines to exclude the occurrence side effects in the form of a rash and redness of the skin. It is forbidden to take antibiotics if you are intolerant to any of the components of the medicine or if there are contraindications.
Antiseptic representatives
Infection often enters the body through damaged skin... To avoid this, you should immediately treat abrasions, cuts and scrapes with special antiseptic agents... Such antimicrobial drugs work against bacteria, fungi and viruses. Even with prolonged use, pathogenic microorganisms practically do not develop resistance to the active ingredients of these drugs.
The most popular antiseptics include medications such as iodine solution, boric and salicylic acid, ethanol, potassium permanganate, hydrogen peroxide, silver nitrate, "Chlorhexidine", "Collargol", Lugol's solution.
Antiseptic drugs are often used to treat problems with the throat and mouth. They are able to suppress the reproduction of pathogenic agents and stop the inflammatory process. They can be purchased in the form of sprays, tablets, lozenges, lozenges and solutions. As additional components in the composition of such drugs are often used essential oils, vitamin C. To the most effective antiseptics for the treatment of throat and oral cavity include the following:
- Ingalipt (spray).
- "Septolete" (lozenges).
- Miramistin (spray).
- Chlorophyllipt (rinse solution).
- "Hexoral" (spray).
- "Neo-angin" (lollipops).
- "Stomatidin" (solution).
- Faringosept (tablets).
- "Lizobakt" (tablets).
When to use Faringosept?
The drug "Faringosept" is considered a powerful and safe antiseptic. If the patient has an inflammatory process in the throat, many specialists prescribe these antimicrobial pills.
Preparations containing ambazon monohydrate (like Faringosept) are highly effective against staphylococci, streptococci and pneumococci. Active substance interferes with the processes of reproduction of pathogenic agents.
Antiseptic tablets are recommended for stomatitis, pharyngitis, tonsillitis, gingivitis, tracheitis, tonsillitis. As part of complex therapy, "Faringosept" is often used in the treatment of sinusitis and rhinitis. You can prescribe the medicine to patients over three years old.
Preparations for the treatment of fungus
What antimicrobial drugs should be used to treat fungal infections? To cope with such ailments can only be done with antimycotics. Usually, antifungal ointments, creams, and solutions are used for treatment. V severe cases doctors prescribe systemic drugs.
Antimycotics can have fungistatic or fungicidal effects. This allows you to create conditions for the death of fungal spores or prevent reproduction processes. Effective antimicrobial drugs with antimycotic effect are prescribed exclusively by a specialist. The best medicines are:
- Fluconazole.
- "Clotrimazole".
- "Nystatin".
- Diflucan.
- Terbinafine.
- "Lamisil".
- Terbizil.
In severe cases, the use of both local and systemic antimycotic drugs is indicated.
More than half existing diseases caused by pathogenic viruses or bacteria that enter the body and disrupt the constancy of it internal environment... For the treatment of such infections, various antimicrobial drugs are prescribed, which are the largest group of drugs. They cause the death of fungi, bacteria, viruses, and also inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogenic microorganisms. Antimicrobial agents, unlike antibacterial agents, prevent the development of a wider range of harmful organisms.
Types of drugs and their features
Antimicrobial drugs have a number of things in common specific features and are divided into several types depending on:
- From the field of application (antiseptic, disinfectant)
- Directions of action (antifungal, antiviral)
- Method of production (antibiotics, synthetic products, natural medicines).
Before prescribing antibiotics, the sensitivity of the microflora to the drug is checked and the causative agent of the infection is identified. It is advisable to start treatment as early as possible, until the immunity is completely destroyed, and the amount harmful bacteria in the body is not so great. Often, such drugs are prescribed for various diseases skin caused by staphylococci and streptococci, as well as with fever, headache, chills.
Synthetic drugs are usually prescribed in the presence of antibiotic intolerance or lack of microflora response to them. They are highly potent antimicrobials and are often used for infections gastrointestinal tract, respiratory tract and genitourinary system.
Natural remedies help to avoid certain diseases and are used in preventive purposes... These are infusions of herbs, berries, honey and more.
Choosing a drug
When choosing a medicine for microbes, analysis data, the age of the patient, and the tolerance of the components of the drug are taken into account. During the entire course of treatment, the dynamics of the symptoms of infection is monitored, as well as the appearance of undesirable consequences. These can be allergic reactions in the form of urticaria or dermatitis, as well as dysbiosis, renal failure, cholestasis, gastritis, colitis. The instructions for use contain the entire list of side effects for each remedy. The doctor prescribes the appropriate doses and route of administration of the drug that eliminate or minimize the risk negative impact on the patient's body.
Despite the fact that each instruction for use contains information on indications for use and the required doses of the medication, you should not self-medicate. If you choose the wrong antimicrobial agents, the number of bacteria in the body will only increase, allergic reactions and dysbiosis may appear.
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