In life modern man so many various problems and petty vanity. And sometimes we don't even notice how our cardiovascular system suffers from them. No wonder that regular stress leads to the development of a variety of diseases. The World Health Organization claims that it is heart and vascular diseases that are in the first place among the causes of death of most people around the world.
According to statistics, such ailments take about seven million lives every year, which is about 30% of the the total deaths. This means that to consider this problem should be taken with all seriousness and disease should not be ignored at the earliest stages. If you notice that you have any alarming symptoms, be sure to contact a specialist. So you will not miss anything important and possibly save your health and even your life.
First, let's figure out what the cardiovascular system is. It includes all blood vessels and the heart, and plays a critical role in human body... It is this system that is involved in the movement of blood through the body, delivering oxygen and nutrients to all cells. Next, consider what kind of diseases of the cardiovascular system exist in adults.
Arrhythmia- this is a failure in the rhythm of the heartbeat. In order to determine this disease, you just need to measure the pulse of a person at rest, normal performance range from sixty to ninety beats per minute. Accurate diagnosis possible only if examined by a doctor and an electrocardiogram. Arrhythmia is most often associated with ailments of the central and autonomic nervous system, in some cases it occurs with lesions of the myocardium and various endocrine diseases... Diuretics are used for treatment, antiarrhythmic drugs, cardiac glycosides. In some cases, arrhythmia occurs as a result of alcoholism, tobacco smoking and thyrotoxicosis.
Atherosclerosis- a chronic ailment affecting arteries of large and medium diameter. Its essence lies in the deposition of lipoproteins on the membranes of these vessels. Prevention consists in a healthy lifestyle, giving up bad habits and reducing body weight. Medication treatment using a whole class various medicines which are divided into groups.
Varicose veins- a pathological process, which is manifested by the defeat of those vessels or veins that carry blood. In them, the diameter of the lumen noticeably increases, which causes the formation of nodes, which are the very extensions that impede normal blood flow. Complications - thrombophlebitis, skin ulcers and severe bleeding. The first symptom is pain and fatigue in the legs. It is treated with medication, and in advanced cases with the help of surgery.
Hypertension Is a state of high blood pressure. Manifested by tinnitus and headache. Bears the well-deserved name of the "silent killer", is one of the most common ailments of the cardiovascular system. It is treated with medication, as well as by optimizing the lifestyle, adjusting the diet and giving up bad habits.
Myocardial infarction Is a condition of damage to the heart muscle, which is caused by blockage of an artery or its branches. May occur due to atherosclerosis or obesity, sometimes fatal. Requires treatment in a hospital and long-term recovery period.
Cardiac ischemia- This is a pathology that occurs due to impaired blood filling function. Quite often it is accompanied by other serious diseases, such as cardiosclerosis, angina pectoris. May lead to myocardial infarction. It is treated with medication, it is important to limit physical activity, adjust the diet.
Cardiosclerosis- heart disease, manifested by scarring of tissues in the heart muscle against the background of a heart attack or some kind of inflammatory lesion. Physiotherapy and Spa treatment... It is important to limit physical activity and optimize your lifestyle.
Heart defects- can be both congenital and acquired. They are operable and inoperable. In some cases, they are fatal.
Heart failure- This is a pathology, which is expressed in the inability of the heart to fulfill its function as a pump that provides blood circulation. It can develop as a result of many diseases of the heart and blood vessels, such as arterial hypertension, ischemia, heart defects.
Angina pectoris Is one of the forms of coronary artery disease, which manifests itself in sharp pains in the area of the heart. Drug treatment. The drugs are selected purely individually by the attending physician.
Thromboembolism- blockage process blood vessels torn off blood clots. It is especially dangerous if it occurs in the pulmonary artery and its branches. This process is a consequence of thrombosis, which in turn is caused by atherosclerosis, thrombophlebitis, etc.
Almost all of the above diseases are amenable to successful treatment with the help of medicines. In some cases, you have to resort to surgery.
Remember that most diseases of the cardiovascular system are preventable. It is important to lead a healthy lifestyle, eat right and protect yourself from stress.
In the life of a modern person, there are always factors that negatively affect the state of cardio-vascular system.
Lack of movement, stress, bad habits overeating - all this leads to an increase blood pressure and in chronic form - To arterial hypertension(Ah)... This ailment causes a noticeable deterioration in well-being and a decrease in the quality of life, and subsequently often becomes the cause of a heart attack or stroke.
Therefore, it is important to recognize the disease at the earliest possible time, when the process is still reversible. Better yet, try to avoid it.
A disease in which a person has high blood pressure
, in medical circles called hypertension.
Blood pressure is stable, starting from 160/95.
Should be fixed at least three times over 15 days.
The disease is dangerous, since if hypertension, this ailment, has gone far, it can give complications in the form of a fatal heart attack, loss of consciousness and stroke.
One of the most common heart pathologies is myocardial conduction disorder. You can also find this pathology under the name "heart block".
This is a relatively common phenomenon that can be caused by a whole range of deviations and diseases, therefore it must be considered in a detailed way.
What it is
More precisely, myocardial conduction disturbance is not a disease / pathology, but a whole group of diseases / pathologies.
Left atrial hypertrophy is a disease in which there is a thickening of the left ventricle of the heart, due to which the surface loses its elasticity.
If the compaction of the cardiac septum has occurred unevenly, in addition, disturbances in the work of the aortic and mitral valves hearts.
Today, the criterion for hypertrophy is myocardial thickening of 1.5 cm or more. This disease is currently the leading cause of early death in young athletes.
Why is the disease dangerous?
A person suffering from arrhythmia is at risk for stroke and myocardial infarction. This is due to the fact that with arrhythmia, the heart contracts incorrectly, resulting in blood clots.
With the flow of blood, these clots are carried throughout the body and where the clot gets stuck, clogging will occur and the person will get sick.
The main diseases of the cardiovascular system - very briefly.
Arrhythmias of the heart
Arrhythmias are conditions in which the frequency, rhythm and sequence of heartbeats are disturbed. These symptoms occur with various congenital anomalies, acquired diseases of the cardiovascular system, as well as under the influence of autonomic, hormonal or electrolyte disorders, as a result side effects medicines.
Palpitations, periodic "fading", general weakness and fainting are frequent companions of arrhythmia. The diagnosis is clarified by ECG, including under stress, daily monitoring. It is necessary to act on the cause that caused the rhythm disturbance. Sedatives, antiarrhythmic drugs, electrical stimulation are used.
Heart block
Diseases of the cardiovascular system, in which there is a slowdown or cessation of impulses through the conducting system of the heart muscle, are called blockades. Causes - myocarditis, cardiosclerosis, myocardial infarction, toxic effect cardiac glycosides, anaprilin, verapamil. Distinguish between incomplete blockade, when part of the impulses passes through the conducting system, and complete, in which the impulses are not conducted at all. Diseases are manifested by loss of pulse, its reduction, fainting. Treatment is aimed at eliminating the factors that led to the blockade. To increase the heart rate, atropine, alupent, aminophylline are temporarily used. With complete transverse blockages, the installation of an artificial pacemaker (pacemaker) is indicated.
Atherosclerosis
Disease in which fatty soaking of the inner lining of the arteries occurs, proliferation in the walls of blood vessels connective tissue... As a result of the atherosclerotic process, the blood supply to organs and tissues is disrupted, and thrombus formation increases. Arterial hypertension, overweight, impaired metabolism of fats and fatty acids, diabetes, physical inactivity, stress. The clinic depends on the site of the lesion (stroke, angina pectoris and myocardial infarction, abdominal aortic aneurysm, intermittent claudication). Treatment is aimed at lowering blood lipids, normalizing diet and physical activity. Surgery is sometimes necessary.
Raynaud's disease
Disease of the cardiovascular system, the main manifestation of which is a recurrent violation of arterial circulation in the hands and feet. The provoking factor is the effect of cold, excitement. Raynaud's syndrome often accompanies diseases such as scleroderma, cervical osteochondrosis, ganglionitis, hyperthyroidism. The main symptoms are a decrease in the sensitivity of the fingers with numbness, tingling. During the attack, the fingers are bluish, cold, after its end - hot and swollen. The nutrition of the skin of the fingers changes - dryness, peeling, pustules appear. Treatment is aimed at improving local circulation.
Cardiopsychoneurosis
Neurocirculatory dystonia (NCD, neurocirculatory asthenia, vegetative dystonia) - a disease of a functional nature, in which the neuroendocrine regulation of the activity of the cardiovascular system is impaired. More common in young adults and adolescents after past diseases, intoxication, overwork. It manifests itself as weakness, fatigue, irritability, headache and unpleasant sensations in the area of the heart, arrhythmias, periodic changes in blood pressure. In treatment, it is important to normalize the lifestyle, to ensure sufficient physical activity. During the period of exacerbation, apply medicines(sedatives, natural stimulants), physiotherapy, massage,.
Congenital heart defects
Diseases of the cardiovascular system, in which there are various anomalies of the heart and nearby vessels that occur during intrauterine development under the influence of infections, injuries, radiation effects, hormonal disorders, medication, with a lack of vitamins in food. Congenital malformations hearts can be “blue” (with cyanosis) and “pale” (without primary cyanosis). Defects of the interventricular and atrial septum, narrowing of the pulmonary artery, aorta, non-closure of the ductus arteriosus. These diseases are manifested by shortness of breath, cyanosis with physical activity and even at rest, with a heartbeat, general weakness... Surgical treatment.
Arterial hypertension
Persistent increase in blood pressure above the level of 140/90 mm Hg. Art. Arterial hypertension ( hypertonic disease, hypertension) occurs in 30% of the world's population and can be primary (essential) and secondary (due to endocrine diseases, kidney disease, congenital pathology vessels). Hypertension contributes to and complicates the course of many diseases of the heart and brain, kidneys. Headaches, dizziness, pain in the heart, nosebleeds, memory loss, work capacity - all these are manifestations of hypertension. Heart attacks, strokes, renal failure, sudden death- this is what arterial hypertension leads to without treatment. You can control the pressure in initial stage and without drugs with help, proper nutrition, physical education, but persistent hypertension requires constant lifelong medication.
Arterial hypotension
Arterial hypotension (hypotonic disease, hypotension) - a persistent decrease in blood pressure to 90/60 mm Hg. Art. and lower due to dysfunction of the nervous system and mechanisms that regulate vascular tone. Psycho-traumatic conditions lead to illness, chronic infections and intoxication. Hypotension is manifested by lethargy, decreased performance, migraine headache, dizziness, fainting. It is necessary to exclude diseases accompanied by secondary arterial hypotension. Important in treatment correct mode, physical activity... Drugs are used that stimulate the function of the central nervous system and cardiovascular systems (medicines, taking herbal preparations, certain food products, Exercise therapy)
Cardiac ischemia
Chronic disease caused by insufficiency of the coronary circulation due to atherosclerosis. It can manifest itself as angina pectoris (attacks of pain in the heart during exercise that stop when taking nitroglycerin), myocardial infarction (necrosis of a section of the heart muscle with severe chest pain that does not pass from taking nitroglycerin and leading to severe complications), atherosclerotic cardiosclerosis (replacement of the myocardium with connective tissue dysfunction of the heart muscle). Medical and surgical treatment. In the initial stages of ischemic heart disease, regular moderate physical activity, exercise therapy is very important.
Cardiomyopathies
Diseases of the cardiovascular system with a primary lesion of the heart muscle of an unknown nature, without connection with inflammation, valve defects, coronary artery disease, hypertension. Cardiomyopathy can be hypertrophic, congestive, and restrictive. The disease is manifested by an increase in the size of the heart, heart failure, arrhythmias. The prognosis is poor without treatment. Restriction of physical activity, the use of nitrates, diuretics are used. Only a heart transplant can radically help.
Myocarditis
Inflammatory disease of the heart muscle, which occurs under the influence of various bacterial and viral factors, allergic reactions and other reasons. Manifested by malaise, pain in the heart, rhythm disturbance. Complications - heart failure, thromboembolism. Treatment - rest, taking non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal drugs, combating complications.
Pericarditis
Inflammatory disease of the outer layer of the heart (pericardium). It occurs due to infectious factors, rheumatism, rheumatoid arthritis, systemic lupus erythematosus, myocardial infarction, uremia. Pericarditis can be dry (sticky) and effusion (exudative). It manifests itself as malaise, pain in the heart, shortness of breath, general weakness, edema, enlarged liver. Treatment - anti-inflammatory drugs, hormonal drugs, diuretics, sometimes - surgery.
Acquired heart defects
Diseases of the cardiovascular system, in which the valves of the heart are affected with the development of insufficiency, stenosis or concomitant defect. Defects occur more often due to rheumatism, less often - atherosclerosis, sepsis, syphilis, trauma. The work of the heart is hampered by the obstruction of blood flow created by damaged valve leaflets. More often the mitral and aortic valves are affected. Complications - heart failure, rhythm disturbances, thromboembolism. Treatment is conservative and surgical.
Rheumatism, rheumatic heart disease
It is characterized by the development of a systemic inflammatory process with a predominant lesion of the heart and blood vessels. Starting factor rheumatic disease is an . The disease usually begins after a sore throat. The heart is affected with the development of myocarditis (less often - endocarditis), as well as large joints... Treatment - bed rest, antibiotics, anti-inflammatory drugs, hormones. Prevention of repeated rheumatic attacks is very important.
Heart failure
A condition in which the work of the heart is disrupted to ensure the necessary blood circulation in the body. Develops due to various diseases that impede the work of the heart muscle (myocarditis, coronary heart disease, arterial hypertension, cardiomyopathy). Heart failure can be acute or chronic. Manifestations depend on preferential defeat right or left heart. With left ventricular failure, it is shortness of breath, asthma attacks, dizziness, fainting, angina pectoris. With right ventricular failure - cyanosis, edema, enlargement of the liver. Treatment - decreased physical activity, diet, diuretics and cardiac glycosides.
Endocarditis
A disease in which the inner lining of the heart (endocardium) becomes inflamed. This happens more often with rheumatism, less often with sepsis, fungal infections, diffuse processes of connective tissue, intoxication. If we talk about infective endocarditis, then the main pathogens are streptococcus, staphylococcus, colibacillus... Such diseases of the cardiovascular system occur with chills, pain in the joints, damage to the heart valves with the development of symptoms characteristic of the corresponding defects. Complications - heart failure, heart defects, renal dysfunction. Treatment - the use of powerful antibiotics, immunotherapy, hormones. It is possible to conduct surgical intervention on the valves.
Date of publication of the article: 03/02/2017
Date the article was updated: 12/18/2018
In this article, you will learn: what are the types of heart disease (congenital and acquired). Their causes, symptoms and methods of treatment (medication and surgical).
Cardiovascular disease is one of the leading causes of death. Russian statistics show that about 55% of all deceased citizens suffered from the diseases of this group.
Therefore, it is important for everyone to know the signs of cardiac pathologies in order to identify the disease in time and immediately begin treatment.
It is equally important to pass preventive examination from a cardiologist at least once every 2 years, and from 60 years old - every year.
Heart diseases have an extensive list, it is presented in the table of contents. They are much easier to cure if diagnosed early. Some of them are completely cured, others are not, but in any case, if you start therapy on early stage, can be avoided further development pathology, complications and reduce the risk of death.
Coronary artery disease (CHD)
This is a pathology in which there is insufficient blood supply to the myocardium. Cause - atherosclerosis or thrombosis coronary arteries.
IHD classification
Acute coronary syndrome should be discussed separately. Its symptom is a prolonged (more than 15 minutes) attack of chest pain. This term does not mean separate disease, and is used when it is impossible to distinguish myocardial infarction from the symptoms and ECG. The patient is given a preliminary diagnosis of acute coronary syndrome»And immediately begin thrombolytic therapy, which is needed for any acute form of coronary artery disease. The final diagnosis is made after a blood test for markers of myocardial infarction: cardiac troponin T and cardiac troponin 1. If their levels are elevated, the patient has myocardial necrosis.
CHD symptoms
A sign of angina pectoris is attacks of burning, squeezing pain behind the breastbone. Sometimes the pain radiates into left side, in various parts of the body: scapula, shoulder, arm, neck, jaw. Less commonly, pain is localized in the epigastrium, so patients may think they have stomach problems, not heart problems.
At stable angina seizures are triggered by physical activity. Depending on the functional class of angina pectoris (hereinafter - FC), pain can be caused by a load of varying intensity.
| 1 FC | The patient tolerates daily stress well, such as long walking, light jogging, climbing stairs, etc. The attacks of pain occur only during high-intensity physical activity: running quickly, repeatedly lifting weights, playing sports, etc. |
|---|---|
| 2 FC | An attack may appear after walking more than 0.5 km (7-8 minutes without stopping) or climbing stairs higher than the 2nd floor. |
| 3 FC | A person's physical activity is significantly limited: an attack can be provoked by walking 100-500 m on foot or going up to the 2nd floor. |
| 4 FC | Even the slightest physical activity provokes seizures: walking less than 100 m (for example, moving around the house). |
Unstable angina pectoris differs from stable angina in that attacks become more frequent, begin to appear at rest, and can last longer - 10-30 minutes.
Cardiosclerosis is manifested by chest pains, shortness of breath, fatigue, edema, rhythm disturbances.
According to statistics, about 30% of patients die from this heart disease within 24 hours without going to a doctor. Therefore, carefully study all the signs of myocardial infarction in order to call an ambulance in time.
Symptoms of myocardial infarction
| The form | Signs |
|---|---|
| Anginal - the most typical | Pressing, burning pain in the chest, sometimes radiating to the left shoulder, arm, shoulder blade, left side faces. The pain lasts from 15 minutes (sometimes even a day). Not removed with Nitroglycerin. Analgesics only temporarily weaken it. Other symptoms: shortness of breath, arrhythmias. |
| Asthmatic | An attack of cardiac asthma develops, caused by acute failure of the left ventricle. The main signs: a feeling of suffocation, lack of air, panic. Additional: cyanosis of the mucous membranes and skin, accelerated heartbeat. |
| Arrhythmic | High heart rate, low blood pressure, dizziness, fainting is possible. |
| Abdominal | Pain in the upper abdomen, which radiates to the shoulder blades, nausea, vomiting. Often, even doctors are first confused with gastrointestinal diseases. |
| Cerebrovascular | Dizziness or fainting, vomiting, numbness of an arm or leg. By clinical picture this MI is similar to ischemic stroke. |
| Malosymptomatic | The intensity and duration of the pain is the same as for normal pain. There may be mild shortness of breath. A hallmark of pain - the Nitroglycerin tablet does not help. |
CHD treatment
| Stable angina | Relief of an attack - Nitroglycerin. Long-term therapy: Aspirin, beta-blockers, statins, ACE inhibitors. |
|---|---|
| Unstable angina | Emergency care: call an ambulance when an attack of greater intensity than usual appears, and also give the patient an Aspirin tablet and a Nitroglycerin tablet every 5 minutes 3 times. At the hospital, the patient will be given calcium antagonists (Verapamil, Diltiazem) and Aspirin. The latter will need to be taken on an ongoing basis. |
| Myocardial infarction | Emergency aid: immediate call to the doctor, 2 Aspirin tablets, Nitroglycerin under the tongue (up to 3 tablets with an interval of 5 minutes). Upon arrival, the doctors will immediately begin such treatment: they will inhale oxygen, inject a solution of morphine, if Nitroglycerin has not relieved the pain, they will inject Heparin to thin the blood. Further treatment: pain relief with intravenous administration Nitroglycerin or narcotic analgesics; preventing further necrosis of myocardial tissue using thrombolytics, nitrates and beta-blockers; constant intake of Aspirin. Restore blood circulation in the heart with the help of such surgical operations: coronary angioplasty, stenting,. |
| Cardiosclerosis | The patient is prescribed nitrates, cardiac glycosides, ACE inhibitors or beta-blockers, Aspirin, diuretics. |
Chronic heart failure
This is a condition of the heart in which it is unable to fully pump blood throughout the body. The reason is heart and vascular diseases (congenital or acquired defects, coronary artery disease, inflammation, atherosclerosis, hypertension, etc.).
In Russia, more than 5 million people suffer from CHF.
CHF stages and their symptoms:
- 1 - initial. This is a mild left ventricular failure that does not lead to hemodynamic (circulatory) disorders. There are no symptoms.
- Stage 2A. Violation of blood circulation in one of the circles (more often - a small one), an increase in the left ventricle. Signs: shortness of breath and palpitations with little physical exertion, cyanosis of the mucous membranes, dry cough, swelling of the legs.
- Stage 2B. Disturbed hemodynamics in both circles. The chambers of the heart undergo hypertrophy or dilation. Signs: shortness of breath at rest, aching pain in chest, blue tint of mucous membranes and skin, arrhythmias, cough, cardiac asthma, swelling of the extremities, abdomen, liver enlargement.
- Stage 3. Severe circulatory disorders. Irreversible changes in the heart, lungs, blood vessels, kidneys. All signs characteristic of stage 2B intensify, symptoms of defeat join internal organs... The treatment is no longer effective.
Treatment
First of all, therapy of the underlying disease is needed.
Symptomatic drug treatment is also carried out. The patient is prescribed:
- ACE inhibitors, beta-blockers or aldosterone antagonists - to lower blood pressure and prevent further progression of heart disease.
- Diuretics - to eliminate edema.
- Cardiac glycosides - for the treatment of arrhythmias and improving the efficiency of the myocardium.
Valve defects
There are two typical types of valve abnormalities: stenosis and insufficiency. With stenosis, the valve lumen is narrowed, making it difficult to pump blood. And in case of insufficiency, the valve, on the contrary, does not close completely, which leads to an outflow of blood in the opposite direction.
Most often, such valvular defects are acquired. Appear in the background chronic diseases(for example, ischemic heart disease), previous inflammation or improper lifestyle.
The most susceptible to diseases are the aortic and mitral valves.
Symptoms and treatment of the most common valve diseases:
| Name | Symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Aortic stenosis | At the initial stage, it proceeds without signs, so it is very important to regularly undergo a preventive heart examination. At a severe stage, there are attacks of angina pectoris, fainting during physical exertion, pallor of the skin, low systolic blood pressure. |
Medical treatment of symptoms (caused by valve defects). Valve prosthetics. |
| Failure aortic valve | Increased heartbeat, shortness of breath, cardiac asthma (asthma attacks), fainting, low diastolic blood pressure. | |
| Mitral stenosis | Shortness of breath, enlarged liver, swelling of the abdomen and limbs, sometimes - hoarseness, rarely (in 10% of cases) - pain in the heart. | |
| Insufficiency of the mitral valve | Shortness of breath, dry cough, cardiac asthma, leg swelling, pain in the right hypochondrium, It's a dull pain in heart. |
Mitral valve prolapse
Another common pathology is. Found in 2.4% of the population. This is a congenital defect in which the valve leaflets "sink" into the left atrium. In 30% of cases, it is asymptomatic. In the remaining 70% of patients, doctors note shortness of breath, pain in the region of the heart, accompanied by nausea and a feeling of "coma" in the throat, arrhythmias, fatigue, dizziness, and frequent fever up to 37.2–37.4.
Treatment may not be required if the disease is asymptomatic. If the defect is accompanied by arrhythmias or pain in the heart, prescribe symptomatic therapy... If the valve is severely changed, surgical correction is possible. Since the disease progresses with age, patients need to be examined by a cardiologist 1-2 times a year.
Ebstein's anomaly
Ebstein's anomaly is a displacement of the tricuspid valve leaflets into the right ventricle. Symptoms: shortness of breath, paroxysmal tachycardia, fainting, swelling of the veins in the neck, enlargement of the right atrium and the upper part of the right ventricle.
Treatment for an asymptomatic course is not carried out. If the signs are expressed, do surgical correction or a valve transplant.
Congenital heart defects
Congenital anomalies in the structure of the heart include:
- Atrial septal defect - the presence of communication between the right and left atria.
- Ventricular septal defect - pathological communication between the right and left ventricles.
- The Eisenmenger complex is a high interventricular septal defect, the aorta is displaced to the right and connects simultaneously with both ventricles (aortic dextroposition).
- Patent ductus arteriosus - the communication between the aorta and the pulmonary artery, which is normally present at the embryonic stage of development, is not overgrown.
- Fallot's tetralogy is a combination of four defects: ventricular septal defect, aortic dextroposition, pulmonary artery stenosis and right ventricular hypertrophy.
Congenital heart defects - signs and treatment:
| Name | Symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Atrial septal defect | With a small defect, symptoms begin to appear in middle age: after 40 years. This is shortness of breath, weakness, fatigue. Chronic heart failure develops over time with all characteristic symptoms... How more sizes defect, the earlier the symptoms begin to appear. | Surgical closure of the defect. Not always done. Indication: ineffective drug treatment CHF, lag in physical development in children and adolescents, increased blood pressure in the pulmonary circle, arteriovenous discharge. Contraindications: venoarterial discharge, severe left ventricular failure. |
| Ventricular septal defect | If the defect is less than 1 cm in diameter (or less than half the diameter of the aortic orifice), only dyspnea is characteristic during moderate physical exertion. If the defect is larger than the indicated sizes: shortness of breath with little exertion or at rest, pain in the heart, cough. |
Surgical closure of the defect. |
| Eisenmenger complex | Clinical picture: cyanosis of the skin, shortness of breath, hemoptysis, signs of CHF. | Medication: beta-blockers, endothelin antagonists. Surgery to close the septal defect, correct aortic diversion, and aortic valve replacement is possible, but patients often die during this operation. The average life expectancy of a patient is 30 years. |
| Fallot's tetrad | A blue tint of mucous membranes and skin, growth and development lag (both physical and intellectual), seizures, low blood pressure, symptoms of CHF. Average life expectancy is 12-15 years. 50% of patients die before the age of 3 years. |
Surgical treatment is indicated for all patients without exception. V early childhood an operation is performed to create an anastomosis between the subclavian and pulmonary arteries to improve blood circulation in the lungs. At the age of 3–7, a radical operation can be performed: simultaneous correction of all 4 anomalies. |
| Patent ductus arteriosus | A long time passes without clinical signs... Over time, shortness of breath appears and heart palpitations, pallor or blue skin tone, low diastolic blood pressure. | Surgical closure of the defect. It is indicated for all patients, with the exception of those who have a blood discharge from right to left. |
Inflammatory diseases
Classification:
- Endocarditis - affects the inner lining of the heart, valves.
- Myocarditis is a muscular layer.
- Pericarditis is a pericardial sac.
They can be caused by microorganisms (bacteria, viruses, fungi), autoimmune processes (for example, in rheumatism) or toxic substances.
Also, inflammation of the heart can be complications of other diseases:
- tuberculosis (endocarditis, pericarditis);
- syphilis (endocarditis);
- flu, tonsillitis (myocarditis).
Pay attention to this and consult a doctor in time if you suspect a flu or sore throat.
Symptoms and treatment of inflammation
| Name | Symptoms | Treatment |
|---|---|---|
| Endocarditis | High temperature (38.5–39.5), increased sweating, rapidly developing valvular defects (detected by echocardiography), heart murmurs, enlarged liver and spleen, increased fragility of blood vessels (you can notice hemorrhages under the nails and in the eyes), thickening of the tips fingers. | Antibiotic therapy for 4-6 weeks, valve transplantation. |
| Myocarditis | It can take several forms: attacks of pain in the heart; symptoms of heart failure; or with extrasystole and supraventricular arrhythmias. Put accurate diagnosis it is possible on the basis of a blood test for cardiospecific enzymes, troponins, leukocytes. | Bed rest, diet (No. 10 with salt restriction), antibacterial and anti-inflammatory therapy, symptomatic treatment heart failure or arrhythmias. |
| Pericarditis | Chest pain, shortness of breath, palpitations, weakness, cough without phlegm, heaviness in the right hypochondrium. | Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, antibiotics, severe cases- subtotal or total pericardiectomy (removal of part or all of the pericardial sac). |
Rhythm disturbances
Causes: neuroses, obesity, malnutrition, cervical osteochondrosis, bad habits, intoxication with drugs, alcohol or drugs, coronary heart disease, cardiomyopathy, heart failure, ventricular premature excitation syndromes. The latter are heart diseases, in which there are additional pathways for the impulse between the atria and ventricles. You will read about these anomalies in a separate table.
Characteristics of rhythm disturbances:
| Name | Description |
|---|---|
| Sinus tachycardia | Rapid heartbeat (90-180 per minute) while maintaining a normal rhythm and a normal pattern of impulse propagation through the heart. |
| Atrial fibrillation (atrial fibrillation) | Uncontrolled, irregular and frequent (200-700 per minute) atrial contractions. |
| Atrial flutter | Rhythmic contractions of the atria with a frequency of about 300 per minute. |
| Ventricular fibrillation | Chaotic, frequent (200-300 per minute) and incomplete ventricular contractions. The lack of a complete contraction provokes acute insufficiency circulation and fainting. |
| Ventricular flutter | Rhythmic contractions of the ventricles with a frequency of 120-240 per minute. |
| Paroxysmal supraventricular (supraventricular) tachycardia | Attacks of rhythmic rapid heartbeat (100–250 bpm) |
| Extrasystole | Spontaneous contractions out of rhythm. |
| Conduction disorders (sinoatrial block, atrial block, atrioventricular block, bundle branch block) | Deceleration of the rhythm of the whole heart or individual chambers. |
Premature ventricular excitation syndromes:
| WPW syndrome (Wolff-Parkinson-White syndrome) | CLC syndrome (Clerk-Levi-Cristesco) |
|---|---|
| Signs: paroxysmal (paroxysmal) supraventricular or ventricular tachycardia(in 67% of patients). Accompanied by a feeling increased heart rate, dizziness, sometimes fainting. | Symptoms: a tendency to attacks of supraventricular tachycardia. During them, the patient feels a strong beating of the heart, and may feel dizzy. |
| Cause: the presence of a Kent's bundle - an abnormal pathway between the atrium and the ventricle. | Cause: The presence of a James bundle between the atrium and the atrioventricular junction. |
| Both diseases are congenital and quite rare. | |
Treatment of rhythm disturbances
It consists in the treatment of the underlying disease, diet and lifestyle correction. Antiarrhythmic drugs are also prescribed. Radical treatment for severe arrhythmias is the installation of a cardioverter defibrillator, which will "set" the rhythm of the heart and prevent ventricular or atrial fibrillation. In case of conduction disturbances, electrocardiostimulation is possible.
Treatment of the syndromes of premature ventricular excitation can be symptomatic (elimination of seizures with medication) or radical (radiofrequency ablation of the abnormal pathway).
Cardiomyopathies
These are myocardial diseases that cause heart failure, not associated with inflammatory processes or pathologies of the coronary arteries.
The most common are hypertrophic and. Hypertrophic is characterized by the growth of the walls of the left ventricle and the interventricular septum, dilatation - by an increase in the cavity of the left and sometimes right ventricles. The first is diagnosed in 0.2% of the population. Occurs in athletes and can cause sudden cardiac death. But in this case, it is necessary to carry out a thorough differential diagnosis between hypertrophic cardiomyopathy and non-pathological enlargement of the heart in athletes.
Heart disease is a broad group of diseases associated with impaired normal work of this body. The pathological process may affect coronary vessels, the valve apparatus or one of the layers of the heart muscle. Some of the diseases long time do not manifest themselves with a single symptom, while others manifest sharply, causing the patient a lot of suffering. Consider what kind of heart disease are, and what symptoms they are accompanied by.
List and names of heart diseases
We list the most common diseases of this organ:
- Arrhythmias and blockages (rhythm and conduction disturbances). To this group pathological conditions include tachycardia, bradycardia, arrhythmias, extrasystoles, premature ventricular excitation syndrome, blockade at various levels of the heart muscle.
- Atherosclerosis of the coronary arteries. This pathological process does not capture the heart itself, but the vessels that feed it, which leads to the appearance of characteristic symptoms.
- Arterial hypertension. This group includes hypertension and symptomatic arterial hypertension.
- Cardiac ischemia. The cause of this condition is a decrease in the blood supply to the organ. This group of pathologies includes myocardial infarction, angina pectoris and cardiosclerosis.
- Cardiomyopathy. A group of diseases in which there is an increase in size, congestive heart failure and systolic dysfunction. This can occur with systemic autoimmune processes, heart defects, alcohol intoxication and other conditions. This group also includes cardiomegaly ("bovine heart").
- Myocardial dystrophy. A whole list of diseases that are manifested by a violation of metabolic processes in the heart muscle. This problem can occur due to damage to the kidneys, liver, intoxications or diseases of the endocrine system.
- Congenital and acquired heart defects. The most common diseases in this group are heart valve defects. They appear in utero or in adulthood after suffering infectious or autoimmune diseases.
- Inflammatory diseases of various layers of the heart muscle. These include endocarditis and myocarditis.
- Acute and chronic cardiovascular failure. A wide group of diseases, which include cardiac asthma, pulmonary edema, collapse, shock and other conditions.
- Diseases of the pericardium (pericarditis). The pericardium is the outer lining of the heart that separates it from the rest of the chest.
Important! V a separate group included benign and malignant neoplasms of this body. Oncology can be both primary and a consequence of tumor metastasis from other organs.
Thus, heart disease is big list heterogeneous diseases, which can be conditionally divided into three groups:
- pathology of the valve apparatus (defects);
- diseases of the coronary vessels and their consequences for the heart (coronary artery disease, heart attack, angina pectoris, etc.);
- damage to the heart muscle itself (pericarditis, endocarditis, etc.).
The causes of these conditions, both in men and women, are very diverse, ranging from diseases on the basis of nerves and ending with genetic mutations in the prenatal period. Some of them are fatal, for example, tetrad of Fallot (intrauterine heart defects), others are not dangerous, but lead to the development unpleasant symptoms and significantly worsen the patient's quality of life. In any case, without appropriate therapy, these diseases can progress, causing severe consequences therefore must be under medical supervision.
What kind of heart diseases give disability?
There is a list of regulated diseases and conditions in which disability is given. Depending on how severely the function of the heart muscle is impaired, the patient can be assigned a category 1, 2 or 3 of disability.
This takes into account not only the disease itself, but also the presence of concomitant diseases, as well as the ability to work, self-service and social interaction. Here are some of the diseases for which the patient is entitled to a disability group:
- defects with severe heart failure;
- arterial hypertension of the 3rd degree with damage to target organs;
- condition after myocardial infarction and others.
Clear indications and a group are established by a special medical commission that takes into account all aspects of the patient's life and health.
What are the symptoms of heart disease?
The clinical picture and symptoms of heart lesions are very diverse. In most cases, the symptoms of heart disease will be as follows:
- Pain in the chest and in the area of the heart muscle. Painful sensations may be associated with insufficient blood supply or acute blockage of one of the branches of the arteries that supply blood to the heart. The nature of the pain is different: burning, pressing, sharp, compressing, bursting, etc. They occur at rest and during physical exertion. Sometimes pain in such diseases can radiate to the arm, abdomen, back and other parts of the body.
- Dyspnea. This is a condition in which the patient feels short of breath. At the beginning of many diseases, it develops only with physical exertion, and with progression pathological process can disturb the patient at rest.
- Change in heart rate. Normally, the patient does not feel his heart beating. With illness, the heart rate may increase, and the person complains that the heart "pounds like crazy and jumps out of the chest." Some heart disease, on the other hand, is accompanied by a decrease in heart rate (bradycardia).
- Cough and choking. These symptoms of the disease are most often signs of chronic heart failure of the pulmonary circulation. Congestion in the vessels leads to irritation of the cough receptors in the lungs and bronchi and causes a cough.
- Weakness, lethargy, fatigue. These are nonspecific signs that malfunctions in the work of internal organs are occurring in the body.
- Swelling. The appearance of edema indicates that the heart cannot cope with pumping blood. Such edema develops on the lower extremities.
- Pressure surges. Some patients notice them only with the help of special equipment, others can determine the rise in pressure by their condition. Weakness appears, "flies before the eyes", dizzy, hands tremble.
- Temperature increase. Inflammatory diseases run from high temperature and severe symptoms intoxication of the whole organism.
- Other symptoms: nausea, vomiting, fainting, collapse, shock.
There are many different heart conditions that come with excruciating symptoms... Before starting their treatment, you need to find out the cause of the problem and, if possible, eliminate it.
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