When the hormones of the thyroid gland are naughty or all about its diseases. Diseases of the thyroid gland in women

The thyroid gland is an extremely important organ that is needed for the body to function properly. It produces hormones that contain iodine. These hormones are essential for human growth and development. But the thyroid gland, like other organs, can be subjected to negative impacts environment and disease, as a result of which it needs to be treated. Depending on the diagnosis and the degree of "neglect" of the disease, for treatment thyroid gland usually used both chemicals and various procedures or funds traditional medicine... Each of these methods has its own characteristics, different effectiveness and degree of impact on the body, so it is important to use exactly the approach that is suitable in your particular case.

Only a qualified specialist can diagnose the disease and prescribe the appropriate course of therapy. If you have any suspicions or symptoms of the disease, do not treat yourself - it may harm you! Apply for professional help see an endocrinologist.

Treatment of the thyroid gland with folk remedies

Undoubtedly, official medicine today demonstrates incredible progress and offers great amount effective drugs. But often, such drugs have strong side effects on the human body and can lead to various complications. As an alternative chemicals, herbalists recommend turning to traditional medicine recipes, because herbal treatment is natural and safe way influence the cause of the disease, besides, folk remedies allow you to get rid of the disease without hormones and other active ingredients which have a large number of contraindications.

We have put together some recipes for you to treat thyroid problems.

With hypothyroidism

Take kelp powder three times a day, diluting ½ tsp in a glass of water.
Take 15 g of dried lily of the valley flowers per 100 g of alcohol, leave for 5-7 days. Take 10 drops three times a day. Dilute the alcoholic infusion with water before use.
Potentilla root is used not only for the manufacture of dietary supplements to maintain the gland, but can also be used for treatment folk methods at home. Mix the root of this plant, nettle leaves, gorse, dandelion root, cocklebur, carrot seeds (in a ratio of 1: 3: 1: 1: 2: 1). Mix well. Take 1 tbsp. l collection for ½ l of water, cook for 5 minutes after boiling. Chill to room temperature, drain. Add 2 ml of alcoholic infusion from the partitions walnut... Drink four times a day - 25 ml. Can be combined with kelp powder.
Prepare a mixture of 1 kg of honey, 100 g of garlic (chopped), 300 g of peeled walnuts and 50 g of anise seeds. Stir until smooth before each use. Drink 1 tbsp. l funds half an hour before meals.
Mix flowers of wild strawberry, bedstraw, thyme, budra, mountain ash and woodlice grass (in equal parts). Brew 1 tbsp. l collection for 200 ml of boiling water, leave for 30 minutes. Drink in the morning on an empty stomach.

With thyroiditis

Mix 1 tbsp. l buckwheat, 5 walnut kernels (pre-chopped) and 1 tbsp of honey. Take in small portions throughout the day. Consume every three days.
Take 1 tbsp of hawthorn flowers and pour 1/2 liter of alcohol or vodka. Insist 7 days. Take, previously diluted in a ratio of 1: 5 s drinking water(up to 20 g of diluted infusion three times a day before meals).
Insist 1 tsp of celandine leaves in 200 ml of boiling water for an hour. Strain and drink 150 ml of liquid. This folk way suitable for external use - you can make compresses, lubricate the gland area.
Insist 2 tbsp. l medicinal sweet clover per 200 ml of boiling water for 1 hour. Consume 100 ml at a time, 3 times a day before meals.
Boil 1 tbsp. l St. John's wort in 200 g of water (cook for 5 minutes). Insist half an hour. Drink ½ glass three times a day. Or alcoholic infusion: 1 part St. John's wort to 5 parts of vodka (insist 7 days), drink 1 tsp three times a day.

With goiter

Grind ½ kg of red onion in a meat grinder, place in cheesecloth and attach to the neck. Fasten and insulate, leave for 2 hours. Course - twice a week, 8 times in total.
For 200 g of boiling water, take 1 tbsp. l of chamomile flowers. Boil for 10 minutes, leave for 4 hours. Drink half a glass after meals.
For 200 g of water, take 1 tbsp. l red rowan berries, cook for 10 minutes. Insist broth for half an hour, take 100 ml three times a day.
Drink 50 ml of freshly squeezed arnica juice three times a day before main meals (30 minutes).
For 200 g of boiling water, take 2 tbsp. l berries, leave for 2 hours. Drink 100 ml 3-4 times a day. The course lasts up to 30 days, then a break for 1-2 months is required.

Important! If you are using traditional medicine in combination with drug treatment, radioiodine therapy or planning a surgery, be sure to notify your doctor about the medications you are taking!

Treatment of the thyroid gland with radioactive iodine

Radioactive iodine treatment is used as an alternative treatment. It can be used for diagnoses and situations such as:

cancer (papillary and follicular);
hyperthyroidism, which has arisen against the background of benign formations;
thyrotoxicosis, which has arisen as a complication of hyperthyroidism;
diffuse toxic goiter;
high risk of complications after surgery;
previous operations on the gland.

The essence of the method lies in the destruction of the tissue of the gland (healthy and damaged cells) under the influence of radiation. As a consequence of the influence radioactive iodine hypothyroidism develops (in this case, this is the expected result of therapy), after which a course of substitution treatment is carried out. The action is irreversible, its results can be seen several months after treatment.

Beta rays of low penetration ability do not threaten the tissues adjacent to the gland.

Preparing for treatment

medications taken are canceled no later than 4 days before the start of treatment;
a test is performed for the absorption of the drug by the body;
pregnancy is excluded (relevant for women of reproductive age);
transition to dietary menu(in 2 weeks).

Possible negative consequences

dry mouth;
edema;
pain in the location of the salivary glands, in the neck and tongue;
nausea, vomiting;
sore throat;
violation of taste sensations;
increased fatigue;
pain in muscle tissues, joints;
dry eyes;
depression;
exacerbation of chronic pathologies.

The procedure is not performed while the child is being carried. During lactation, breastfeeding is stopped for the duration of treatment (a week after the session). The patient requires outpatient follow-up until the stabilization of hormone production. In rare cases, the procedure is repeated.

Thyroid medications

Depending on the disease, its stage and how it proceeds, doctors prescribe medications for the thyroid gland. Most of them are used to replenish the lack of iodine in the body. As a rule, these are medicines based on liothyronine, potassium iodide, levothyroxine. We have collected for you popular drugs, their advantages, disadvantages and contraindications:

Name	Acting substance	Advantages	Flaws	Contraindications
Endocrinol	Flavonoids, saponins, vitamin E. Consists of plant materials - cinquefoil, stellate, palm and linseed oils.	Rapid stabilization of the hormonal profile, increasing skin elasticity, improving metabolic processes in the body.	For the result, it is recommended to combine with the gel. With prolonged use, allergic manifestations are possible.	Age up to 12 years, pregnancy, lactation, atypical reaction of immunity to the components of dietary supplements, severe pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract.
Iodine asset	Iodcasein	Effective prevention of iodine deficiency. The drug makes up for the lack of a substance in the body.	In case of an overdose, symptoms of excess iodine are observed: sore throat, nausea, vomiting.	Allergies, excess iodine in the body.
Iodine balance	Potassium iodide	It is used to eliminate goiter caused by iodine deficiency. Prevents relapse after the end of hormone therapy or surgery. Effective for diffuse euthyroid goiter ( age category- from birth to middle age).	Forbidden during therapy with radioactive iodine and suspected or diagnosed malignant tumors.	Dühring's dermatitis (herpetiform type), thyrotoxicosis, nodular goiter, toxic adenoma, allergy.
Iodomarin	Potassium iodide	Quickly replenishes the lack of iodine in the body. Approved for therapy and prophylaxis in pregnant and lactating women. Suitable for relapse prevention.	Incompatible with some drugs - containing lithium, potassium-sparing diuretics.	Hyperthyroidism, intolerance to the components of the drug, toxic adenoma.
Potassium iodide	Potassium iodide	Prevents goiter recurrence after surgery. It is used for the prevention and treatment of endemic goiter.	It is permissible for pregnant women to use it only in the 1st trimester at a dosage not exceeding 30 mcg. Penetrates into breast milk, during therapy, lactation must be interrupted. May cause allergic reactions, sleep disturbances, diarrhea, sweating, tachycardia and irritability.	Allergy to the components of the drug, latent and pronounced hyperthyroidism, Duhring's disease, toxic adenoma, renal failure.
Thyroidin	A hormonal preparation obtained from natural raw materials - the thyroid gland of animals (thyroxine and triiodothyronine).	Differs in fast action, fights atherosclerosis - lowers cholesterol levels. Effective for cretinism, sharp deterioration the work of the thyroid gland, oncological formations and obesity, complicated by hypothyroidism.	May cause an attack of angina pectoris, allergies, tachycardia. In case of an overdose, symptoms of intoxication occur - sweating, heart palpitations, increased excitability.	General depletion of the body. Diabetes. Allergic reaction, severe coronary insufficiency, thyrotoxicosis, Addison's disease.
Mercazolil	Thiamazole	Effective in the treatment of toxic diffuse goiter, Plummer's disease, thyrotoxic crisis. It is used at the stage of preparation for surgery for thyrotoxicosis and in preparation for radioiodine therapy and the latency period.	Capable of provoking development a large number side effects: liver dysfunction, joint pain, drug-type hypothyroidism, leukopenia, goitrogenic effect, allergies, joint pain, baldness. It is prescribed with caution with cardiac glycosides.	Do not use for nodular forms of goiter, during pregnancy and lactation, leukopenia, allergies to the components of the drug.

Treatment with drugs of any group can only be started after consultation with a specialist and a proper examination! Self-medication and ignoring the problem can cause complications, active progression of pathology and undesirable effects after uncontrolled intake of drugs.

Treatment of the thyroid gland in women

Thyroid abnormalities can affect reproductive function in women, therefore it is especially important to pay attention to characteristic symptoms manifestations of the disease, and timely start treatment medications or folk remedies.

Traditional methods will help restore disturbed metabolic processes, eliminate unpleasant symptoms, and restore the menstrual cycle.

Treatment of the thyroid gland in men

Therapy for thyroid diseases in men does not differ significantly from the treatment of other categories of patients, but there are differences in symptoms and complications:

Hypothyroidism is accompanied by erectile dysfunction.
Thyrotoxicosis is characterized by the following symptoms: decreased sex drive, erectile dysfunction, thickening of the front of the legs and back side stop. Complications arise in the form of osteoporosis, fragility of bone tissue. Cases of heart attack are increasing.

The rest of the symptoms do not differ, the therapy has no peculiarities, except that thyrotoxicosis is more severe in men, and more often requires a longer treatment with a combination of medicines and folk remedies.

Treatment of the thyroid gland in children

For the treatment of the thyroid gland in children, it is important to accurately classify the disease - the causes of its occurrence play a large role in the choice of therapeutic measures.

Congenital hypothyroidism (cretinism) occurs in 1 in 4000 newborns and, in the absence of timely therapy, can cause irreversible changes in various body systems and especially seriously affect the brain. The detection of pathology at the age of 1-1.5 months can significantly improve the situation and preserve the functioning of organs. Mental capacity depend on how early action is taken. If the course of treatment is started after 1-1.5 months of the child's life, the consequences will be irreversible.
Acquired hypothyroidism can be suspected when the child is physically and mentally present. Without timely treatment there is a violation of all organ systems, mental retardation, death is possible.
Thyrotoxicosis occurs at the age of 3-12 years. Often combined with Cushing's, Albright's syndromes, acromegaly, and early puberty. The disease in newborns is extremely rare and most often goes away without any therapeutic measures during the first months of life.
Thyroiditis is a group of inflammatory diseases, accounting for 1-2% of all cases of thyroid disease. They require treatment based on antibiotics.

For the treatment of children, it is extremely important to diagnose the disease as soon as possible and begin treatment. Only correctly selected therapy can get rid of the disease and associated changes that provoke serious metabolic disorders and the child's nervous system.

The thyroid gland is an organ of the endocrine system responsible for the synthesis of the hormones thyroxine (T 3), triiodothyronine (T 4) and calcitonin, which, in turn, together with the nervous and immune systems, regulate the work of the whole organism. Diseases of the thyroid gland become more frequent every year, especially women suffer from them. This is due to the many hormonal shocks that overtake them throughout their lives, such as pregnancy and menopause.

Anatomy and function of the thyroid gland

The thyroid gland is located on the front of the neck, consists of two lobes and an isthmus between them, normally its weight ranges from 20 to 30 g. Its size during life may differ even in the same person. It depends on age, diet, medication intake and many more factors. The thyroid gland is not in a static position; it shifts slightly when swallowing or turning the head.

The thyroid gland consists of follicles - rounded formations that are filled with colloidal fluid. The follicles are separated from each other by a thin connective tissue, in which there are a large number of lymphatic and blood capillaries, as well as nerve endings. The colloid consists of thyroglobulin (a protein that is synthesized from the amino acid tyrosine) and iodine atoms. For the formation of thyroxine, four iodine atoms are needed, and for triiodothyronine, three. Without iodine, the synthesis of thyroid hormones is impossible. These components are not produced by the body on its own, but come from food. From the colloidal liquid, hormones enter the bloodstream.

After the hormones T 3 and T 4 enter the blood, they combine with transport proteins and are in an inactive state. As needed, they are detached from the transport proteins and perform their function. The hypothalamus and pituitary gland are responsible for the regulation of the production of these hormones.

In addition to thyroid hormones, the thyroid gland produces calcitonin - it regulates calcium-phosphorus metabolism.

Thyroid pathologies can be roughly divided into groups:

diseases resulting from a lack of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism);
diseases with an increased content of hormones in the blood (hyperthyroidism or, in other words, Basedow's disease);
congenital abnormalities (underdeveloped or completely absent thyroid gland, its incorrect position);
inflammatory diseases of the gland (thyroiditis);
various forms of goiter (endemic, sporadic, toxic);
tumors.

Hypothyroidism

Disease of the thyroid gland caused by an insufficient amount of thyroid hormones in the blood is called hypothyroidism. According to statistics, 1 in 1000 men and 19 out of 1000 women have this disease.

Diagnostics can be difficult, because the course of the disease passes slowly, without acute conditions. The disease affects the functioning of all body systems, because hormones are involved in important biochemical reactions that regulate metabolic, metabolic processes, the synthesis of sex hormones. If the disease is not treated, then the most important systems - the cardiovascular and central nervous system - are at risk.

Hypothyroidism is divided into primary, secondary, and tertiary. When, due to a malfunction of the thyroid gland itself, the secretion of hormones decreases, this is primary hypothyroidism. Secondary and tertiary are associated with impaired regulation of hormone production, for which the pituitary gland and hypothalamus are responsible.

The reasons for the development of the disease

The main reason for the development of hypothyroidism is inflammation of the thyroid gland - autoimmune thyroiditis (Hashimoto's disease). But there are many other factors:

congenital underdevelopment of the thyroid gland;
removal of the thyroid gland;
consequence radiation therapy for tumors, radiation exposure;
iodine deficiency states;
tumor formations in the thyroid gland;
pituitary adenoma;
meningoecephalitis with the capture of the hypothalamus region;
severe head injuries;
long-term treatment with serotonin drugs;
chronic autoimmune diseases, due to which antibodies to thyroid hormones of the thyroid gland appear;
disorders in the transport of hormones due to defects in transport proteins.

Symptoms of hypothyroidism

The symptoms of this disease may not be pronounced, especially in the early stages. It is worthwhile to be wary if you have:

general weakness, lack of vitality, muscle pain and cramps, numbness of the limbs, stiffness and slowness of movement;
low blood pressure, low heart rate;
lethargy, lethargy and depression, memory impairment;
hearing and vision impairment;
pale and yellowish skin, its dryness and flaking;
brittle hair and nails;
swelling of the face and limbs;
with a constant diet, an increase in body weight;
in women, menstrual irregularities, decreased libido;
impotence in men;
decreased immunity;
side disorders digestive system: frequent constipation, gastritis, nausea and vomiting.

Diagnostics

To confirm the diagnosis, the endocrinologist must conduct an initial examination, palpation of the thyroid gland, collect anamnesis and prescribe a number of studies. The first and rather informative is the analysis of the level of free hormones T 3 and T 4, as well as the level thyroid-stimulating hormone(TSH). If the content of TSH is increased, and the level of thyroid hormones is lowered, this is the first sign of hypothyroidism.

Ultrasound of the thyroid gland gives information about its volume, location, presence or absence of neoplasms.

To clarify the nature of the disease, hardware diagnostics are performed. For this, an ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland and scintigraphy are prescribed, in some cases - an MRI. In the presence of nodes, a biopsy and histological examination are prescribed.

Treatment

Substitution therapy is the mainstay of treatment for hypothyroidism. The principle is the artificial introduction of thyroid hormones into the body.

For treatment, drugs containing levothyroxine (Eutirox, Bogothyrox and L-thyroxine) are used. Often, therapy involves lifelong medication, with the exception of cases of temporary primary hypothyroidism. The optimal dosage, frequency and dosage regimen of the drug is prescribed by the doctor, based on the test results. The feasibility of increasing the dose is considered 4-6 weeks after the previous appointment.

Etiotropic therapy is based on the treatment of the underlying disease that caused hypothyroidism, if any. In this case, iodine preparations are prescribed in case of its lack.

Symptomatic therapy is used as an adjunct to the main, substitution, and is aimed at removing symptoms and slowing down pathological changes in organs and tissues. Cardioprotectors are used, vitamin complexes, drugs to improve metabolic processes in the brain, as well as sex hormones to normalize the menstrual cycle in women.

Consequences of hypothyroidism

Depending on the degree of the disease, the consequences may be different. In children - mental and physical retardation, cretinism, infantilism, heart problems, reduced immunity.

In adults - decreased intelligence and memory, heart problems, low blood pressure, menstrual disorders, ovarian atrophy, infertility, mastopathy, myxedema, hypothyroid coma.

Myxedema

Myxedema is a pathology in which the thyroid gland does not fulfill its function, stopping the production of thyroid hormones. This is a severe form of hypothyroidism, with pronounced mucous edema. This pretty rare disease occurs mainly in women during menopause, but there are no age restrictions.

Myxedema is divided into types - thyroid (acquired and congenital) and hypothalamic-pituitary.

Causes

The main reason is low levels of T 3 and T 4 hormones. You can also highlight:

autoimmune thyroiditis;
treatment of hypothyroidism with radioactive isotope of iodine;
swelling of the thyroid gland;
lack of iodine;
complications after thyroid surgery;
pituitary and hypothalamic hypothyroidism;
autoimmune pathologies.

Symptoms

In addition to increasing the symptoms of hypothyroidism, note:

arthrosis;
myalgia;
heartache;
uterine bleeding;
inflammation in the abdominal cavity;
deterioration in general well-being.

In children, the disease manifests itself with the following symptoms and complications:

delay in physical, mental and sexual development;
cretinism.

Diagnostics

Diagnostics includes taking anamnesis, laboratory tests (blood test for hormones, TSH level, analysis for antibodies to thyroperoxidase). Also appoint:

computed tomography of the thyroid gland;
biopsy and histological examination;
X-ray of the gland;
electrocardiography of the heart.

Treatment

The only treatment for myxedema of the thyroid gland is medication. Replacement therapy with L-thyroxine (levothyroxine) is carried out throughout life, since it is impossible to restore the function of the thyroid gland. In addition, the administration of glucocorticoid drugs is prescribed. Correction of hemodynamic abnormalities and treatment aimed at relieving symptoms to alleviate the patient's condition are also carried out.

Iodine preparations are prescribed by an endocrinologist for iodine deficiency in accordance with age and general condition the patient. The diet consists of a balanced diet rich in vitamins, minerals and iodine. It is important for the patient to maintain their immunity with natural immunomodulators, without resorting to pills.

Hypothyroid coma

One of the most serious diseases thyroid gland. It is a complication caused by uncompensated hypothyroidism or myxedema. It happens rarely, mostly elderly women are affected, but the mortality rate is high and reaches 50-80%. Delayed diagnosis complicates treatment.

There are three phases:

slowed down activity of the brain (consciousness is confused);
precoma (disorientation, practically unconscious state);
coma (loss of consciousness, often not reversible).

Causes

The main reason is the lack of treatment for hypothyroidism and its late diagnosis.

hypothermia of the body;
acute and chronic diseases (pneumonia, myocardial infarction, viral infections etc.);
hypoglycemia;
hypoxia;
surgery, radiation therapy;
alcohol abuse.

Symptoms

The clinical picture develops as an increase in the symptoms of hypothyroidism. Other signs are also added:

oliguria (slowing down the production of urine);
hypothermia;
hypoxia of the brain;
decrease in pulmonary volume;
accumulation of fluid in the abdominal cavity;
thinking disorders, neuroses, personality changes.

Diagnostics

Diagnosis is usually not difficult, because the symptoms are very characteristic of the clinical picture of hypothyroidism. Laboratory tests are prescribed (determination of the level of TSH, T 3 and T 4 in the blood). The physician must differentiate the disease from stroke, uremic and eclampsic coma, and complications associated with diabetes.

Treatment

A patient with a hypothyroid coma is hospitalized. Treatment, as in hypothyroidism, is aimed at compensating for the lack of hormones in the blood. Replacement therapy with intravenous L-thyroxine is prescribed, as well as general supportive therapy. Disorders are being treated respiratory function, hypoglycemia, cardiovascular system, as well as normalization of heat exchange processes, elimination of anemia.

Cretinism

Another thyroid disease caused by a lack of hormones is cretinism. This is a form of congenital hypothyroidism. It is characterized by a delay in mental and physical development, in 10% of cases, patients cannot independently provide themselves with conditions for a fulfilling life... Life expectancy is usually no more than 30-40 years. The disease is most common in iodine-deficient regions.

Causes

The main reason is a low level of thyroid hormones T 3, T 4 or a complete cessation of their production by the gland. Since cretinism - congenital disease thyroid gland, the cause in most cases should be sought in the health of the mother. These reasons include:

lack of thyroid hormones due to hereditary disorder in the work of the thyroid gland;
underdevelopment of the thyroid gland in the fetus, its displaced position or complete absence;
autoimmune diseases in a pregnant woman;
lack of iodine in the body;
treatment of a pregnant woman with thyreostatic drugs;
child conceived from close relative also has increased risk get sick with cretinism.

The severity of cretinism depends on the amount of iodine consumed by the mother while carrying the baby. Even in the womb, with ultrasound examination and blood donation for fetal pathology, abnormalities in the development of the thyroid gland can be suspected.

Symptoms

For cretinism, the following signs can be noted:

developmental retardation in babies (retardation in the development of speech, musculoskeletal system);
low body weight in a newborn;
asymmetrical face: wide-set eyes, low forehead, thick lips;
improper body proportions, poor posture, scoliosis;
muscle weakness;
pale, dry skin and sparse hair;
poorly developed genitals, infertility in women and impotence in men;
delayed puberty in adolescents;
hearing loss;
strabismus;
lowered immunity;
disorders of the cardiovascular system;
problems at work gastrointestinal tract(frequent constipation);
mental disorders (dementia, idiocy).

Diagnostics

For diagnostics, carry out screening test on the level of hormones and a clinical blood test. Ultrasound and X-ray - to detect the size of the thyroid gland.

Treatment

Cretinism - chronic illness thyroid gland. Hormone replacement therapy is the only treatment. Timely diagnosis and treatment started do not allow the development of more severe forms cretinism. Patients are constantly monitored by an endocrinologist to adjust the dose of the drug and the treatment regimen.

Hyperthyroidism (thyrotoxicosis)

Too active production of thyroid hormones (T 3 and T 4) causes thyroid disease - hyperthyroidism. In this case, all metabolic processes are accelerated, causing various pathologies... Depending on the degree of impairment, hyperthyroidism is divided into three types:

primary (the function of the thyroid gland itself is impaired);
secondary (the work of the pituitary gland is disrupted);
tertiary (abnormalities in the hypothalamus).

Also classified into several forms:

subclinical (when the disease is asymptomatic);
manifest (characteristic symptoms appear);
complicated (manifested atrial fibrillation, dystrophy, psychosis, etc.).

Often, the disease affects women between the ages of 20 and 45. Most of all, with hyperthyroidism, the cardiovascular system suffers. Due to the increased need for oxygen in organs and tissues, heartbeats become more frequent, which negatively affects the work of the heart.

Causes

Other pathologies of the thyroid gland are a common cause of the development of thyrotoxicosis. About 70% of the morbidity is associated with diffuse toxic goiter. Other reasons:

Hashimoto's autoimmune thyroiditis;
subacute thyroiditis;
nodular goiter;
toxic adenoma of the thyroid gland;
pituitary tumors;
excessive intake of synthetic thyroid hormones;
genetic predisposition.

Symptoms

Due to the increased function of the thyroid gland, metabolic processes are accelerated, which affects all systems of the body. It follows from this that the symptoms of hyperthyroidism are very multifaceted and depend on the degree and duration of the disease:

On the part of the cardiovascular system, symptoms manifest themselves as rapid heartbeat (tachycardia), arrhythmia, heart failure, high blood pressure.
Disorders of the nervous system include irritability, unreasonable anxiety, aggression and fear, hand tremors, and insomnia.
Exophthalmos (bulging eyes), dry eyes, increased tearing are symptoms that relate to ophthalmology.
Disorders in the gastrointestinal tract include frequent diarrhea, loss of appetite, and paroxysmal abdominal pain.
Decreased lung volume and shortness of breath even when walking slowly.
a lack of vital energy, weakness in muscles, trembling in the body.
Hair loss and brittle nails, brittle bones, dry skin can be some of the first symptoms.
Changes are also noticeable in the reproductive system. In women, the menstrual cycle is disturbed, libido decreases, and the likelihood of infertility is high. Men show impotence.
Most patients complain of excessive sweating, even in a cool room, they are thrown into a fever.
Weight loss is noticeable even with a stable diet
Intense thirst.

Diagnostics

Like most thyroid disorders associated with hormone balance, the diagnosis of hyperthyroidism begins with initial examination and taking an analysis for the level of thyroid hormones in the blood. The next step is ultrasound. This test will help determine the size of the thyroid gland and detect the presence of nodules. To check the function of the heart and exclude possible deviations, an ECG is prescribed. If there are nodules on the thyroid gland, the doctor will order a biopsy and histological examination.

Treatment

Depending on the severity of the disease, the patient's age and the individual characteristics of his body, the doctor may prescribe one of the treatment options:

The drug method is aimed at suppressing the function of the thyroid gland. Prescribed drugs that block the synthesis of thyroid hormones T 3 and T 4. Also, the doctor prescribes medications that remove symptoms in order to improve the general condition.
Radioactive iodine treatment is highly effective and safe method... When iodine enters the body, it destroys the cells of the thyroid gland, while the dead cells are replaced by connective tissue. As a result, patients develop hypothyroidism (lack of hormones). Substitution therapy after such treatment does not affect the patient's quality of life.

The surgical method of treatment is used under the following conditions:

retrosternal goiter;
significant increase in the thyroid gland (from 45 mm);
allergies and other side effects from medication treatment;
malignant tumors of the thyroid gland.

This removes either most or all of the thyroid gland. The patient must be prescribed hormone replacement therapy. In addition to treatment, you should pay attention to your diet, consume more protein and carbohydrate foods, vitamins. Limit alcohol consumption and quit smoking.

Autoimmune thyroiditis (AIT)

Autoimmune diseases refer to the reaction of the immune system against its own organs and tissues. AIT, or Hashimoto's disease, - inflammatory process, in which antibodies are formed that destroy the cells of the thyroid gland. This disease is very common, and people aged 40 to 50 suffer from it more often. AIT can be divided into several varieties:

Chronic or lymphomatous. The death of thyroid hormones occurs, which can lead to the development of hypothyroidism.
Postpartum. It occurs due to an excessive overload of the woman's body during pregnancy.
Cytokine-induced. Occurs when long-term treatment interferon preparations.

Causes

There is a high probability of getting sick with autoimmune thyroiditis if you have a hereditary predisposition to this. However, several more reasons can be noted:

long-term intake of iodine-containing and hormonal drugs;
radiation exposure and prolonged exposure to the sun;
frequent stress, depression;
chronic and acute respiratory diseases;

Symptoms

Often in the initial phase (euthyroidism) thyroiditis is asymptomatic, the thyroid gland is not enlarged and does not cause concern to the patient, its functions are not impaired. In most cases, only an endocrinologist during examination can notice signs of the disease. But even when symptoms begin to appear, it is easy to confuse them with ordinary malaise, when a person experiences general weakness, depression, or simply a deterioration in mood. This means that AIT goes into the phase of hypothyroidism, when there is a decrease in thyroid function.

Also, an abnormality in the function of the thyroid gland can be directed upward when too many hormones are produced. This condition is called thyrotoxicosis. The symptoms of hyperthyroidism and thyrotoxicosis are different.

Diagnostics

Based on the history and test results, the endocrinologist diagnoses AIT. In the general analysis of blood, an increased level of lymphocytes is noticeable, although the level of leukocytes is lowered. Analysis for free thyroid hormones T 3 and T 4, as well as TSH will show in what stage autoimmune thyroiditis is. In 90% of cases, there is an increase in antibodies to thyroperoxidase (AT-TPO) and an increase in antibodies to thyroglobulin (AT-TG).

With ultrasound of the thyroid gland, its increase is observed. Also, the doctor prescribes a biopsy and histological examination, which gives a broader picture of the disease.

Treatment

Thyroiditis is treated with medication. The main goal is to maintain normal thyroid function. When the function is increased, thyrostatics are prescribed (drugs that reduce the synthesis of hormones) or, at the discretion of the doctor, medicines that reduce the symptoms of the disease.

If AIT occurs at the stage of hypothyroidism, L-thyroxine is prescribed. Also, anti-inflammatory drugs (Indomethacin, Voltaren) are used to lower the titer of autoantibodies. The dosage is selected by the endocrinologist individually for each patient. Therapy is prescribed for life.

Goiter

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland that is not associated with malignancy or inflammation. It is most often found in iodine-deficient areas, but it can also be triggered by an overabundance of iodine. Women of mature age are several times more likely to have goiter than men. Goiter can be classified according to morphological characteristics:

Diffuse goiter - has no nodes, the thyroid gland enlarges evenly, its function gradually decreases.
Nodular goiter - in the tissues of the thyroid gland there are a node or nodes (), the enlargement of the thyroid gland is uneven, the function also decreases.
– mixed type, in which there are signs of both diffuse and nodular goiter.

Etiopathogenetic signs:

endemic goiter - enlargement of the gland due to a lack of iodine in the body;
sporadic goiter - diffuse or nodular enlargement of the thyroid gland, not associated with iodine deficiency.

Classification by the degree of enlargement of the thyroid gland:

0 degree - no goiter;
1 degree - the goiter is palpable, but not noticeable to the eye;
2 degree - the goiter is palpable, it is large.

Causes

Iodine deficiency is the main cause of goiter development. Endemic goiter is considered the most common. The rest of the reasons can be divided into:

hypothyroidism, which occurs when the secretion of thyroid hormones is impaired;
hyperthyroidism, which provokes toxic goiter or inflammation.

Diseases internal organs and heredity, toxic substances entering the human body due to poor ecology and low-quality products are also risk factors.

Symptoms

The disease does not manifest itself immediately, at the first stages it does not show any signs. Over time, the patient notices a puffy neck in the Adam's apple. If we talk about the nodal origin of the goiter, then the enlargement of the thyroid gland is often one-sided and heterogeneous.

Goiter is characterized by the following symptoms:

Difficulty breathing is felt due to compression of the trachea.
The voice becomes hoarse.
Cough haunted.
Unpleasant sensations when swallowing, "lump" in the throat.
Dizziness and headaches.
With hypothyroidism, there is hypotension, a feeling of constriction in the region of the heart.
Shortness of breath even with little exercise.
Memory impairment, mental retardation.
With hyperplasia, the body temperature rises.
Body weight is rapidly decreasing.
The patient suffers from insomnia.
Unreasonable aggressiveness and irritability.
Disorders of the gastrointestinal tract.
Hair loss, dry skin, brittle nails.

Diagnostics

As with any thyroid disease, after taking a history and a visual examination, the first step is to pass a complete blood count and blood test for the level of thyroid hormones. The instrumental method includes ultrasound. Using this method, you can determine the nature of the disease, the size and structure of the goiter, and also establish its type. With the nodular type of goiter, a biopsy is prescribed to exclude a malignant neoplasm.

Treatment

The main treatment for hypothyroidism is thyroid hormone replacement therapy. If the cause of the disease is the hyperfunction of the gland, the situation is more complicated, since the risk of tumor formation is quite high. Often, with this development of events, doctors advise surgical intervention.

Another method is treatment with radioactive iodine. This destroys the tissues of the thyroid gland, which ultimately leads to hypothyroidism. But this is not a side effect, but a goal, because the treatment of hypothyroidism is quite simple - thyroid hormone therapy.

Thyroid cancer

Thyroid cancer is a malignant tumor when there is abnormal growth of cells inside the gland. The statistics are quite favorable, there is a very high chance of being completely cured. There are such forms of carcinoma:

follicular;
papillary;
medullary.

Highly aggressive forms include:

anaplastic cancer;
squamous cell carcinoma.

The most common is papillary thyroid cancer, it is also the safest.

Rare forms, accounting for 1-2%, are lymphoma, sarcoma, fibrosarcoma, epidermoid and metastatic cancer.

Causes

When diagnosing thyroid cancer, the doctor is unlikely to be able to say for sure what exactly triggered the disease. However, there are a number of the most likely factors:

radiation exposure;
genetic predisposition;
iodine deficiency;
the presence of autoimmune processes;
nodular formations of the thyroid gland.

Also, one of the possible reasons is considered to be mutations of certain genes, which lead to uncontrolled cell division.

Symptoms

The first symptom to notice is a lump in the neck. Also, cancer causes swollen lymph nodes, pain in cervical spine, sometimes hoarseness, discomfort when swallowing and coughing. Symptoms of thyroid cancer may be similar to other tumors.

Diagnostics

After a visual examination, an ultrasound examination of the thyroid gland is performed, with which it is possible to determine the size, location and morphological features neoplasms. If the node is more than 1 cm in size, a biopsy and histological examination are prescribed. An isotope scan helps determine if the cancer has spread beyond the thyroid gland.

Treatment

With this disease, the main method is considered to be surgical intervention, in which either most, or the entire thyroid gland. After removal of the thyroid gland, hormone replacement therapy is prescribed. Radiation or chemotherapy is used for small tumors.

Prevention of thyroid diseases

The main preventive measure there must be an adequate intake of iodine. Daily rate consumption for adults - 150 mcg, for pregnant women - 200-250 mcg. It is best to stick to a specific diet rich in iodine (see table). You can also take medications (for example, Iodomarin), so it is easier to control the amount of iodine entering the body. Before using, consult an endocrinologist, as there are categories of people for whom the use of iodine can be dangerous.

Being overweight negatively affects the functioning of the thyroid gland, so if you have problems with this, you should consider losing weight.
Healthy way life, smoking cessation and alcohol abuse will help prevent thyroid disease.

As we have seen, there are a large number of types of thyroid diseases. All have their own symptoms and treatment characteristics. The main preventive method, which can be advised to all those who care about their health - to visit endocrinologist at least once a year. This will help to diagnose any disease in time. early stages when treatment has the most favorable outcome.

It is hard to tell if you have a thyroid disorder or not. You may feel tired and lethargic, gain weight, or lose hair.

Others may be hyperactive, restless, and sweat more than usual. These are all common symptoms of thyroid disease.

The thyroid gland regulates many processes in the human body. Women are more likely to have disorders that affect the function of this very important endocrine gland. Identifying and treating these conditions is critical to maintaining optimal health and preventing chronic problems.

The thyroid gland is located in the front of the neck. She has a right and left lobe, which gives it the appearance of a butterfly. The hormones produced by this endocrine gland regulate the body's metabolism - or the processes by which the body uses energy.

Disorders that affect thyroid function can either speed up or slow down metabolic processes, which can lead to the development wide range symptoms.

Changes in weight can signal thyroid dysfunction. Low levels of thyroid hormones (hypothyroidism) can lead to weight gain, whereas unexpected decline weight weight may indicate that too much thyroid hormone is being produced (hyperthyroidism). Hypothyroidism is much more common than hyperthyroidism.

A goiter is an enlargement of the thyroid gland. An enlarged thyroid gland may look like a lump in the front of the neck. Goiter can result from both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Sometimes it can appear due to tumors or nodules that develop inside the thyroid gland.

The hormones produced by the thyroid gland affect almost every organ in the body, including the heart. Hypothyroidism can lead to a slow heart rate, whereas hyperthyroidism causes tachycardia. Elevated thyroid hormone levels also lead to an increase in blood pressure and a feeling of palpitations.

Thyroid disease can affect emotional and energy state person, his mood. Hypothyroidism can cause symptoms similar to depression, fatigue, and lethargy. Hyperthyroidism is associated with sleep disturbances, irritability, anxiety and restlessness.

Hair loss is a common symptom of thyroid disease. Both too high and too low levels of thyroid hormones can lead to hair loss. Hair tends to grow back after the condition is treated.

The thyroid gland affects the regulation of body temperature. Therefore, people with hypothyroidism often report feeling cold. In contrast, people with hyperthyroidism tend to be prone to excessive sweating and aversion to heat.

Other symptoms and signs of hypothyroidism include:

Constipation
Menstrual changes or irregularities
Dry skin and brittle nails
Tingling and numbness in the hands or fingers

Other symptoms and signs of hyperthyroidism include:

Vision problems
Diarrhea
Irregularity of the menstrual cycle
Trembling hands
Muscle weakness

Thyroid disease can cause symptoms that are mistaken for menopause in women. Changes in the menstrual cycle and mood can be the result of menopause or thyroid disease. Blood tests can help determine which of these conditions is responsible for the symptoms in women. In addition, there may be a combination of these two reasons.

The American Thyroid Association recommends that everyone be screened for thyroid disease every year, starting at age 35. You may need to get tested more often if you have symptoms or risk factors for developing thyroid disease. Both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism are more common in women over the age of 60. A family history of thyroid disease increases your risk of developing these disorders.

Watch your neck in the Adam's apple (Adam's apple) area while swallowing - sometimes this can show that your thyroid gland is enlarged. While swallowing, tilt your head back and examine your neck and the area above your collarbones. If you see any lumps or bumps, see your doctor.

Blood tests can diagnose many thyroid conditions. Thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH) is a hormone that regulates the activity of the thyroid gland. If the TSH level is elevated, this usually signals that the thyroid gland is dysfunctional (hypothyroidism). Likewise, low TSH levels indicate the presence of hyperthyroidism. Your doctor may also order tests to measure levels of other thyroid hormones. Imaging and tissue biopsies are other tests that are sometimes used to study thyroid disorders.

Hashimoto's disease - autoimmune disease which is the most common reason hypothyroidism. In this case, the immune system mistakenly targets and attacks the thyroid gland, due to which insufficient hormones are produced. Hashimoto's thyroiditis is often hereditary.

The pituitary gland is located at the base of the brain. It regulates the functions of many others endocrine glands in the body, including the thyroid gland. The pituitary gland produces thyroid-stimulating hormone, which signals the thyroid gland to produce thyroid hormones. If there is a problem with the pituitary gland and not enough TSH is produced, hypothyroidism may occur. Inflammation of the thyroid gland and taking certain medications can also lower thyroid hormone levels.

Graves' disease is the most common cause of elevated thyroid hormone levels. This is another autoimmune disorder in which the immune system attacks the thyroid gland. In this case, an attack by the immune system triggers the release of large amounts of thyroid hormones. Swelling behind the eyes is one of the characteristic features Graves' disease.

The thyroid nodules that are located within the thyroid gland can start producing high levels of thyroid hormones, leading to hyperthyroidism. Large nodules can be visible, while small nodules can be detected with ultrasound examination thyroid gland.

Untreated hypothyroidism can raise cholesterol levels and increase your risk of heart attack or stroke. If thyroid hormone levels are very low, coma and a life-threatening decrease in body temperature can occur. Other complications of untreated hypothyroidism include loss of density bone tissue(osteoporosis) and heart problems.

Treatment for hypothyroidism usually consists of taking thyroid hormones in tablet form. Symptoms usually improve within a few weeks of starting therapy. Most people who get sick will have to take thyroid hormones throughout their lives. Over time, treatment can lead to weight loss, increased energy levels, and lower cholesterol levels.

Antithyroid drugs, which try to lower thyroid hormone levels, are the most common treatment for hyperthyroidism. Many people have to accept these medicines over a long period of time.

You may need other types of drugs to treat some of your symptoms, such as tremors or an increased heart rate. Radioactive iodine is also one of the treatment options, and it destroys the thyroid gland within a week. After the destruction of the gland, it is necessary to take thyroid hormones in the form of tablets.

Surgery can also be used to treat thyroid nodules or tumors. After surgical removal thyroid gland, most patients need to take thyroid hormones in tablet form.

Thyroid cancer is rare and one of the least fatal cancers. malignant neoplasms... A tumor or lump in the thyroid gland is the most common sign of cancer, and only about 5% of thyroid nodules are malignant (cancerous). Thyroid cancer is usually treated with surgery followed by radioactive iodine therapy or radiation therapy.

We try to give the most relevant and useful information for you and your health. The materials posted on this page are for informational purposes and are intended for educational purposes. Site visitors should not use them as medical advice... Determining the diagnosis and choosing a treatment method remains the exclusive prerogative of your attending physician! We are not responsible for possible Negative consequences arising from the use of information posted on the site site

Disease of the thyroid gland, like the main part of ailments, does not proceed unnoticed, most are accompanied by a change in the quantitative ratio of hormones in the bloodstream, which affect all organs and tissues. Hormones can be either in deficiency or in excess, so diseases can have a completely opposite character. The sooner changes are noticed, the earlier the treatment will be undertaken, and the earlier the treatment begins, the more the chances of success increase.

Symptoms of the thyroid gland in women

The first symptom is an enlarged thyroid gland. Most diseases are accompanied by the development of goiter, while the signs of damage are determined far from immediately. The gland takes up more and more space, the neck is noticeably rounded, it seems that there is swelling. At the same time, there are no signs of inflammation (increased local temperature, pain, redness).

If the enlargement of the gland is not prevented, it will gradually constrict and squeeze the organs in the neck (trachea, esophagus, larynx).

The person has a sensation of "a lump in the throat." When the trachea is squeezed, the patient develops shortness of breath both during exercise and in a calm position. at the same time, it is difficult for a person to perform the acts of inhalation and exhalation. The goiter can also compress nearby nerves, for example, the one responsible for work vocal cords... In connection with these, a hoarseness of voice appears or it disappears.

Changes in the work of the CCC:

With hypofunction of the thyroid gland, the functioning of the heart decreases, a condition such as bradycardia develops - a condition in which the number of heart beats per minute is less than 60.
Because of this, the blood flow through the vessels slows down, as a result of which edema occurs (mainly in the legs) in the second half of the day, which decrease or disappear in the morning.
In addition to edema, shortness of breath may occur.
With excessive production of thyroid hormones, on the contrary, tachycardia develops - the frequency of heart beats per minute exceeds 80.

This is bad for the heart itself, because the increased level of hormones already creates a need for various nutrients, and so it also begins to work hard. The time for feeding the blood of the heart is reduced during the pause between systole and diastole, which means a reduced trophism of the cells of the tissues of the heart muscle. Pains appear in the left area chest The person describes the sensation as "squeezing in a vice."

Body temperature changes. Basically, the general body temperature in a person signals the presence of pathology in the body. A slight increase (37.2-37.6) indicates a slight excess of thyroid hormones. The person does not even feel it. There are no other symptoms. If inflammation of the internal hormonal gland has begun, then headache, fatigue, combined with a temperature above 37.6 o C. Reduced temperature the body is rarely seen. But if the thermometer kept at 36.6 all the time, and suddenly you noticed 36.3, then you should think about it and consult a doctor. Such a change indicates the presence of hypothyroidism.

Thyroid disease: symptoms in women

Diseases of the thyroid gland are not asymptomatic, they are easy to notice.

Symptoms:

Sweating is higher than normal. The usual reflex is replaced by a pathological one, the palms are constantly wet, drops of sweat run down the back, and at the slightest excitement, sweat begins to flow "like a stream".
Dramatic weight loss. With an increase in the production of hormones, a person begins to lose weight before our eyes. Despite the fact that a woman does not change her diet, but on the contrary, increases its calorie content several times, due to the development increased appetite and active action Thyroid gland on metabolic processes.
Overweight. With a reduced production of hormones, the opposite effect is observed. This is due to the concomitant deceleration of OM.
Frequent constipation. Constipation means stool retention for more than two days. Slowing down of bowel movements may be the most direct sign of imbalance in the body.
Ophthalmic eyes. One of the most obvious signs of hyperthyroidism, a strip of protein appears between the iris and the eyelids, which is especially noticeable if the person looks down.
Violation of the menstrual cycle. This mechanism of the interconnected work of the genitals and hormones is very sensitive to minor changes in the body, and especially to hormonal ones.

Violations occur in both hypothyroidism and hyperthyroidism. Menstruation may occur with a large gap between cycles, and the cycles themselves may increase or decrease. The amount of discharge also changes: it becomes more scarce or too abundant.

Signs of a thyroid gland in women

In addition to the huge list of symptoms that indicate a malfunctioning thyroid gland, there are additional signs.

These signs are a little less common, but they also ask to draw attention to themselves.:

Swelling. They appear mainly on the face and keep constantly, regardless of the time of day, the eyelids "swell" especially strongly.
Disorder of the nervous system. The person becomes inhibited, constantly wants to sleep. With hyperthyroidism, emotions become very vivid, anxiety and violent reaction to things that did not cause any emotions before increase. A woman can sit and smile, and after a split second, tears appear on her face for no reason.
Hair loss and changes in skin condition. The most common symptom. With hypothyroidism, the skin becomes dry, the hair splits, breaks, falls out in abnormal amounts (the norm for an ordinary person is 100-120 hairs per day).

With insufficient thyroid function, on the contrary, the skin is constantly oily and moist, hair follicles excessively secrete a sebaceous secretion, which manifests itself in the rapid pollution of the hair.

Where is the thyroid gland in women: photo

The thyroid gland is located in the lower half of the neck. The body of the thyroid gland is hidden behind the muscles of the neck, covered with thyroid cartilage.

Features of the survey:

When examining a patient, the doctor asks the person to swallow saliva or take a sip of water in order to visually assess the visibility of the thyroid gland.
Under normal conditions, the thyroid gland is not visible, but movements of the cricoid and thyroid cartilage are observed.
An isthmus is found on palpation.
Bimanual palpation is applied.

To feel the lobes of the thyroid gland, it may be necessary to push back the sterno-mastoid muscles. Density, uniformity, symmetry, size are checked by palpation. If the thyroid gland is symmetrical, homogeneous and of medium density, then there are no pathologies. In other cases, we are talking about a violation of the thyroid gland.

Thyroid problems in women: symptoms

Often, ladies notice strange changes in their bodies: depression, depression, and constant feeling tiredness, drowsiness, sudden loss forces arise for no reason.

In addition, there is:

Presence of anxiety and nervousness. A malfunction of the thyroid gland launches all systems of the body into accelerated work, thereby overexcitation sets in, which splashes out with sharp emotions.
Appetite changes. A woman may not feel hunger for a long time, and vice versa, after a hearty meal, she wants to eat something else "such" in order to satisfy the insatiable body. Can change taste preferences: a person, for example, could not tolerate only one type of a certain product, and after a while he wrote it down among the most beloved delicacies.
Decreased libido. Sex life with a partner does not arouse strong interest.

A hyperfunction of the gland leads to dryness and flaking of the skin. A malfunction in the endocrine system can greatly spoil the condition of the skin, to the point that the creams become ineffective.

Patients have bouts of aggression, sore throat, tingling in the extremities, muscle cramps, "nervous tic".

Hypofunction is manifested by constant chills, the appearance excessive sweating and insomnia. These symptoms can be recognized without the help of a doctor. You should not ignore even the slightest changes in the work of your metabolism, it is better to play it safe and take the time to visit a specialist.

How the thyroid gland is ill: symptoms of the disease in women with a photo

An increase in the amount of hormones in the blood of girls during puberty can malfunction in correct development and the formation of the body.

This is expressed in the following:

The menstrual cycle will begin later than the established age norms;
The mammary glands will not develop properly;
The appearance of excess hair vegetation on the body (this indicates the predominance of male hormones over female ones, which is also a malfunction of the thyroid gland).

The psychological factor also strongly affects the overall tone. It has been proven by many experiments that positive person less prone to illness than pessimistic.

Unhealthy thyroid gland: signs of disease in women and how to treat

The risk of developing hypothyroidism or hyperthyroidism increases in women closer to 45 years of age.

Knowing the main symptoms, you need to know the causes of the onset of pathology:

Abuse bad habits... Smoking and alcohol in themselves are the most common etiology of all diseases. What these substances do to the body is colossal stress, and therefore failures occur in organ systems.
Iodine deficiency.
Unbalanced diet.
Rare visit to the endocrinologist.
Taking hormonal drugs. Hormones in medicated form very tricky stuff. Taking drugs that regulate the level of hormones is always prescribed with great care, because even a doctor is not able to predict how the body will behave even to a small amount of "foreign" hormones.
Constant stressful situations.

To prevent illness, one should adhere to a dimensional lifestyle, be an adherent of health, and refuse harmful ones.

Thyroid disease: symptoms in women and treatment

The uninterrupted operation of the gland primarily depends on the content of such a substance as iodine in the body. Daily dose iodine ranges from 150 to 200 mcg. In old age, you can reduce the consumption of iodine-containing products, and children, a girl during pregnancy or lactation, on the contrary, should pay attention to the fact that the rate shifts slightly higher.

Of the drugs, doctors prescribe Yodomarin:

The drug does not possess side effects and is not terrible in case of an overdose.
For prophylactic purposes, the course can reach a duration of a year, and in some cases, a lifetime admission is prescribed.
For treatment, the duration of taking the drug is set by the doctor, because it is important to calculate the dose for a specific phase of the development of the disease.

In severe cases, the treatment of the disease is solved surgically. During the operation, the endocrine glands are not completely removed, but only their parts, because the complete absence of these parts of the body can quickly destroy a person. Use in the treatment of radioactive iodine. Entering the bloodstream, "curative" iodine reaches the thyroid gland and begins to destroy the diseased area (action at the cellular level). This method does not promise complete elimination of the disease, but it prevents development into more acute forms.

Prevention of enlarged gland function is the consumption of certain foods rich in iodine: seaweed, seafood, spinach, carrots, potatoes, tomatoes, asparagus, black chokeberry, iodized salt.

When consuming vegetables, you should not subject them to heat treatment, because the main percentage of useful macro- and microelements is killed high temperature, and the main benefit comes from fiber alone.

The thyroid gland is one of the most active in the endocrine system. Thyroid tissue secretes into the blood complex substances- hormones triiodothyronine and thyroxine. Violations of the structure or function of an organ lead to a deterioration in well-being and a change in metabolism.

Thyroid complaints (diseases of the thyroid tissue) can be different. Sometimes problems in the endocrine system remain hidden for a long time. In other cases, the state of health suffers greatly from the very onset of the disease.

Groups of symptoms of thyroid pathology

All signs of thyroid pathology can be roughly divided into three groups:

hormonal disorders (hypothyroidism or thyrotoxicosis);
symptoms of an enlarged thyroid gland or nodule;
changes in analyzes and data from additional studies.

Hormonal Disorders

An excess of thyroid hormones is thyrotoxicosis. The condition occurs 7-8 times more often in women than in men. V laboratory research there is a persistent decrease in thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and an increase in thyroxine (T4) and triiodothyronine (T3).

Lack of thyroid hormones - hypothyroidism. Decreased function usually occurs after 35–40 years, residents of regions with iodine deficiency are more likely to get sick. Signs of hypothyroidism in blood tests: high TSH and low T4 and T3.

Hormonal problems primarily affect health, heart, metabolism and reproductive system.

Well-being and the thyroid gland

Good performance, vigor, emotional stability speak of the health of the thyroid gland. On the contrary, problems with thyroid hormones are manifested by a deterioration in psychological sphere and general well-being.

Symptoms of thyroid disease with excess hormones:

insomnia;
nervousness;
anxiety;
aggressive behavior;
tearfulness;
resentment;
decreased attention.

Insufficient concentration of thyroid hormones also affects behavior and performance.

Signs of thyroid disease with hypothyroidism:

fatigue;
weakness;
inertia;
indifference to everything;
constant sleepiness;
decreased intelligence.

Heart and thyroid gland

Many symptoms of thyroid disease are associated with the cardiovascular system. The hormones thyroxine and triiodothyronine affect the heart rate, heart rate, and vascular tone.

Thyrotoxicosis leads to:

hypertension (pressure more than 140/90 mm Hg)
arrhythmias (extrasystoles, atrial fibrillation);
rapid heart rate (more than 90 beats per minute).

A decrease in hormones in diseases of the thyroid tissue causes, on the contrary, a low heart rate (less than 60 per minute).

Heart failure can be a sign of thyroid disease. It is manifested by edema, shortness of breath, pain in the heart. With hypothyroidism, such a picture is caused by early atherosclerosis, and with excessive hormonal function, myocardial dystrophy.

Body weight and thyroid hormones

How more hormones the thyroid gland in the blood, the more active is the metabolism. An unjustified decrease in body weight and sudden obesity are also considered a sign of thyroid disease.

Weight loss occurs with thyrotoxicosis, which accompanies diffuse toxic goiter, nodular goiter, adenoma. Weight gain occurs in hypothyroidism caused by autoimmune thyroiditis or another disease.

What exactly are the reasons for obesity or underweight can be established after talking with the patient, examination and assessment of eating behavior.

Reproductive system and thyroid gland

One of the symptoms of thyroid disease is infertility.

Men with hypothyroidism may have:

deterioration of spermogram indicators;
decreased sex drive;
erectile dysfunction.

If in a young woman the thyroid gland secretes few hormones into the blood, then the patient is worried about:

menstrual irregularities;
lack of ovulation;
infertility.

In addition, hypothyroidism in women can provoke early miscarriage.

Thyrotoxicosis mild has little effect on reproductive system... A pronounced increase in the hormonal function of the thyroid gland leads to infertility, like hypothyroidism.

Volume and nodules of the thyroid gland

Normally, in adult women, the volume of thyroid tissue is up to 18 cm 3, and in men - up to 25 cm 3. Symptoms of an enlarged thyroid are mechanical compression of the surrounding organs of the neck. Goiter can cause compression of blood vessels, esophagus, trachea.

If thyroid tissue presses on the esophagus, the patient has trouble swallowing solid food.

If mechanical compression touches respiratory tract, then there is a constant suffocation, aggravated in the supine position. The "thyroid gland strangles" is especially noticeable with a low retrosternal goiter.

Symptoms of compression of the vessels of the neck by the thyroid tissue - headache, dizziness, swelling of the face.

Focal formations in the gland can also cause compression of the surrounding tissues. Even a single nodule in the thyroid gland sometimes provokes a feeling of "lump" in the throat, hoarseness, discomfort in the throat. What will be the manifestations for this or that focal formation, depends on its size and location.

Additional research

Signs of a diseased thyroid gland are found in:

hormonal tests;
immunological tests;
ultrasound data;
blood biochemistry;
glycemic profile;
general blood test;
electrocardiogram; and etc.

Symptoms of thyroid disease are a permanent change hormonal background... In addition to natural disturbances from TSH, T4, T3, there are problems with prolactin, androgens, estrogens.

In immunological tests for thyroid pathology, a high titer of antibodies to thyroid peroxidase, thyroglobulin, thyroid hormones, etc. is revealed.

On ultrasound of the gland, symptoms of inflammation of the thyroid gland (heterogeneous structure), nodes and changes in tissue volume are visible.

Thyroid pathology can provoke in blood biochemistry:

violations lipid spectrum(increased cholesterol);
violations of protein concentration;
increased transaminases;
changes in electrolytes.

In the glycemic profile, there are characteristic changes with thyrotoxicosis. This disease can provoke secondary diabetes mellitus. In this case, fasting sugar exceeds 6.1 mM / L, and after meals - 11.1 mM / L.