Staphylococcus infection in children: symptoms and treatment. Treatment of childhood staphylococcal infection. Degrees in children - what is carriage of Staphylococcus aureus

Not only people live on our planet. We are surrounded by a large number of different microorganisms that can cause various diseases. One of these troubles is staphylococcal infections in children.

What it is?

Coccal flora are various groups of microbes that have a spherical shape. The sizes of these microorganisms can be very different, but they can only be detected in the laboratory - using various microscopes. Perhaps the most common and frequently encountered microbe of coccal flora is staphylococcus. It is talked about every day on TV screens in health programs and various feature articles are written.

This popularity is not accidental. These microorganisms can cause numerous pathologies in a child, which significantly affect his general condition. Researchers discovered staphylococci many years ago - at the end of the 19th century. Since then, scientists' interest in studying these microbes has not waned. This is largely due to the prevalence of various diseases that are caused by these microbes.

It is no coincidence that these microorganisms received their name. When studying them under a microscope, microbes resemble peculiar clusters, which Greek called "staphylos". Co staphylococcal diseases Not only local pediatricians and doctors of other specialties are familiar with this, but also many fathers and mothers. The prevalence of infection caused by these microbes is quite high - all over the world.

The staphylococcus family is very extensive. These are several different types of microbes that differ from each other in some physiological and antigenic properties. Currently, scientists have discovered 27 variants of microbes. More than ten of them were found in the subjects on their mucous membranes.

Many types of microorganisms do not have pathogenic properties. These are peaceful “neighbors” who live next to people.

Only three species from the entire family lead to the development of infectious pathology. The pathogenic abilities of these microbes are determined according to specific criteria, which are called pathogenicity factors. They talk about the extent to which microorganisms can lead to the development of disease in a particular child. In pathogenic species of staphylococci, these factors of pathogenicity (pathogenicity) are maximally expressed.

On the outside, microbes are covered with a dense protective shell, which protects them from exposure to adverse environmental factors. This feature of the morphological structure helps microorganisms survive for a long time outside the human body, without losing their pathogenic properties. Their cell wall contains components that cause a pronounced response from the human immune system and lead to the development of severe inflammation.

Microbes contain special biologically active substances - hemolysins. These molecules can have a detrimental effect on human red blood cells, they can even damage white blood cells. In the process of their vital activity, microbes release a large amount of toxic products that have a strong inflammatory effect on the affected children's body.

All the pathogenic properties of the microbe determine the variety of various unfavorable symptoms that it can cause in sick children. Such a variety of different pathogenic properties makes staphylococcus one of the most dangerous microbes found in external environment.

Three species are considered the most dangerous pathogenic representatives of this family. The first is Staphylococcus aureus. Doctors also call this subspecies staphylococcus aureus. Various abbreviations and acronyms are used in the medical community.

Doctors use S to designate staphylococcal flora. Usually this marking is applied to all laboratory tests which are carried out to establish the bacterial flora in various diseases.

This microbe did not get its name by chance. When examined under a microscope, you will notice that it has a light yellow color. This microbe does not give any concessions to both adults and children. The combination of various aggressive properties leads to the fact that it causes a wide variety of clinical variants of the disease and is characterized by a multiplicity of lesions. Under unfavorable environmental conditions, these microbes can persist for a very long time.

The second (no less aggressive) microbe is called epidermal or S. epidermidis. It is the main cause of various infectious diseases skin pathologies. Children get these infections quite often. It should be noted that both boys and girls are susceptible to infection.

This type of microorganism is quite peaceful. It can be present on the skin of absolutely healthy babies without causing any adverse symptoms. Towards development clinical signs lead to severe weakening of the immune system and exhaustion of the body after viral or other bacterial infections.

Quite often, microorganisms are transmitted through contaminated hands, medical instruments and during dental treatment of diseased teeth.

The third type of microbes that can lead to the development of disease is called saprophytic or staphylococcus saprophyticus. It's important to note that it extremely rarely leads to infection in children. Most often, this pathogen is responsible for the development of pathologies in adults. Women get sick much more often. The infection manifests itself in them by the development of severe inflammation in the urinary tract. Staphylococcal infection is extremely contagious, and you can become infected by the most different ways. The course of the disease depends on many factors.

A child of any age can get sick with these three types of bacterial infections. Cases of this infection are quite common both in newborns and in adolescence.

How is it transmitted?

The high prevalence of microbes in the external environment should lead to daily massive outbreaks of infection - or even lead to a pandemic. However, this does not happen. This is explained by the fact that normally the body functions every second the immune system. Immunity helps you not get sick from all infections, of which there are many.

Doctors say that the disease begins in children who, for some reason, have significantly reduced the functioning of their immune system. Children who often suffer from colds or have immunodeficiency conditions are at high risk. varying degrees expressiveness.

A variety of reasons can lead to a decrease in immunity. Quite often a provoking factor in the development staphylococcal infection in children there is severe hypothermia or overheating, as well as severe psycho-emotional stress.

Infection can enter a weakened child’s body in a variety of ways. Staphylococci are such universal microorganisms that can live and multiply in any internal organs of a person. The most common method of infection is airborne. In this case, microbes enter the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract and lead to the development of adverse symptoms.

The contact and household method of infection also quite often leads to infection. staphylococcal flora. It manifests itself especially clearly in crowded groups. Kids who lead an active lifestyle and attend various educational institutions, sport sections, are quite often susceptible to infection various types microbes

Doctors note that germs can even enter through the conjunctiva of the eyes or the umbilical wound.

Many parents are interested in the likelihood of their babies becoming infected during the prenatal period. This option is also possible. Pathologies of pregnancy occurring with a violation of the integrity of the placenta or various disorders placental blood flow only increase the risk of intrauterine infection of the unborn baby in the womb. If a pregnant woman gets a staphylococcal infection, she contributes to the transmission of pathogenic microbes to her baby.

The severity of symptoms depends on the initial state of the child’s immune system. If your baby suffered a staphylococcal infection several years ago, and his immune system is functioning well, then the risk of a new infection in the child is significantly reduced. Children with low immunity may get sick several times throughout their lives. Premature babies get sick quite often.

The severe course of the disease is accompanied by the active spread of microorganisms. This happens through the systemic bloodstream. Pathogenic microbes quickly enter various internal organs, causing a strong inflammatory process there. This course of the disease is usually accompanied by the appearance of infected child many of the most unfavorable symptoms.

The nature of disorders due to staphylococcal infection can be very different. The presence of various hemolysins in the structure of the microbe leads to the fact that they have a pronounced damaging effect on various cells. This usually manifests itself as the development of ulcerative or necrotic areas. Such “dead” zones are characterized by complete or partial death of epithelial cells that form the mucous membranes of internal organs.

The most severe course of the disease is accompanied by the appearance of purulent infiltrates. Localized forms of such pathologies are called abscesses in medicine. The most dangerous localizations of these clinical variants are the brain, kidneys, liver and other vital internal organs.

Symptoms

Staphylococcal infection manifests itself in different ways. The variety of clinical signs largely depends on the type of microbes that entered the child’s body and led to the appearance of adverse symptoms. The course can be either mild or quite severe. Without appropriate treatment, very dangerous complications or long-term consequences of the disease may appear.

Staphylococci can cause both local and very widespread forms of the disease. Massive lesions are also called generalized variants of the disease. They usually develop in a sick child when severe course diseases.

It is important to note that local forms can also become generalized - with the progression of the disease and without the appointment of properly selected therapy.

Staphylococcal infection in children can occur with the appearance of adverse symptoms or be completely asymptomatic. In the latter case, the disease can only be detected through special diagnostic tests. They are held in laboratory conditions. In some situations, there may be a gradual course, in which the adverse symptoms of the disease appear slightly.

The incubation period for infection with staphylococci may vary. Usually it ranges from 3-4 hours to a couple of days.

Some babies who have pronounced violations in the functioning of the immune system, adverse symptoms of the disease can occur quite quickly.

Doctors note that the shortest time incubation period– with staphylococcal organ damage gastrointestinal tract. This infection often spreads through the skin. The inflammatory process often involves subcutaneous tissue. Specific signs appear on the skin, which parents discover when examining their baby.

The affected areas have a high tendency to suppurate. Weakened immunity or exacerbation chronic pathologies may contribute to the spread of the process. In some cases, the disease becomes generalized.

Quite often, the pathology is manifested by various folliculitis, furunculosis, pyoderma, phlegmon, hidradenitis, and the appearance of watery pimples. In this case, the structural elements of the skin - the sweat and sebaceous glands - are also affected.

Skin lesions

Dermatitis is also not a very rare manifestation of staphylococcal infection. The affected skin becomes bright red in color and becomes hot to the touch. At the peak of the disease, various blisters filled with pus appear on the skin, which looks like a bright yellow liquid.

In severe cases of the disease, various ulcers appear on the skin. They look like severely inflamed areas. In the central part of such skin formations, an accumulation of large quantity pus.

The edges of the wound are usually loosened and bleed easily when touched. The wound surface can be very large: from a couple of millimeters to several centimeters. In some cases, the inflamed areas merge with each other, forming bizarre shapes.

In babies in the first months of life, dangerous, most severe forms of the disease are quite common. These include exfoliative dermatitis Ritter, staphylococcal pemphigus, bacterial pustulosis. They are characterized by generalized lesions with the development of severe necrosis (death) of epithelial cells. These forms of diseases occur mainly in premature babies or children who had multiple anatomical defects in the structure of internal organs at birth.

In some cases, when infected with these microbes, the sick child develops symptoms of scarlet fever-like syndrome. As a rule, it manifests itself in the baby with the appearance of multiple skin rashes on the skin.

The rash may spread throughout the body. Its predominant localization is the lateral surfaces. Skin elements are usually quite small.

To appear skin rashes can, as a rule, 2-4 days after the onset of the first adverse symptoms of the disease. After they disappear, multiple dry patches with severe peeling remain on the skin. The appearance of a rash significantly worsens the well-being of the sick child. The severity of intoxication in this case is very intense.

Damage to mucous membranes

The skin is not the only “favorite” localization for the life of staphylococci. They also actively settle on various mucous membranes. Once in the upper respiratory tract, microbes cause bacterial forms pharyngitis, laryngitis and tracheitis. Staphylococci that multiply in the nose lead to the development of persistent rhinitis. A runny nose with this option is usually debilitating, the discharge from the nasal passages is yellow or has a greenish tint.

Disruption of the gastrointestinal tract

Damage to the gastrointestinal tract leads to symptoms that are typical of intestinal dysbiosis. Babies have irregular stools. In some cases, this is manifested by the appearance of persistent constipation or severe diarrhea in the child.

They alternate much less often. A bacterial infection is accompanied by the appearance of nonspecific abdominal pain, which can be localized in different areas.

Eye damage

Staphylococcal conjunctivitis is a disease that develops when microbes get on the delicate conjunctiva of babies or under the folds of the eyelids. In this case, the baby develops severe lacrimation. The discharged secretion often contains pus. It is difficult for the baby to open his eyes; sunlight on the irritated conjunctiva only leads to increased pain.

Angina

This is a fairly common form of this bacterial infection. It is characterized by the formation of plaque on the affected tonsils. In color it can be yellow or with a gray tint. Quite often, a sick child develops a follicular type of acute tonsillitis. The course of such a sore throat in a child is quite severe, it is accompanied by a strong increase in temperature and the appearance of a pronounced intoxication syndrome.

It's important to note that Staphylococcal infection is quite often associated with viral pathologies. The high-risk group includes children who often suffer from colds throughout the year or have severe disorders in the functioning of internal organs. Such complications appear in children suffering from diabetes or complicated cardiovascular diseases.

Spread to the respiratory system

Bacterial tracheitis, caused by pathogenic staphylococci, is very severe and tends to spread to nearby organs. After a few days, the inflammatory process involves first the small bronchioles, and then the large bronchi. If the course of the disease is unfavorable, staphylococcal infection can lead to the development of bacterial pneumonia. Treatment of inflammation lung tissue It is usually carried out in a hospital setting.

Stomatitis

Quite common in very young patients stomatitis caused by this bacterial flora. It is manifested by severe redness of the mucous membranes of the oral cavity and the development of severe inflammation near the tooth sockets.

Quite often the tongue is also involved in the inflammatory process. It becomes bright red, covered with a gray or yellowish coating, which is difficult to remove with a spatula. Severe stomatitis causes pain when swallowing food.

The severity of intoxication syndrome with different staphylococcal infections may be different. Typically, all forms of this disease are quite severe in children. They are accompanied by a sharp increase in body temperature. The child becomes capricious and drowsy and refuses to eat. The baby may develop a headache, which gets worse during staphylococcal meningitis.

Diagnostics

A clinical examination, which is carried out by a pediatrician during an appointment, makes it possible to establish the presence of purulent foci on the child’s body or to identify characteristic features damage to the mucous membranes. To clarify the diagnosis, a whole range of additional diagnostic tests is required. These tests make it possible to exclude other diseases that occur with similar symptoms - for example, those caused by hemolytic streptococcus.

The most common test to identify pathogens in the blood is considered microbiological test. The essence of this test is a specific immune reaction between a laboratory staphylococcal species obtained in laboratory conditions and biological material. An increased concentration in the blood of specific protein immune molecules-antibodies indicates the presence of this pathogen in the child’s body.

The treatment of staphylococcal pathologies is carried out by doctors of several specialties, since a variety of internal organs are affected. There are some peculiarities in prescribing treatment. For each specific case, our own therapeutic regimen is selected, which is built taking into account the characteristics of each sick child.

Basis of treatment of this disease- taking antibacterial drugs. Parents should remember that a sick child needs to be given antibiotics for as many days as prescribed by the doctor. There should be no independent withdrawal from these medications.

Staphylococcal flora over time (against the background of frequent prescription of various antibacterial drugs) becomes insensitive to their effects. This leads to the emergence of resistant forms of microorganisms, on which powerful drugs simply cease to act.

During antibiotic therapy, very it is important to follow the prescribed dosage and frequency of use medicines. Typically, clavulanic acid-protected penicillins and the latest generation of cephalosporin drugs are used to treat these bacterial infections. The use of the latest generations of antibiotics and macrolides is extremely rare, as it can lead to the development of resistance of microorganisms to these drugs.

For elimination accompanying symptoms Various symptomatic treatments are used for the disease. It includes the prescription of anti-inflammatory, antipyretic, antitussive and restorative drugs.

TO specific treatment severe forms of the disease include appointment antistaphylococcal drugs. These include plasma, bacteriophages, toxoids or immunoglobulins. All these drugs have a narrowly targeted destructive effect on staphylococcal flora. Such drugs are prescribed only under strict medical indications, which are determined by the attending physician.

Treatment of emerging bacterial pathologies of the gastrointestinal tract is carried out using complex medicines containing viable lacto- and bifidobacteria. These funds are usually issued to long-term use. It may take an average of 4-6 months to normalize the beneficial intestinal microflora lost during the illness. “Bifidumbacterin”, “Bifikol”, “Acipol”, “Linex” In some situations, even after drug treatment, the baby develops complications of the disease. As a rule, in such cases, intensive complex therapy is required, which is carried out only in a hospital setting. Local purulent processes caused by staphylococcal flora can be treated with surgical operations. The need for such treatment is determined by a pediatric surgeon.

Prevention

The goal of all preventive measures for staphylococcal infections is to reduce the risk of possible infection with highly pathogenic species of these microorganisms. To do this, doctors recommend that all children attending educational institutions must follow the anti-epidemic regime.

After visiting public places The child should wash their hands thoroughly with soap. Parents must supervise children. To date specific prevention infection, which includes vaccinations, unfortunately, has not been developed.

How to deal with staphylococcal infection if you find it in your baby? Doctor E.O Komarovsky will tell you about the causes and prevention of this disease.

Staphylococcus most often affects young children with weakened immune systems or other concomitant infections. Often staphylococcus, salmonella and E. coli are found in children with dysbacteriosis. Thus, it is the violations local immunity are the main cause of staphylococcal infection.

It is noteworthy that staphylococci are extremely resistant to the action of many antibiotics, so there is always a risk that the child will develop a purulent-septic disease.

How can a child become infected with staphylococcus? The bearers of this dangerous bacteria there are both sick and healthy people, because there are different shapes carriage of infection (temporary and permanent). The course of the disease can also occur in mild and severe forms. Staphylococcus causes sepsis, meningitis, pneumonia, abscesses and purulent inflammation leather and other fabrics. When the inflammatory process generalizes, newborns often develop sepsis.

The idea that the microorganism affects only the intestines is erroneous. The targets affected by staphylococcal infection are extremely variable: the upper and lower respiratory tract, mucous membranes of the mouth, nose, intestines, skin, bone and cartilage tissue etc.

The children's body is affected by staphylococci of three groups:

Staphylococcus epidermidis. Among the varieties of staphylococci, epidermal has an average infectious potential. Occurs on the skin and mucous membranes, but when normal operation The carrier's immunity does not manifest itself in any way. Signs of bacterial damage appear only if the carrier’s immunity is weakened: after suffering surgical intervention, viral disease, etc. Newborns, especially premature babies, are particularly susceptible to infection.

Saprophytic staphylococcus. Least hazardous to health. It almost never occurs in children, since the main “target” is the organs of the excretory system.

Staphylococcus aureus. The most dangerous and extremely virulent microorganism. In normal healthy children, Staphylococcus aureus remains in a latent state. Of all the varieties of these microorganisms, it is the most aggressive.

Signs and symptoms of staphylococcus in children

In most cases (from 48% to 78%), it is staphylococcus bacteria that cause inflammatory diseases of the respiratory tract, often found in children.

Staphylococcal pneumonia can occur after a child becomes infected in a hospital or maternity ward. The disease often develops at lightning speed, with destruction of lung tissue and other complications. Toxins produced by staphylococcus cause severe intoxication organism, which in combination with pneumonia causes a violation respiratory system and blood circulation. A sick child is restless, tosses about in bed, and may moan and scream. Characteristic symptoms also include chills, sweating, dry cough and puffy face.

Staphylococcal enterocolitis is an extremely severe intestinal disease. In 13% of cases it ends in death. Premature and weak children are susceptible to the disease. It is also provoked by previously suffered acute respiratory diseases, taking antibiotics, artificial feeding and disturbances of intestinal biocenosis.

The nature of the manifestations depends, first of all, on the type of microorganism:

Saprophytic staphylococcus. Saprophytic staphylococcus is characterized by damage to the genitourinary system.

Symptoms include:

1. Pain in the lower abdomen (in women);

   Possible development of colpitis (in women);

   Burning and stinging when urinating;

   Pain in the kidney area.

   General signs of intoxication (rare).

Staphylococcus epidermidis makes itself felt by one main feature: pain in the organ area, and on late stages - functional disorders their work.

Staphylococcus aureus is characterized by the development of purulent-necrotic foci at the site of the lesion. Often it is this that causes the formation of boils, catarrhal tonsillitis, etc.

General and local symptoms of staphylococcus in children

By systematizing the symptoms, we can generalize all manifestations into two large groups: general and local.

Local manifestations:

Rashes on the skin and mucous membranes. Boils (“ulcers”), carbuncles, etc. In children, they are especially often localized on the mucous membrane of the nose and throat. The development of spots and large boils indicates a severe course of the process.

Purulent discharge in biological fluids. Mucus from the nose, sputum mixed with pus indicate damage to the mucous membranes of the upper or lower respiratory tract.

General manifestations:

Symptoms of intoxication. Headache, fever up to 37.6-38.1 degrees Celsius, hyperemia or, conversely, pale skin, nausea and vomiting (this is especially common in children).

Gastrointestinal disorders. Diarrhea, bloating, excessive production of intestinal gases, etc.

In allergic children, immune reactions to toxins and enzymes that staphylococcus secretes during its life are also possible.

Risk factors

The intensity and nature of manifestations depend on many factors:

Age. Symptoms depend on the age of the child. Infants suffer from staphylococcal infections more often, and the symptoms are much more severe.

Habitat and penetration environment of the microorganism. The method of entry into the body determines the target. If staphylococcus enters the body with dust particles, damage to the upper or lower respiratory tract will appear. If with food, the throat or intestines will suffer.

The health status of the carrier child. There is a direct relationship between the severity of the disease, the severity of its manifestations and the weakening of the immune system. It is indicated in a quite obvious way: the more weakened the immune system, the brighter the manifestations and the more severe the course of the staphylococcal infection.

A type of microorganism. Staphylococcus aureus is the most severe infection.

A type of microorganism (the most aggressive and dangerous is Staphylococcus aureus, which in 90% of cases causes infectious diseases in children).

Causes of staphylococcus in children

There are several reasons for the development of staphylococcal infection in children:

Premature birth of a child. Premature babies are especially often affected. The reason lies in the insufficient development of the child’s immunity in the womb. Children born by cesarean section are no less susceptible to staphylococcal infection. Immune problems and infection can make themselves felt later in life;

Violations of rules for caring for newborn children;

Failure to comply with hygiene rules. Staphylococcal infection is a kind of disease of dirty hands. Since the microorganism is extremely resistant to all adverse influences, it is widespread and can be found without leaving home. Failure to comply with basic hygiene rules (including eating dirty fruits and vegetables, etc.) leads to rapid infection. The problem concerns older children (1 year and older), as well as parents of newborns.

Pathological processes during gestation and lactation. A mother can be infected with staph and not know it. A pathogenic microorganism can enter milk for a number of other reasons. So, infection can occur even during gestation.

Lack of weight. Lack of body weight leads to weakened immunity.

Staphylococcus in a child's throat, intestines, nose

The throat, intestines and nose are “favorite” targets for staphylococcal damage. The reason for this is the method of penetration. Most often, pathogenic flora enters the body mechanically (children often neglect hygiene rules) or through food.

These forms of damage have their own specific manifestations and are diagnosed and treated differently:

Staphylococcus on the mucous membrane of the throat manifests itself as acute catarrhal sore throat, tonsillitis and stomatitis.

The form is characterized by specific symptoms:

• A sore throat;

  Swelling and redness of the tonsils;

  Purulent rashes on the surface of the mucous membrane, as well as the mucous membranes of the oral cavity (stomatitis);

  General manifestations of intoxication.

Staphylococcus on the intestinal mucosa provokes typical signs of the development of acute colitis (and both the colon and small intestine, that is, the disease will take the form of enterocolitis).

Symptoms include:

• Abdominal pain (wandering, bursting);

  Discomfortable sensations in the epigastric region (heaviness, bloating, feeling of fullness);

  Impurities of pus, blood, green mucus in the stool;

  Diarrhea or constipation, tenesmus (false painful urge to empty the intestines).

Staphylococcus on the nasal mucosa provokes sinusitis.

Symptoms:

• Purulent discharge;

  Difficulty in nasal breathing (due to swelling);

  Symptoms of body intoxication.

Diagnosis of staphylococcus in children

Diagnosis of staphylococcal lesions is quite complex and requires a high level of professionalism from a medical specialist. Diagnostic measures vary depending on the organ affected.

In general, examinations include:

Anamnesis collection includes an oral interview with the child’s parents during a face-to-face visit. If the child is of sufficient age and speaks independently, he is additionally interviewed. Complaints, previous circumstances, etc. are taken into account.

Swabs from the throat and nose are taken to determine the specific strain of bacteria; microflora cultures are carried out for exactly the same purposes. nutrient media. Using these two diagnostic methods, a culture of the infectious agent is obtained and the sensitivity of the bacterium to antibiotics is determined.

A general blood test almost always gives a picture of the inflammatory process different intensity: leukocytosis, high ESR, increased number of red blood cells, excessively increased hemoglobin, etc.

Specific pathogens may be found in urine or feces.

If the pathological process goes too far, colitis caused by staphylococcus can turn into an ulcerative type, then an endoscopic examination is performed to assess the condition of the colon.

Staphylococcus, which has infected the mucous membrane of the throat, can “descend” and cover the larynx. In this case, laryngoscopy is performed.

Treating staph infections is not an easy task. When it comes to treating infectious pathologies in children, the task, for obvious reasons, becomes even more complicated. The success of treating staphylococcal infections in children largely depends on timely detection of the disease and high-quality complex therapy, which involves the use of special anti-staphylococcal drugs.

The therapy is complex and includes a number of therapeutic measures:

Local therapy. It involves applying medications to the skin and mucous membranes affected by staphylococcus (pustular rashes, boils, etc.). Used: brilliant green, hydrogen peroxide, 70% alcohol solution, Vishnevsky ointment.

Taking antibiotics. Antibiotic treatment for infectious pathologies(and especially staphylococcal ones) must be careful. Staphylococcus has amazing adaptability. Incompetent antibacterial treatment will lead to the formation of bacteria with enormous resistance and virulence. It is advisable to take only those agents to which staphylococcus is sensitive (should be based on the results of bacteriological studies).

Lubricating, rinsing. To combat bacteria on the mucous membranes of the nose and throat, lubricants and rinses are used. Most often, a solution of silver, iodinol, hydrogen peroxide, as well as special preparations (Miramistin, etc.) are used.

Taking vitamin-mineral complexes. Used to replenish missing substances.

Immunomodulators. Used for restoration protective functions body.

Transfusions. Significant damage by staphylococcus can lead to severe complications, for example, blood poisoning. In this case, you cannot do without a blood or plasma transfusion.

Surgical intervention. In severe chronic tonsillitis, removal of the tonsils is indicated; surgery is also used when there are multiple skin lesions with abundant exudate and inflammation.

To treat staphylococcus in children, vitamin C is always used, which stimulates the immune system and supports the child’s weakened body. For external purulent lesions, it is recommended to use baths and frequent poultices. The child's skin should be as clean and dry as possible. You also need to monitor the cleanliness of the sick child’s nails and underwear. Sores should be constantly treated, scabs and pus removed. Household items, dishes and clothing used by a sick child are also subject to treatment and disinfection.

To prevent staphylococcal infection, it is necessary to comply with sanitary standards and implement epidemic control. Pregnant women, women in labor and newborns must undergo screening. If purulent inflammatory diseases are detected, they are subject to hospitalization and treatment in departments with infectious diseases.

Thus, staphylococcal infection poses a great danger to children (both newborns and older children). Staphylococcus aureus is especially dangerous and insidious, having high virulence and toxic ability. Symptoms are extremely specific and manifest themselves individually in each child. In general, there is a picture of inflammation and purulent damage to the skin and mucous membranes of the body (nose, throat, intestines).

Bacterial infections occur quite often in children, because microscopic single-celled organisms live and reproduce in close proximity to people. The human body is filled with billions of different bacteria. Some are beneficial, others cause enormous harm to health.

Many parents are horrified to learn that staphylococcus has been detected in their child’s tests. Numerous health problems in children are associated with this type of bacteria. Is proximity to staphylococci dangerous to the health of children?

What is staphylococcus?

Staphylococcus is a non-motile, spherical bacterium that is part of normal microflora intestines, mucous membranes, skin in adults and children. From the total number of microorganisms of the genus Staphylococcus, pathogenic bacteria and opportunistic.

Varieties of staphylococcus

In his life, a person most often encounters the following types of Staphylococcus:

• Staphylococcus aureus (golden) is the most aggressive of all microorganisms studied to date, causing persistent forms of diseases of the skin, intestines, circulatory system, brain and spinal cord;
• Staphylococcus epidermidis (epidermal) - is the cause of suppuration of wounds, conjunctivitis, heart disease, and genitourinary system;
• Staphylococcus haemolyticus (hemolytic) – causes purulent abscesses, affects the skin, can provoke sepsis;
• Staphylococcus saprophyticus (saprophytic) – provokes diseases of the genitourinary system.

Staphylococcus lives on the skin, intestines, and mucous membranes oral cavity in 80% of people in a latent state, can pose a danger only under favorable conditions of reproduction, which entails acute manifestation staphylococcal infection.

Factors in the development of staphylococcal infections on the skin

According to medical statistics, staphylococcal infections on the skin of children appear much more often compared to others. negative consequences proliferation of pathogenic microorganisms.

Rapid damage to areas of the skin and mucous membranes is promoted by:

• weak immunity of the child;
• viral infections (herpes, ARVI, HIV, influenza, mumps, measles);
• non-compliance with rules for caring for small children (lack of sanitary living conditions).

Routes of infection with staphylococcal infection

Staphylococcus is transmitted from person to person, but causes diseases of a specific etiology only if the child:

• suffers from diseases that undermine the body’s immune defense;
• has an innate predisposition to weak immunity;
• is on artificial feeding;
• the child is not taught to observe the rules of personal hygiene.

Staphylococcus cannot be brought from the street; bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus constantly surround people, since they live in the body of almost every person. The manifestation of the negative properties of these bacteria is associated with the satisfactory state of health of both adults and children and the unhealthy lifestyle that they prefer.

Risk group for staphylococcal infection

Staphylococcal skin infection is more of a health problem:

• newborn children - contact with the baby’s skin of staphylococci from the environment of the maternity ward can cause prolonged treatment;
• children of different age group with weakened immune systems who are undergoing inpatient treatment in hospitals.

Hospital walls are filled with bacterial microflora that are resistant to antibacterial drugs, so treating “hospital” staphylococci causes difficulties, while “home” ones are more susceptible to drug suppression.

How does staphylococcus appear on the skin?

Cutaneous staphylococcus refers to all strains of bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus that can infect the skin of a child’s body. Children of any age group are prone to manifestations of staphylococcal infections on the skin. The problem of frequent skin staphylococcal resistant diseases lies in the imperfection of the processes of formation of the immune reserves of the child’s body during different stages its development.

The spread of staphylococcal infection on the skin can manifest itself in several forms of inflammatory nature (see photo below):

Damage to the sweat glands, accompanied by deep abscesses, is most often observed in infants. The causative agent of this form of the disease is often Staphylococcus aureus. Numerous papules the size of millet grains, filled with milky purulent contents, form on the child’s skin. Around each papule, the border of skin hyperemia is clearly visible. Papules are localized on the head, back, neck, and chest.

Finger's pseudofurunculosis

A complication of vesiculopustulosis is multiple abscesses on the child’s body in the buttocks, head, and back. In the place of the excretory ducts of the sweat glands, abscesses with a diameter of 1-2 cm are formed, filled with thick purulent contents.

Epidemic pemphigus

It is characterized by the formation of a rash on the skin of infants, turning into fluid-filled blisters. As the disease develops, the filling of the vesicles is supplemented with purulent contents. Extraction of pus occurs through the spontaneous bursting of blisters, which is one of the factors in the rapid spread of infection among a certain group of people. The affected areas of the skin heal without the formation of scars on the skin.

It is a type of pemphigus. On the child’s body, under the influence of the proliferation of staphylococcus, blisters of large diameter are formed; after bursting, serous fluid flows out of them, and large areas of damaged, bare epidermis form in place of the blisters.

Phlegmon

The formation of one or several large-diameter purulent foci on the lower back or in the sacral area. The accumulation of pus is explained by staphylococcal damage to the subcutaneous fat layer.

Mastitis

Staphylococcus tends to infect the mammary glands. A swelling forms around the nipple, which subsequently develops into a mastitis-like tumor with the subsequent formation of purulent phlegmon.

Pyoderma

Staphylococcus aureus manifests itself in this form of the disease. Small pink spots appear on the child’s face, after which a blistering rash similar to herpes develops in their place. After the bubbles burst, crusts form on the skin. Scabs are localized on the face in the area of ​​the nasolabial triangle.

Barley

Tumor of the upper or lower eyelid. Formed under the influence of Staphylococcus aureus. The cause is inflammation of the sebaceous glands of the eyelid or the roots of the eyelashes.

Furunculosis

Formation of boils (boils) on the child’s skin. Ulcers are formed when the hair follicles become inflamed. The sizes of boils can vary. In this way, staphylococcus can manifest itself on the arms, buttocks, back, and in the perineal area.

Conjunctivitis

Damage to the conjunctiva of the eye, accompanied by purulent discharge. The cause most often is Staphylococcus aureus.

Folliculitis

Staphylococcus on the head causes inflammation hair follicles with the subsequent formation of numerous abscesses.

Symptoms of staphylococcal infection

The proximity of children to bacteria of the genus Staphylococcus does not manifest itself in any way. If the child’s immune system does not react in any way to bacteria, there is no reason to worry.

The attention of parents should be specifically directed to the child if skin lesions (boils, blisters, small rashes, scabs) are accompanied by symptoms of the development of staphylococcal infection, namely:

• increased body temperature;
• fever;
• the formation of purulent infiltrates;
• lethargy;
• lack of appetite;
• stool disorder.

Since staphylococci are capable of secreting toxins and enzymes that poison the body, even with minor bacterial damage to the skin, nausea and vomiting may occur.

The manifestation of the above signs of the disease together signals the exacerbation phase into which staphylococcus has passed in children. Symptoms of acute infection require additional research the child’s body in order to determine the pathogen and the reasons contributing to its reproduction.

Diagnostic measures for staphylococcal infection

In order to make a correct diagnosis, specialists study not only the skin rash; staphylococcus is detected in urine, feces, and blood tests.

Often, in order to determine the pathogen, doctors resort to such methods of studying biological material as:

• bacterial culture;
• bacterioscopy;
• enzyme immunoassay blood test;
• polymerase chain reaction;
• latex agglutination reaction.

Drug therapy for Staphylococcus

Treatment of staphylococcal infection on a child’s skin involves:

• harmful drug effects on pathogenic microorganisms;
• therapy and prevention of concomitant diseases that can provoke the proliferation of staphylococcus;
• strengthening the immune system.

How can you cure Staphylococcus aureus on a child’s skin? Drug therapy involves the prescription of antibacterial drugs for local and systemic use. Using the results of an analysis of the sensitivity of identified staphylococci to antibiotics, doctors can select effective treatments for the patient and give a positive prognosis for recovery.

Name drug	Current substance	Pharmacological group	Form release
	cephalexin	antibacterial agent for systemic use	suspension for children
"Lexin"
"Ospexin"
"Cefuroxime"	cefuroxime sodium		tablets, powder for solution for injection
"Zennat"
"Auroxetil"
"Baktilem"
"Flemoxin Solutab"	amoxicillin		powder for oral suspension
"Amoxiclav"
"A-Klav-Faromex"
"Ospamox"
"Dalacin C"	clindamycin
"Pulxipron"
"Clindomycin-Mip"
"Bactroban"	mupirocin	antibiotic for topical use	ointment for staphylococcus on the skin
"Bonderm"
"Altargo"	retapamulin
"Gentamicin"	gentamicin
"Immunoglobulin"	immunoglobulin	drugs that stimulate the immune system	solution for local and systemic use
"Staphylococcal bacteriophage"	bacteriophage
"Staphylococcal toxoid"	toxoid		injection
"Chlorophyllipt alcohol"	eucalyptus leaf extract		topical solution

Staphylococcus on the skin of a child should be treated under the supervision of the attending physician. If the drugs used do not provide positive results, the doctor makes adjustments to the patient’s prescriptions.

If you start staphylococcus on the skin, treatment of the disease can be protracted. The duration of therapy depends on the extent of the affected skin areas and averages 1-3 months.

Prevention of staphylococcal skin lesions

Staphylococcal infection is dangerous for children with weak immune reserves of the body, therefore for preventive purposes Parents must first of all provide the child with living conditions that help strengthen the immune system, namely:

• healthy eating;
• adherence to daily routine;
• walks in the open air;
• hardening;
• reduction of psychological stress;
• compliance with personal hygiene rules.

Staphylococcus is a species of bacteria belonging to the Staphylococcaceae family. The bacterium received its name due to the spherical shape of the cells, which are arranged relative to each other in the form of clusters (Greek kokkas - “grain”). These microorganisms are capable of producing pathogenic substances (enzymes and toxins) that disrupt the functioning of cells in the body.

Types of staphylococcus

The diagnosis of staphylococcal infection in children (including newborns and infants) is familiar to many parents firsthand, as it ranks first among infectious diseases. These include respiratory tract diseases, skin infections, digestive disorders in the intestines, inflammation bone tissue And various organs human body. Bacteria are found in feces, blood, and on the surface of damaged skin. Treatment of such consequences occurs in several stages and requires high professionalism of the attending physician.

However, not all types of this microbe have harmful effects. For example, staphylococcus in a child’s throat is not dangerous if the baby is healthy and has a strong immune system (even if the bacteria limit is slightly exceeded). Staphylococcus aureus is most dangerous in infants in the active phase, the treatment of which requires immediate hospitalization.

Types of staphylococcus:

1. Saprophytic staphylococcus. This type rarely occurs in children, as it more often affects genitourinary system(skin and mucous membranes). It is considered less dangerous to humans. If the treatment is chosen correctly, then it is possible to get rid of the microbe in a few days.
2. Staphylococcus epidermidis. The name speaks for itself. This species is found on all areas of the skin and mucous membranes (in the nose, eyes, mouth or internal pharynx). Most often it affects children who have had surgical intervention, as well as premature and weakened babies. To the body healthy child it is not dangerous, even the presence of epidermal staphylococcus in a newborn is considered normal if the baby feels well. For skin lesions, local treatment is often prescribed.
3. Staphylococcus aureus. Perhaps the most dangerous and insidious of known microorganisms. Got its name because of the orange or yellow color colonies. Many people mistakenly believe that Staphylococcus aureus lives only in the intestines. At laboratory research it can be found in feces, mucous membranes (even in the mouth), and on the surface of the skin. If nothing bothers the child, treatment is not prescribed, since the baby’s body itself successfully copes with these bacteria.

Treatment of infection is a very complex process, since Staphylococcus aureus is very resistant to exposure and is quickly transmitted:

1. Staphylococcus aureus can survive for about 10 minutes. at +80 0;
2. treatment with most antibiotics and antiseptics often does not bring results, since Staphylococcus aureus easily adapts to them;
3. active when dried up to 6 months 12 hours when exposed to direct sunlight;
4. Staphylococcus aureus is not afraid of sodium chloride, ethyl alcohol and hydrogen peroxide.

Symptoms of infection

Symptoms and signs of staph infection depend on many factors, such as:

• child's age;
• the bacteria’s habitat (food, dust);
• health and general condition of the baby (immune system, presence of other diseases);
• type of staphylococcus (staphylococcus aureus in infants more often than others contributes to a violent reaction of the immune system).

Only a specialist can make the correct diagnosis. Parents can only carefully monitor the child’s condition and inform the medical professional about certain reactions of the baby.

There are two forms of staphylococcal infection: early and late. In early form characteristic symptoms infections appear within a few hours after the bacteria enters the body. The late form may appear in 3-5 days.

The main symptoms and signs of staphylococcal infection in children:

1. Various skin rashes - boils (mainly in the nose), pustules, rashes, stomatitis (in the mouth). It is worth consulting a doctor if unusual spots or pustules appear on your child’s skin. Conjunctivitis (bacteria on the mucous membranes, in the eyes) is also often observed in infected children. If you start a staphylococcal infection, there is a danger of damage to internal organs and, even worse, sepsis.
2. Deterioration general condition child - heat(from 38.8 0 and above), lethargy, apathy.
3. Disruption of digestive processes in the stomach and intestines - vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, loss of appetite.

Diagnostics

Parents will not be able to independently determine what infection has entered the child’s body. To do this, it is necessary to conduct a laboratory test.

1. Bacteriological culture. This type of study checks for the presence of bacteria in the blood, pus, mucous membranes (usually in the nose), in feces and on the surface of the skin. Material for analysis is taken from acute period infections, since at this moment the bacteria are especially active, they are easier to detect and recognize. After this, the degree of impact of antibiotics on the detected bacteria is examined in order to prescribe effective treatment. Staphylococcus aureus in children does not always appear the first time during a routine blood test, so the bacteriological culture method is considered the most effective.
2. Serological blood test. Blood serum is examined for the presence of antibodies to the infectious agent.
3. PCR method (polymerase chain reaction). Allows you to detect even a single molecule of bacterial DNA. Used as an additional study.
4. Survey breast milk mother. It is often carried out when it is detected (more than the permissible norm) in the child’s stool, since the bacterium is easily transmitted from the mother. Expressed milk is tested for the presence of infectious agents. The main thing for such research is sterility. If staphylococcus bacteria are detected in milk, it is very rarely canceled breast-feeding As a rule, specialists select the appropriate treatment.

Each laboratory has a standard for the content of bacteria in the analysis, that is, the presence of a small amount of staphylococcus in the body does not indicate an infection, especially if there are no symptoms. There is no need to treat such bacteria.

Treating infections is a job medical workers, only they can prescribe specific recommendations and medications after examining the overall picture of the infection. It's enough for parents to know modern methods treatment, in case there are doubts about the prescribed measures, since doctors often play it safe.

Methods for treating staphylococcal infection:

1. Local treatment. It consists of treating wounds, pustules and other rashes on the body, nose and other areas with special means. The most insidious Staphylococcus aureus is very sensitive to brilliant green solution, in other words, it is ordinary brilliant green. More often, several products are used (70% alcohol, hydrogen peroxide, Vishnevsky ointment).
2. Treatment with antibacterial drugs. It is not always appropriate to treat Staphylococcus aureus with antibiotics, especially if it is found only in the baby’s stool. To begin with, it is worth conducting a bacteriological study.
3. Rinsing and rinsing affected areas. They are used both as an additional therapy and for treatment simple shapes staphylococcus in the nose, mouth and internal pharynx.
4. Taking vitamins and microelements to improve metabolism.
5. Immunoglobulins. Such medications are prescribed to restore the body's protective functions.
6. Blood and plasma transfusion. Used in case of severe infection.
7. Surgical intervention.

Preventing an infection is easier than treating it. Prevention of staphylococcal infection in children is directly related to the state of the body's defense mechanisms. To a healthy child staphylococcus is not dangerous, it can easily be dealt with, so the main task of parents is to prevent factors that negatively affect the baby’s body.

These include:

• unhealthy diet (sweets, unhealthy fats, smoked foods, sausages, fast food);
• sedentary lifestyle (rare walks, passion for computer games);
• violation of personal hygiene rules;
• stressful situations (problems in the family, in kindergarten or nervousness of parents);
• unfavorable environment(presence of a large number of electrical equipment in the house, polluted air).

Staphylococcus is easily transmitted, but with enough strong immunity he's not scary. A small number of bacteria is the norm for humans, so it is better to take care of improving health, since at the slightest weakening they are ready to attack the body of both adults and children.

The very phrase “staphylococcus in children” causes anxiety and sometimes panic among parents. Meanwhile, the development of a dangerous staphylococcal infection requires specific conditions, which, oddly enough, most often occur in medical institutions. So, what is this terrible “beast” - staphylococcus, and how does it threaten children’s health?

Some types of staphylococci are extremely dangerous for the health of children; they take a long and “tedious” time to treat. Therefore, it is very important for parents to know under what conditions staphylococci “transform” into a staphylococcal infection.

What kind of “beast” is staphylococcus?

Staphylococcus is a bacterium, a special microbe. It coexists with humans as closely as hundreds of other microorganisms. There are a great many varieties of staphylococcus - today doctors already know about 27 types of this microbe. Of these, about 14 constantly live on the skin and in the human body, and of these 14, only 3 are considered potentially dangerous to human health. Moreover, there is no organ in the human body (and in particular a child) where staphylococcus cannot live and reproduce .

Staphylococcus in children can cause an impressive number of various diseases - from a common pimple on the skin to inflammation of the kidneys, from intestinal infection to purulent meningitis and so on. There are also “sores” that are caused only by staphylococcus (and most often by Staphylococcus aureus) and no other microbe - for example, barley in the eye, a boil on the skin, and others.

But there is no reason to be afraid ahead of time. Since (we repeat!) only three types of staphylococcus are really dangerous to the health of adults and children. Moreover, even their detection in human body does not yet mean the development of infection - special conditions are required for the onset of the disease. The main one is weakened immunity.

According to data reported by the World Health Organization (WHO), at least 65% of the urban population (including children from newborn age) have staphylococcus constantly present on the skin. In another 20%, this microbe appears sporadically.

Moreover, according to the same WHO, one of the types of dangerous staphylococcus - namely Staphylococcus aureus - most often causes an infectious disease in people who are in hospital (about 35% of all cases of Staphylococcus aureus in children are registered in hospitals).

Simply put, the greatest chance of catching Staphylococcus aureus occurs not just anywhere, but in a hospital ward. After all, one of the conditions for the potential development of infection is a weakened body with low immunity. Where do people (including children!) with weakened immune systems “gather”? Of course, in medical hospitals...

Staphylococcus and staphylococcal infection in children are fundamentally different things!

The presence of staphylococcus in a child’s body is far from a reason to panic and run around pharmacies in search of the most expensive antibiotics. As we have already mentioned, more than 80% of the population carries staphylococcus on or in themselves, and at the same time most of some of them never “bother” to get a staphylococcal infection in their lives.

The real development of staphylococcal infection in children is indicated not by a positive test for staphylococcus, but by the resulting symptoms of staphylococcal infectious disease:

• heat;
• the appearance of purulent mucus;
• redness;
• painful sensation(as a rule, it appears exactly in the place where the inflammatory process occurs).

A typical manifestation of staphylococcal infection is purulent inflammation, which can develop anywhere in a child’s body (although most often it occurs in the nasopharynx). And if staphylococcus is detected during the analysis, but no purulent processes are observed in the child’s body, then there can be no talk of any staphylococcal infection.

This situation only means that your baby and staphylococcus coexist peacefully with each other, and the child’s immune system successfully controls this “settlement” of microbes in his body.

Staphylococcus and herpes: what is the connection?

Alas, in children quite often the background and stimulus for the development of staphylococcal infection is the course of a herpetic infection. The thing is that it has an extremely pronounced ability to suppress the immune system.

Therefore, in children, against the background of a herpes infection, a staphylococcal infection very often occurs. If this trouble happened to a child once - a staphylococcal infection occurred against the background of herpes - then in this case, experienced doctors advise parents to focus their main efforts not on fighting staphylococcus, but on fighting recurrent herpes, so that in the future they simply do not give “soil” for development of staphylococcal infection.

The most dangerous staphylococci for children: golden and company

So, in the company of those 14 types of staphylococci that are constantly present in most people (including children), the majority are relatively peaceful. And only 3 species have the potential to cause serious and dangerous diseases. This:

• Staphylococcus aureus;
• Staphylococcus epidermidis;
• saprophytic staphylococcus.

In children, the harmful activity of the first two microbes is most often observed, but the activity saprophytic staphylococcus- a rare event. The habitat of saprophytic staphylococcus is the skin in the genital area and the mucous membrane of the urinary canal, so most often it causes inflammation of the bladder or kidneys.

Staphylococcus epidermidis lives exclusively on the skin, but - what a paradox! - and never causes any skin ulcers. Most often, a microbe from the surface of the skin seeps into the body (as well as “riding” any medical equipment such as drainage tubes and the like) and causes inflammatory processes in blood vessels, joints, can cause blood poisoning, etc.

But the most notorious among the trio is Staphylococcus aureus. This microbe is one of the most harmful and tenacious types among all other varieties of staphylococci that are potentially hazardous to health. In the process of its life activity, this microbe creates a huge amount of poisons and toxins, and is capable of multiplying in almost any environment (even in a salt solution, in ethyl alcohol or in a solution of hydrogen peroxide). This microbe survives at temperatures of 150 ° C. In addition, Staphylococcus aureus quickly develops resistance to antibiotics and effective treatment Staphylococcus aureus infections are usually difficult to choose a “killer” drug. Therefore, treatment of this type of infection in children often takes several months.

“Hospital” Staphylococcus aureus is considered the most harmful and persistent. Unlike “domestic” ones, microbes that have survived numerous sanitary treatments, quartz treatments and airings acquire literally “iron-concrete” resistance to most drugs.

Any doctor will confirm that becoming infected with Staphylococcus aureus in a hospital or outside its walls are two huge differences. The most terrible and longest purulent infections It is Staphylococcus aureus that causes the child, which the baby “caught” in the hospital.

Staphylococcus aureus is capable of living and multiplying in any organ of a child’s body and causes about a hundred of the most dangerous diseases (most of these diseases are caused only by Staphylococcus aureus and no other microbe). Among the most terrible diseases caused by Staphylococcus aureus are: osteomyelitis (inflammation of bone tissue), damage to the heart valves, staphylococcal sepsis, and others.

Moreover, Staphylococcus aureus produces strong poisons and toxins in the course of its life. One of these toxins sometimes affects newborn babies, causing inflammation on the skin in the form of numerous blisters (like burns). In the medical and parental community, this disease is more often referred to as “scalded baby disease.” And the culprit of this whole nightmare is Staphylococcus aureus!

Treatment of staphylococcus in children

Staphylococcal infections in children are usually treated long and difficult. And since staphylococcus itself is a microbe by nature, most of the diseases caused by it require antimicrobial therapy (taking antibiotics). At the initial stage of this therapy, the doctor must not only clarify the type of staphylococcus that attacked the child’s body, but also determine its sensitivity to various types of antimicrobial drugs in order to select the most effective one.

In addition, when treating staphylococcal infections in children, naturally, Special attention is given to purulent foci located in the internal organs - they are usually removed by surgery.

If the occurrence of a staphylococcal infection was influenced by the presence of another disease that weakened the immune system (as already in the mentioned case, when a staphylococcal infection immediately develops against the background of a herpes infection), then treatment also includes prophylaxis against this disease.

And finally, when treating any staphylococcal infection, various measures are usually taken to strengthen the general immunity - after all, while it is weakened or “undermined”, the risk of another staphylococcal infection is quite high.

Prevention of staphylococcal infection in children: you need to live like neighbors

And yet! No matter how terrible and dangerous staphylococci are (and even the most formidable of them - Staphylococcus aureus), most healthy people and children peacefully coexist with it throughout their lives. Our immune system, being in a normal “working” state, is capable of completely blocking any activity of staphylococci.

And only a serious weakening of the immune system (due to injury, some disease, prolonged exhaustion of the body, etc.) gives a real chance for dangerous staphylococci to attack the child’s body. Thus, against any staphylococcal infections, only one is really effective. preventative measure- maintaining immunity in an exemplary manner.

Which, as a rule, is facilitated by systematic, active recreation, frequent and long walks in the fresh air. And any responsible parent knows this list of “events” by heart!