Traumatic lesions nervous system occur in children of all ages. They are fraught with great danger, because the consequences of injuries can affect the entire future life of the child. Their range is so large that it equally covers both periodic headache, and the delay physical development, mental disorders.
As doctors note, traumatic damage to the central nervous system is one of the least common reasons diseases of the central nervous system. Along with infectious and hypoxic-ischemic lesions, it is less common. But the physical impact is difficult to predict. Injuries are spontaneous and unexpected. They require urgent and immediate medical attention.
Nervous system injuries in children
- Intrauterine – physical impact on the fetus during a fall, catastrophe, accident, when compression or impact occurs in the mother’s abdomen and lower back. Injuries that do not result in termination of pregnancy and are compatible with the further development of the fetus may affect its health after birth. Among the consequences are disturbances in psychomotor development, motor activity, speech function.
- Generic – weak labor activity, premature birth, complications and the use of forceps can lead to physical harm to the fetus. Traumatic lesions of the fetal central nervous system also occur during cesarean section.
- Postnatal – skull injuries that occur after the birth of a child. This could be a bruise, concussion or crushing. A closed craniocerebral injury is accompanied by a concussion. A bruise is a local injury to the brain. Crushing or compression is accompanied by cerebral edema, intracranial hemorrhage, and bone fracture. This is a serious injury with unpredictable consequences.
Traumatic lesions of the central nervous system in newborns
Birth trauma ranks second among the causes of damage to the central nervous system of a newborn. This is a rough mechanical impact on the baby during his birth. Intervertebral joints are most often damaged cervical region spine. They bear the greatest burden during childbirth. Traumatic brain injuries, joint dislocations, and joint dislocations also occur. Any injury disrupts blood flow in important arteries that supply blood to the brain and spinal cord.
Among the causes of birth injuries, the most common are:
- Discrepancy between the size of the child and the size of the mother’s pelvis, premature babies, children with low weight or, conversely, very large children, rapid labor, breech presentation. In these cases, they are very often used aids for delivery, which lead to injury to the newborn.
- Weak labor – medication and physiotherapeutic stimulation of labor are used. The mechanism of fetal passage through the birth canal. Sprains, misalignment of vertebrae, and dislocations often occur. Cerebral blood flow deteriorates.
- The use of forceps is an extremely undesirable and dangerous auxiliary method, which entails traumatic brain injuries and cervical injuries. spinal cord.
- Caesarean section - as a rule, the incision of the uterus is 25-26 cm. The baby's head circumference is on average 35 cm. For the baby to be born, it must be pulled out by the head and shoulders. In this case, injuries to the cervical spine often occur in combination with fetal hypoxia.
Post-traumatic syndromes of central nervous system lesions
Traumatic lesions of the central nervous system in children are manifested by one of the following syndromes or a combination of them:
Cerebroasthenia or encephalasthenia
After a minor skull injury. The child experiences frequent headaches, becomes inactive, gets tired quickly and cannot concentrate, attention is unstable, and memory deteriorates. Such consequences are functional character and are amenable to therapeutic correction.
Cerebropathy or encephalopathy
After a brain injury. The syndrome manifests itself in vestibular, motor, speech and sensory disorders. There may be severe dizziness, coordination disorders, stuttering, dysarthria, and paralysis. The child requires systematic medication and physiotherapeutic therapy.
Hypo- or hyperdynamic syndrome
Some children are inactive, lethargic and slow. Others are too energetic, affective, noisy and easily excitable. Intellectual activity reduced, attention unstable.
Convulsive syndrome
This syndrome occurs immediately after a serious injury, which is accompanied by contusion and cerebral hemorrhage. But periodic seizures can appear some time after the injury and appropriate treatment. They are often accompanied by memory impairment, apathy and indifference in the child.
Delayed intellectual development
Most often occurs after trauma in the perinatal period. Birth trauma in combination with fetal hypoxia can lead to irreversible structural changes brain As a result, the child lags behind in his physical, psycho-emotional and mental development.
Diagnosis and treatment of nervous system injuries in children
To diagnose traumatic lesions of the central nervous system and their consequences, a clinical examination, analysis of the child’s reflexes and behavior, his psycho-emotional state, and the functioning of all vital organs are performed. To assess the structure of the brain and spinal cord, its blood flow, neurosonography, Dopplerography, CT and MRI are performed.
During the acute period traumatic injury In the central nervous system, immediately after injury, therapy is aimed at restoring blood flow and the functioning of all vital organs. It is necessary to reduce cerebral edema and normalize intracranial pressure, level convulsive syndrome. In the future, the child requires effective restorative treatment to improve the activity of cerebral cortex cells, correct physical and mental development.
Trauma to the nervous system is one of the most common human pathologies. There are traumatic brain injury and spinal injury.
Traumatic brain injury accounts for 25-45% of all cases of traumatic injuries. This is explained high level injuries in car accidents or transport accidents.
Traumatic brain injuries are closed (CTBI), when integrity is preserved skin and hard meninges, or there are soft tissue wounds without damage to the aponeurosis ( broad ligament covering the skull). Traumatic brain injuries with bone damage, but with preservation of the integrity of the skin and aponeurosis are also classified as closed. Open traumatic brain injuries (OTBI) occur when the aponeurosis is damaged. Injuries in which cerebrospinal fluid leaks are classified as open in any case. Open traumatic brain injuries are divided into penetrating, when the dura mater is damaged, and non-penetrating, when the dura mater remains intact.
Classification of closed craniocerebral injuries:
1. Bruises and wounds of the soft tissues of the skull without concussion and brain contusion.
2. Actually closed injuries brain:
Concussion (commotio cerebri).
Brain contusion (contusio cerebri) mild, moderate and severe
3. Traumatic intracranial hemorrhages (compression of the brain - compressio):
Extradural (epidural).
Subdural.
Subarachnoid.
Intracerebral.
Intraventricular.
4. Combined injuries of the skull and brain:
Bruises and injuries to the soft tissues of the skull in combination with trauma to the brain and its membranes.
Closed fractures of the bones of the cranial vault in combination with damage to the brain (bruise, concussion), its membranes and blood vessels.
Fractures of the bones of the base of the skull in combination with damage to the brain, membranes, blood vessels and cranial nerves.
5. Combined injuries when mechanical, thermal, radiation or chemical exposure occurs.
6. Diffuse axonal brain damage.
7. Compression of the head.
The most common type of injury is a concussion. This is the mildest type of brain damage. It is characterized by the development of mild and reversible changes in the activity of the nervous system. At the time of injury, as a rule, there is a loss of consciousness for several seconds or minutes. It is possible to develop so-called retrograde amnesia for events preceding the moment of injury. Vomiting is observed.
After restoration of consciousness, the following complaints are most typical:
Headache.
General weakness.
Noise in ears.
Noise in the head.
Flushes of blood to the face.
Sweaty palms.
Sleep disturbance.
Pain when moving the eyeballs.
The neurological status reveals labile, mild asymmetry of tendon reflexes, small-caliber nystagmus, and there may be slight stiffness of the neck muscles. The condition is completely relieved within 1-2 weeks. In children, concussion can occur in three forms: mild, moderate, and severe. In mild forms, loss of consciousness occurs for a few seconds. If loss of consciousness does not occur, then adynamia and drowsiness may occur. Nausea, vomiting, and headache persist for 24 hours after the injury. Shake medium degree severity is manifested by loss of consciousness for a period of up to 30 minutes, retrograde amnesia, vomiting, nausea, headache for a week. A severe concussion is characterized by a prolonged loss of consciousness (from 30 minutes to several days). Then a state of stupor, lethargy, and drowsiness appears. The headache persists for 2-3 weeks after the injury. The neurological status reveals transient damage to the abducens nerve, horizontal nystagmus, increased tendon reflexes, and congestion in the fundus. The cerebrospinal fluid pressure rises to 300 mmH2O.
A cerebral contusion, unlike a concussion, is characterized by brain damage of varying severity.
In adults, brain contusion mild degree severity is characterized by switching off consciousness after injury from several minutes to an hour. After regaining consciousness, the victim complains of headache, dizziness, nausea, and retrograde amnesia occurs. The neurological status reveals different pupil sizes, nystagmus, pyramidal insufficiency, membrane symptoms. Symptoms regress in 2-3 weeks.
A moderate brain injury is accompanied by loss of consciousness for several hours. Retrograde and antegrade amnesia occurs. Headaches are usually severe. Repeated vomiting. Blood pressure either increases or decreases. In the neurological status, a pronounced shell syndrome and distinct neurological symptoms occur in the form of nystagmus, changes in muscle tone, the appearance of paresis, pathological reflexes, and sensory disturbances. Fractures of the skull bones and subarachnoid hemorrhages are possible. The cerebrospinal fluid pressure is increased to 210-300 mmH2O. Symptoms regress within 3-5 weeks.
Severe brain contusion is characterized by loss of consciousness for a period of several hours to several weeks. Are developing severe violations vital functions of the body. Bradycardia less than 40 beats per minute, arterial hypertension more than 180 mm Hg, possibly tachypnea more than 40 per minute. There may be an increase in body temperature.
Severe neurological symptoms occur:
Floating movements of the eyeballs.
Paresis of upward gaze.
Tonic nystagmus.
Miosis or mydriasis.
Strabismus.
Swallowing disorder.
Changes in muscle tone.
Decerebrate rigidity.
Increased or suppressed tendon or skin reflexes.
Tonic convulsions.
Reflexes of oral automaticity.
Paresis, paralysis.
Convulsive seizures.
With severe bruises, as a rule, there are fractures of the bones of the vault and base of the skull, massive subarachnoid hemorrhages. Focal symptoms regress very slowly. Liquor pressure rises to 250-400 mmH2O. As a rule, a motor or mental defect remains.
IN childhood Brain contusion is much less common. It is accompanied by persistent focal symptoms with impaired movements, sensitivity, visual, coordination disorders against the background of severe cerebral symptoms. Often focal symptoms clearly visible only on days 2-3 against the background of a gradual decrease in cerebral symptoms.
If a brain contusion is accompanied by subarachnoid hemorrhage, then meningeal syndrome is clearly manifested in the clinical picture. Depending on the location of the accumulation of spilled blood, either psychomotor impairment(excitement, delirium, hallucinations, motor disinhibition), or hypothalamic disorders (thirst, hyperthermia, oliguria), or hypertension syndrome. If subarachnoid hemorrhage is suspected, a lumbar puncture. The liquor is hemorrhagic in nature, or the color of meat slop.
Compression of the brain occurs when intracranial hematomas and depressed skull fractures form. The development of a hematoma leads to a gradual deterioration of the patient’s condition and an increase in signs of focal brain damage. There are three periods in the development of hematomas:
Acute with traumatic effects on the skull and brain;
Latent – “light” interval after injury. It is most typical for epidural hematomas and depends on the background against which the hematoma is formed: a concussion or a brain contusion.
And the actual period of compression or formed hematoma.
The most characteristic of a hematoma is dilation of the pupil on the affected side and hemiparesis on the opposite side (Knapp syndrome).
Other symptoms of brain damage due to compression of the brain include the following:
Impaired consciousness.
Headache.
Repeated vomiting.
Psychomotor agitation.
Hemiparesis.
Focal epileptic seizures.
Bradycardia.
Other causes of brain compression include hydroma. Its formation occurs when a small subdural hematoma forms, the bleeding into which stops, but it is gradually replenished with fluid from the cerebrospinal fluid. As a result, it increases in volume, and the symptoms increase according to the pseudotumor type. Several weeks may pass from the moment of injury. Often, with the formation of a hematoma, subarachnoid hemorrhage occurs.
In children, the clinical picture of intracranial hematomas is somewhat different. The severity of the first phase may be minimal. The duration of the light interval depends on the intensity of bleeding. The first signs of a hematoma appear when its volume is 50-70 ml. This is explained by the elasticity of the child’s brain tissue, its greater ability to stretch, and the wide pathways of cerebrospinal fluid and venous circulation. Brain tissue has a great ability to compress and compress.
Diagnosis of traumatic brain injury includes a set of methods:
Thorough neurological examination.
X-rays of the skull bones can reveal fractures and bone depressions.
Examination of the cerebrospinal fluid allows us to speak about the presence of subarachnoid hemorrhage. Its implementation is contraindicated in case of hematomas, because Wedging of the brain substance may occur into the foramen magnum or into the notch of the tentorium of the cerebellum.
Electroencephalography allows you to identify local or diffuse changes bioelectrical activity brain, the degree of depth of their changes.
Echo-encephalometry is the number one research method for suspected hematoma, tumor or brain abscess.
CT and MRI are the most informative modern methods studies that allow us to study the structure of the brain without opening the skull bones.
Study biochemical parameters has an auxiliary value, because any traumatic effect on the body will be accompanied by activation of the sympathetic-adrenal system. This will be manifested by increased release of adrenaline metabolites and catecholamines in the acute period of injury. By the end of the acute period, the activity of the sympatho-adrenal system is reduced, to normal level it often comes only 12 or 18 months after a traumatic brain injury.
Long-term consequences of TBI include:
Hydrocephalus.
Traumatic encephalopathy.
Traumatic epilepsy.
Paresis.
Paralysis.
Hypothalamic disorders.
Emerging autonomic dystonia is a symptom of the current traumatic process, and not a consequence of a previous TBI.
Treatment of traumatic brain injury
If there is a depressed fracture or hematoma, the patient is subject to immediate neurosurgical treatment.
In other cases, treatment is conservative. Bed rest is indicated. Held symptomatic therapy: analgesics, dehydration, for vomiting - Eglonil, Cerucal. For sleep disorders - sleeping pills. At psychomotor agitation– tranquilizers, barbiturates, neuroleptics. For severe intracranial hypertension, diuretics (Lasix, mannitol, glycerin mixture) are prescribed. For subarachnoid hemorrhages, repeated lumbar punctures are indicated.
At severe injuries brain showing resuscitation measures, activity control pelvic organs and prevention of complications.
During the recovery period shown physiotherapy, physiotherapy, massage, restorative drugs, classes with a speech therapist, psychologist.
Open craniocerebral injuries are divided into penetrating and non-penetrating depending on the damage to the dura mater. Injuries with damage to the dura mater are much more severe, because there are opportunities for infection to enter the cranial cavity and develop meningitis, encephalitis and abscess. An unconditional sign of an open penetrating traumatic brain injury is the leakage of cerebrospinal fluid from the nose and ear.
Open penetrating brain injuries are caused by car accidents and gunshot wounds. The latter are especially dangerous because a blind wound channel with a high degree of infection is formed. This further aggravates the condition of patients.
In the clinic of open craniocerebral injuries there may be the following manifestations:
Severe cerebral phenomena with headache, vomiting, dizziness.
Shell symptoms.
Focal signs of damage to the brain substance.
The “spectacles symptom” develops when the bones of the base of the skull are fractured.
Bleeding from wounds.
Liquororrhea.
When the walls of the ventricles of the brain are injured, purulent ependymatitis occurs with an extremely severe course.
Diagnosis is carried out in the same way as for traumatic brain injury. Inflammatory changes are observed in the blood. The cerebrospinal fluid pressure is increased. There are characteristic congestion phenomena in the fundus.
Treatment of open craniocerebral injuries is carried out surgically. Crushed brain tissue, bone fragments, and blood clots are removed. Subsequently, plastic surgery of the bone defect of the skull is performed. Drug treatment involves the prescription of antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, and diuretics. Appointed anticonvulsants, exercise therapy, massage, physiotherapy.
Injuries to the nervous system can be divided into 2 large groups - injuries to the central nervous system (CNS) and injuries to the peripheral nervous system. CNS injuries include: brain injuries - traumatic brain injuries, injuries of the spine and spinal cord.
Brain injuries. Without going into a detailed classification, let's say that when minor injury The following manifestations mainly predominate: momentary loss consciousness from several seconds to minutes, dizziness, nausea, vomiting, headache. Patients often note increased irritability, asthenia, and mood changes.
Retrograde amnesia is sometimes observed—impaired memory of events that preceded the injury after the patient has regained consciousness. Symptoms usually persist for several days or weeks and are reversible and functional.
With more serious injuries in addition to the above-described manifestations, a longer loss of consciousness, short-term breathing disorders, palpitations, blood pressure, muscle tone decreases.
For lungs spinal injuries the structure of the spine and its fixing apparatus is not disturbed. Symptoms are vague and not constant - mild pain at the site of the injury, in different departments spine. Imaging examinations (X-ray, CT, MRI) often do not detect any changes, but the function of the spinal segments is disrupted - normal mobility, which is a kind of pitfall that will manifest itself more significantly in a few months or years in the form of persistent pain syndromes, spondyloarthrosis, spondylosis , dysfunction internal organs and other changes associated with the area of limited function mechanically or through the nervous system.
In case of severe spinal injuries, the spinal cord and arteries of the spinal cord are involved in the process, which is accompanied by a decrease or loss of reflexes, a decrease in tone, muscle strength and sensitivity in the corresponding areas, and the development of trophic disorders. Sometimes they join bacterial infections. When some parts of the spinal cord are damaged, pelvic disorders are observed - disturbances in urination (most often in the form of involuntary urination, difficult to control “imperative” urge to urinate), defecation (delayed or frequent bowel movements), and sexual function. In such a situation, complex treatment, including medication, is usually required.
TO peripheral nervous system injuries include traumatic damage to nerve trunks, nerve plexuses, and ganglia. Often, damage to the structures of the peripheral nervous system leads to partial or complete loss of nerve impulse transmission, which causes clinical manifestations.
If the conduction of the nerve in the zone of its innervation is disrupted, sensitivity, muscle contraction, and reflexes will be reduced or absent. Muscle tone and strength will be reduced or completely absent. Various sensitivity disorders also occur: paresthesia (feelings of numbness, tingling, crawling, etc.), hyperpathia (increased sensitivity to ordinary painless irritations, accompanied by intense pain or other unpleasant sensations; thus, even the smallest stimuli are perceived as unbearably sharp), hypoesthesia (decreased sensitivity when sensations are perceived as dull, weakened), and others.
In addition to sensitive and motor innervation organs and systems also receive autonomic innervation. Autonomic fibers begin from different parts of the brain and spinal cord, then pass through ganglia (clusters nerve cells) and included peripheral nerves suitable for muscles, organs, tissues. Vegetative fibers provide regulation of metabolism, blood supply, sweating, blood pressure and other functions.
When vegetative fibers are damaged, trophic disorders appear: muscle wasting and atrophy (due to metabolic disorders in tissues, muscles decrease in volume), dry skin, brittle nails, hair growth disorders - hair loss or excessive growth, trophic ulcers. In such patients, any abrasions, cuts, bruises and other injuries in the damaged area take longer than usual to heal. IN severe cases Bedsores may form.
In the acute period of any injury to the central nervous system, a comprehensive hospital treatment to relieve swelling, inflammation, pain syndrome. Subsequently, rehabilitation is necessary to further restore lost functions.
Almost any injury, even minor ones, brings to our body, in addition to the changes described above, also functional disorders. These dysfunctions often remain beyond the attention of neurologists. In many cases, the body cannot cope with this situation on its own. Functional disorders and dysfunctions progressively and slowly increase, as if a snowball is rolling down from the top of a mountain, gaining mass. Osteopathic medicine allows us to subtly assess the work of our body and identify even the slightest dysfunction and structure, restore mobility where necessary, and activate the internal reserves of self-healing of the body. Therefore, we believe that patients with the problems described above should be examined by an osteopath so that rehabilitation is as effective, timely and complete as possible.
Whiplash
The term "whiplash" includes a traumatic series of events in which head part the body, being free, instantly begins to move relative to the lower part, which is relatively fixed or less free.
This injury can occur when car accident, being overwhelmed by a wave when swimming, diving deep under water with an instant change in the direction of the body immediately after entering the water, when hitting the head on the water, when riding on attractions that use acceleration, braking, and centrifuge forces.
With mild whiplash, symptoms are nonspecific and may not appear immediately, but may take months or years after the traumatic event. The patient may experience malaise, fatigue, poor mobility, difficulty concentrating, nausea, sometimes slight instability of the body in space, headaches, pain in different parts of the spine, pain in the heart.
Often, after examining such a patient, the doctor diagnoses “vegetative-vascular dystonia”; patients receive drug treatment, which remains ineffective or helps on a short time only eliminating the symptoms, but not solving the main problem - the disorder normal functioning and mobility of different body structures. Osteopaths effectively identify and correct these changes even years after the injury itself.
Diseases of the nervous system form an extensive list, which includes various pathologies and syndromes. The human nervous system is a very complex, branched structure, sections of which perform various functions. Damage to one area affects the entire human body.
Disruption of the central and peripheral nervous systems (CNS and PNS, respectively) can be caused by various reasons - from congenital pathologies development to infection.
Diseases of the central nervous system may be accompanied by various symptoms. A neurologist treats such diseases.
All disorders of the central nervous system and PNS can be divided into several broad groups:
- vascular diseases nervous system;
- infectious diseases of the nervous system;
- congenital pathologies;
- genetic disorders;
- oncological diseases;
- pathologies due to injury.
It is very difficult to describe all kinds of diseases of the nervous system with a list, since there are a great many of them.
Vascular diseases of the central nervous system
The center of the central nervous system is the brain, so vascular diseases of the nervous system are characterized by disruption of its functioning. These diseases develop due to the following reasons:
- impaired blood supply to the brain;
- damage to cerebral vessels;
- pathologies of the cardiovascular system.
As you can see, all these reasons are closely interrelated and often one stems from the other.
Vascular diseases of the nervous system are lesions blood vessels brain, for example, stroke and atherosclerosis, aneurysms. A feature of this group of diseases is the high probability of death or disability.
Thus, a stroke provokes the death of nerve cells. After a stroke, complete rehabilitation of the patient is most often impossible, which leads to disability or death.
Atherosclerosis is characterized by hardening of the walls of blood vessels and further loss of elasticity. The disease develops due to cholesterol deposits on the vascular walls and is dangerous due to the formation of blood clots that provoke a heart attack.
An aneurysm is characterized by thinning of the vascular wall and the formation of a thickening. The danger of the pathology is that the seal can burst at any moment, which will lead to release large quantity blood. Aneurysm rupture is fatal.
Infectious diseases of the central nervous system
Infectious diseases of the nervous system develop as a result of the impact of an infection, virus or fungus on the body. The central nervous system is affected first, followed by the PNS. The most common pathologies of an infectious nature:
- encephalitis;
- syphilis of the nervous system;
- meningitis;
- polio.
Encephalitis is an inflammation of the brain that can be caused by viruses ( tick-borne encephalitis, brain damage by the herpes virus). Also, the inflammatory process can be bacterial or fungal in nature. The disease is very dangerous and, if left untreated, can lead to dementia and death.
Neurosyphilis occurs in 10% of cases of infection with this venereal disease. The peculiarity of neurosyphilis is that the disease affects all parts of the central nervous system and PNS without exception. Syphilis of the nervous system causes the development of changes in the structure of the cerebrospinal fluid. The disease is characterized by a wide variety of symptoms, including those of meningitis. Syphilis of the nervous system requires timely antibacterial therapy. Without treatment, paralysis, disability, and even death may develop.
Meningitis is a whole group of diseases. They are distinguished by the localization of inflammation, which can affect both the lining of the brain and the patient’s spinal cord. Pathology can be due to various reasons - from inflammatory processes in the middle ear to tuberculosis and trauma. This disease causes severe headaches, symptoms of intoxication and weakening of the neck muscles. The disease can be triggered by a virus and then there is a high probability of infecting others through contact. Such infections of the nervous system develop very rapidly. Without timely treatment, the likelihood of death is very high.
Poliomyelitis is a virus that can infect the entire human nervous system. This is the so called childhood disease, which is characterized by the ease of transmission of the virus by airborne droplets. The virus quickly affects the entire body, causing various symptoms - from fever at the beginning of infection to paralysis. Very often, the consequences of polio do not go away without leaving a trace and a person remains disabled for life.
Congenital pathologies
Pathologies of the nervous system in a child can be caused by a genetic mutation, heredity, or birth trauma.
The causes of the pathology may be:
- hypoxia;
- taking certain medications for early stages pregnancy;
- trauma during passage through the birth canal;
- infectious diseases suffered by a woman during pregnancy.
As a rule, childhood diseases of the nervous system appear from birth. Genetically determined pathologies are accompanied by physiological disorders.
Among the genetically determined pathologies:
- epilepsy;
- spinal muscle atrophy;
- Canavan syndrome;
- Tourette's syndrome.
Epilepsy is known to be chronic disease which is inherited. This disease is characterized by convulsive seizures, which cannot be completely eliminated.
Spinal muscular atrophy is a severe, and often fatal, disease associated with damage to the spinal cord neurons responsible for muscle activity. The patients' muscles are not developed and do not work, movement is impossible.
Canavan syndrome is a disorder of brain cells. The disease is characterized by an increase in the size of the skull and mental retardation. People with this pathology cannot eat due to impaired swallowing function. The prognosis is usually unfavorable. The disease cannot be cured.
Huntington's chorea is characterized by impaired motor skills, development of tics, and progressive dementia. Despite the genetic prerequisites for development, the disease manifests itself at an older age - the first symptoms appear at 30-60 years of age.
Tourette's syndrome is a disorder of the central nervous system that causes involuntary movements and shouting (tics). The first symptoms of pathology appear in preschool age. In childhood, this disease causes a lot of discomfort, but with age the symptoms become less pronounced.
You can suspect a dysfunction of the central nervous system in an infant if you carefully monitor the child's development. The reason for contacting a neurologist is delayed mental and physical development, vision problems or weakened reflexes.
Peripheral disorders
Peripheral diseases of the nervous system can occur as a complication of other pathologies, as well as due to tumors, surgical interventions or injuries. This group of disorders is very extensive and includes such common diseases as:
- neuritis;
- polyneuritis;
- radiculitis;
- neuralgia.
All these diseases develop as a result of damage to peripheral nerves or nerve roots, as a result of exposure to some negative factor.
As a rule, such disorders develop as a secondary disease against the background of infectious or viral lesions of the body, chronic diseases or intoxication. These pathologies often accompany diabetes, are observed in drug and alcohol addicts due to intoxication of the body. Vertebrogenic syndromes are distinguished separately, which develop against the background of spinal diseases, for example, osteochondrosis.
Treatment of pathologies of peripheral nerves is carried out using drug therapy, less often – surgically.
Tumor pathologies
Tumors can be located in any organ, including the brain and spinal cord.
Oncological disease of the human nervous system develops between the ages of 20 and 55 years. Tumors can affect any part of the brain.
Tumors can be either benign or malignant. Lymphoma of the central nervous system is common.
The presence of a brain tumor is accompanied by various symptoms. To diagnose the disease, it is necessary to conduct an MRI examination of the brain. Treatment and prognosis largely depend on the location and nature of the tumor.
Psycho-emotional disorders
There are a number of diseases of the nervous system that are accompanied by psychoemotional disorders. Such diseases include dystonia, syndrome chronic fatigue, panic disorders and other violations. These diseases develop due to negative impact stress, lack of nutrients and nervous overstrain, and is characterized by depletion of the human nervous system.
As a rule, the inert nervous system, which is characterized by excessive sensitivity, is more susceptible to such disorders. This type is characterized by low mobility of nervous processes. Inhibition in the central nervous system is slowly replaced by excitation. People with such a nervous system are often susceptible to melancholy and hypochondria. This type nervous activity characteristic of people who are slow, sensitive, easily irritated and also easily discouraged. Inhibition in the central nervous system in this case is weakly expressed, and excitation (reaction to the stimulus) is inhibitory in nature.
Treatment of psycho-emotional disorders accompanying somatic symptoms involves relieving tension in the nervous system, stimulating blood circulation and normalizing lifestyle.
Symptoms of diseases of the nervous system
In diseases of the nervous system, symptoms are divided into several groups - signs of motor disorders, autonomic symptoms and signs of a general nature. With damage to the PNS characteristic symptom is a violation of skin sensitivity.
Nervous diseases are characterized the following symptoms general:
- pain syndrome localized in different parts bodies;
- speech problems;
- psychoemotional disorders;
- motor impairment;
- paresis;
- tremor of fingers;
- frequent fainting;
- dizziness;
- fast fatiguability.
TO motor disorders include paresis and paralysis, convulsive states, involuntary movements, and a feeling of numbness in the limbs.
To the symptoms autonomic disorder include changes in blood pressure, increased heart rate, headache and dizziness.
Common symptoms are psycho-emotional disorders (apathy, irritability), as well as sleep problems and fainting.
Diagnosis and treatment of disorders
If you find any alarming symptoms, you should visit a neurologist. The doctor will conduct an examination and check the patient’s reflex activity. Then you may need additional examination - MRI, CT, Dopplerography of cerebral vessels.
Based on the results of the examination, treatment is prescribed, depending on what disorder is diagnosed.
Pathologies of the central nervous system and PNS are treated with drugs. These may be anticonvulsants, drugs to improve cerebral circulation and improve vascular permeability, sedatives and antipsychotics. Treatment is selected depending on the diagnosis.
Congenital pathologies are often difficult to treat. In this case, treatment involves measures aimed at reducing the symptoms of the disease.
It should be remembered that the chances of getting rid of an acquired disease at the beginning of its development are much higher than when treating the disease at late stages. Therefore, if you notice symptoms, you should visit a specialist as soon as possible and not self-medicate. Self-medication does not bring the desired effect and can significantly aggravate the course of the disease.
Organic damage to the central nervous system (CNS) is a diagnosis that indicates that the human brain is in an unstable state and is considered defective.
As a result of such lesions, dystrophic disorders, destruction and or necrotization occur in the brain. Organic damage is divided into several stages of development. The first stage is characteristic of most ordinary people, which is considered the norm. But the second and third require medical intervention.
Residual damage to the central nervous system is the same diagnosis, which shows that the disease appeared and persisted in a person during the perinatal period. Most often this affects infants.
From this we can draw an obvious conclusion. Residual organic damage to the central nervous system is a disorder of the brain or spinal cord that occurred while the child was still in the womb (at least 154 days from the date of conception) or within a week after his birth.
Mechanism of damage
One of all the “inconsistencies” of the disease is the fact that a disorder of this type belongs to neuropathology, but its symptoms may relate to other branches of medicine.
Because of external factor the mother experiences disruptions in the formation of the phenotype of cells that are responsible for the full list of functions of the central nervous system. As a result, fetal development is delayed. It is this process that can become the last link on the path to central nervous system disorders.
Regarding the spinal cord (this is also part of the central nervous system), corresponding lesions can appear as a result of incorrect obstetric care or inaccurate turns of the head when delivering the child.
Causes and risk factors
The perinatal period can also be called a “fragile period”, because during this time literally any unfavorable factor can cause the development of defects in the central nervous system of the infant or fetus.
Eg, medical practice has cases that show that organic damage to the central nervous system is caused by the following reasons:
In addition, for the development pathological changes may be affected by the use of various dietary supplements or sports nutrition. Their composition can have a detrimental effect on a person with certain characteristics of the body.
Classification of CNS lesions
Perinatal damage to the central nervous system is divided into several types:
- Hypoxic-ischemic. Characterized by internal or postnatal lesions of the brain. Appears as a result of chronic asphyxia. Simply put, main reason Such a lesion is a deficiency of oxygen in the fetal body ().
- Traumatic. This is a type of injury that occurs to a newborn during childbirth.
- Hypoxic-traumatic. This is a combination of oxygen deficiency with injury to the spinal cord and cervical spine.
- Hypoxic-hemorrhagic. Such damage is characterized by trauma during childbirth, accompanied by a failure of blood circulation in the brain with subsequent hemorrhages.
Symptoms depending on severity
In children, residual organic damage is difficult to see with the naked eye, but an experienced neurologist, already at the first examination of the baby, will be able to determine external signs diseases.
Often this is an involuntary trembling of the chin and arms, a restless state of the baby (lack of tension in the skeletal muscles).
And, if the damage is severe, it can manifest itself as neurological symptoms:
- paralysis of any limb;
- disturbance of eye movements;
- reflex failures;
- loss of vision.
In some cases, symptoms can only be noticed after going through certain diagnostic procedures. This feature is called the silent course of the disease.
General symptoms of residual organic damage central nervous system:
- unreasonable fatigue;
- irritability;
- aggression;
- mental instability;
- changeable mood;
- decreased intellectual abilities;
- constant mental anxiety;
- inhibition of actions;
- pronounced absent-mindedness.
In addition, the patient is characterized by symptoms of mental infantilism, brain dysfunction and personality disorders. As the disease progresses, the set of symptoms can be replenished with new pathologies, which, if left untreated, can lead to disability and, in the worst case, death.
Necessary set of measures
It is no secret that diseases of this degree of danger are difficult to cure using single methods. And even more so to eliminate 
residual organic damage to the central nervous system and it is even more necessary to prescribe complex treatment. Even with a combination of several therapy methods, the recovery process will take quite a long time.
For correct selection complex, it is strictly necessary to consult your doctor. Typically, the prescribed therapy includes the following set of measures.
Treatment with various medications:
- psychotropic drugs;
- antipsychotics;
External correction (treatment with external stimulation): 
- massage;
- physiotherapy (laser therapy, myostimulation, electrophoresis, etc.);
- reflexology and acupuncture.
Neurocorrection methods
Neurocorrection is a psychological technique that is used to restore impaired and lost functions of the brain.
If you have speech impediments or neuropsychiatric disorders, specialists involve a psychologist or speech therapist in the treatment. And in case of manifestation of dementia, it is recommended to seek help from teachers of educational institutions.
In addition, the patient is registered with a neurologist. It must pass regular examination from the doctor who is treating him. The doctor may prescribe new medications and other therapeutic measures as the need arises. Depending on the severity of the disease, the patient may require constant monitoring by family and friends.
We emphasize that the treatment of residual organic damage to the central nervous system during acute manifestation is carried out only in a hospital setting, and only under the supervision of a qualified specialist.
Remember! Timely treatment organic damage to the central nervous system will be able to stop the development of complications, reduce the consequences of the disease, eliminate symptoms and completely rehabilitate the human nervous system.
Rehabilitation is all in the hands of the mother and doctors
Rehabilitation measures for this disease, as well as for its treatment, should be prescribed by the attending physician. They are aimed at eliminating existing complications in accordance with the patient’s age.
With the remaining movement disorders, usually prescribed physical methods impact. First of all, it is recommended to do therapeutic exercises, the main idea of which will be aimed at “revitalizing” the affected areas. Additionally, physical therapy relieves swelling of nerve tissue and restores muscle tone.
Mental development delays are eliminated with the help of special drugs that have a nootropic effect. In addition to the pills, they also conduct classes with a speech therapist.
To reduce activity use. The dosage and the drug itself must be prescribed by the attending physician.
Should be eliminated by constant monitoring of liquor fluid. Appointed pharmaceutical drugs, which increase and accelerate its outflow.
It is very important to eradicate the disease at the first alarm bells. This will enable the person to lead a normal life in the future.
Complications, consequences and prognosis
According to the experience of doctors, organic damage to the central nervous system in children can cause the following consequences:
In children, quite often such disorders affect adaptation to conditions environment, manifestations of hyperactivity or, on the contrary, chronic fatigue syndrome.
Today, the diagnosis of “residual organic damage to the central nervous system” is made quite often. For this reason, doctors are trying to improve their diagnostic and treatment abilities.
The exact characteristics and features of a certain type of lesion make it possible to calculate further development disease and prevent it. In the best case, suspicion of the disease can be completely removed.
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