Signs of esophageal cancer, not to be missed…. Esophageal cancer early symptoms and signs

Is a malignant neoplasm that develops from epithelial cells located in the mucous membrane. Today, this cancer is most often found in elderly people over 60 years of age. The male half of the population is several times more likely to encounter this malignant neoplasm. According to available medical statistics, esophageal cancer accounts for 40% of all existing oncological diseases.
Currently, patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer have several types of this malignant neoplasm:

carcinoma;

adenocarcinoma;

squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus.

Cancer can be localized in any part of the esophagus:

most often (in 55% of cases), a malignant neoplasm is detected in the lower esophagus;

in 35% of cases, cancer is detected in the middle part of the esophagus;

the upper esophagus accounts for only 10% of cancers.

in the stomach;

in the larynx;

in the nerve trunks of the diaphragm and chest.

Modern medicine, when diagnosing cancer neoplasms of the esophagus, uses the following classification:

endophytic cancer. This type of neoplasm grows in the submucosal layer of the walls of the esophagus;

exophytic cancerous tumor. This type of neoplasm grows and fills the lumen of the esophagus. Over time, it begins to rise above the mucous membrane of the esophagus;

mixed cancer. Ulcers often form at the site of this type of cancer, since the neoplasm itself is prone to rapid decay.

How long do people live with esophageal cancer?

With the timely diagnosis of esophageal cancer, patients have rather bright prospects for a full recovery.

If patients go to a medical institution when primary symptoms appear and a malignant neoplasm is detected at stages 1-2, they will (in almost all cases) be guaranteed a cure without further relapses.

The main problem with this cancer is its slow and often asymptomatic course. Most patients seek help at a late stage in the development of a malignant neoplasm. With an advanced stage of esophageal cancer, even with good care and high-quality treatment, doctors determine the patient's life span not exceeding 6 years.

If this cancer is not treated (at a late stage of development), patients are destined to live no more than 8 months.

In case of metastasis of the patient's body, doctors in most cases no longer prescribe surgery since it doesn't make any sense. The only treatment technique that can extend the life of a patient by at least a year is radiation therapy.

According to statistics published in specialized media mass media, in patients who have had cancerous surgically, and also conducted courses of radiation and chemotherapy, there is the following life expectancy:

patients who have been operated on for stage 1 esophageal cancer - in 90% of cases recover completely;

patients who have been operated on for cancer of the esophagus at the 2nd stage - recover in 50% of cases;

patients who underwent surgical treatment at stage 3 of esophageal cancer survive in 10% of cases, and their life expectancy is more than 5 years.

V initial stage the development of a malignant neoplasm in the esophagus in patients may not show any symptoms. The patient feels well and does not notice any deviations from the norm.

At a later stage in the development of this disease, following symptoms:

difficulty swallowing food;

spasms in the esophagus;

hoarseness;

pain sensations appearing in the chest;

squeezing sensations in the chest;

sharp pain syndrome;

a feeling of pain or burning that occurs while eating;

due to the narrowing of the esophagus, the patient can only swallow liquid food;

severe exhaustion(occurs due to malnutrition and lack of necessary nutrients);

constant feeling hunger;

weakness, lethargy;

loss of performance;

blockage of the esophagus (as a result, swallowed food comes back);

an unpleasant (sometimes fetid) patient appears;

nervousness;

vomiting reflex;

stagnation in the esophagus;

sore throat;

the appearance of a tracheoesophageal fistula;

cancerous cachexia;

development of hypersalivation;

heart rhythm disturbance;

asthma attacks;

the appearance of signs of stridor breathing;

an increase in the size of the lymph nodes, etc.

With metastasis of a tumor of the esophagus, the following symptoms may be observed:

chest pain;

severe shortness of breath, which occurs even with little physical effort;

swelling is formed, the site of localization of which is the supraclavicular fossa;

In the event that metastases have struck other internal organs of the patient, he may experience the following symptoms:

fast fatiguability;

prostration;

drowsiness;

painful sensations;

slight rise temperature regime;

depressive states etc.

For successful treatment of malignant neoplasm of the esophagus, it is necessary to diagnose this disease in a timely manner. That is why it is important for patients to identify the first alarming symptoms esophageal cancer to get quality medical assistance... The sooner a tumor is detected, the more chances patients have for successful recovery and survival.

To date, modern medicine has managed to determine the main causes of the development of malignant neoplasms in the esophagus.

The causes of esophageal cancer include the following:

excess weight(any stage of obesity) has a direct impact on the functioning of organs digestive tract... Overweight people have high blood pressure in the abdominal cavity. Over time, they develop reflux, against the background of which a burn of the walls of the esophagus is formed with hydrochloric acid (food is thrown into the esophagus from the stomach, along with concentrated gastric juice);

passion for various diets that negatively affect not only the organs of the gastrointestinal tract, but also the entire human body as a whole;

frequent eating of spicy, peppery and pickled dishes;

craving for too hot food, from which a burn of the walls of the esophagus can occur;

accidental intake of fluids that can cause a chemical burn to the walls of the esophagus (in some cases, the effects of a chemical burn may appear after several years);

bad heredity. Numerous studies of esophageal cancer, carried out by scientists from around the world, have shown that the likelihood of developing esophageal cancer increases several times due to the mutation of the p53 gene. Due to the fact that the tissues cease to receive proper protection and malignant neoplasms begin to develop in the esophagus;

any mechanical effect on the esophagus (injuries sustained when swallowing solid food that can damage the walls of the esophagus) can provoke the degeneration of epithelial cells into cancerous ones;

smoking and drinking alcoholic beverages. Among patients who have been diagnosed with esophageal cancer, there is a large number of people suffering from alcoholism (this addiction has become the main cause of their illness). Frequent intake of alcohol thinns the lining of the esophagus, resulting in the destruction of its cells. The same situation is with another addiction - smoking. Carcinogenic substances that enter the patient's lungs cause irreversible changes in the epithelial cells. When lighting his first cigarette, each person should remember that he consciously falls into a risk group and may soon develop esophageal cancer;

papillomavirus, found in human blood, can cause the appearance of malignant neoplasms in the esophagus (scientists associate this with a mutation in the cells of the esophagus, which is caused by this virus);

insufficient amount of vitamins, minerals and other nutrients that should be supplied to the human body every day. The cells of the esophageal mucosa lose the ability to perform the functions assigned to them, as a result of which they can be reborn, etc.

Modern medicine defines 4 stages of esophageal cancer:

At the first stage, the patient may not notice any changes in his body. When eating solid food, he has to drink liquid so that the food can reach the stomach.

In the second stage of esophageal cancer, the patient may develop nutritional problems. Many patients at this stage of cancer switch to liquid foods, mashed potatoes and cereals.

At the third stage of esophageal cancer, patients have a narrowing of the food passage, which makes even the process of swallowing fluid difficult and painful.

At the fourth stage of cancer, the patient has a complete obstruction of the esophagus.

Grade 1 esophageal cancer

The first stage of esophageal cancer is very often not accompanied by pronounced symptoms. The malignant neoplasm is very small in size and practically does not bother the patient. At this time, damage to the mucous membranes of the walls of the esophagus, as well as the submucosa, occurs. Cancer at the first stage does not grow into the muscle layer of the esophagus and therefore responds very well to surgical treatment. Patients do not have a narrowing of the lumen of the esophagus, they can fully eat, since they do not experience discomfort either during or after eating.

Esophageal cancer grade 2

At the 2nd stage of development of esophageal cancer, damage to the following organs is observed:

mucous membranes of the walls of the esophagus;

muscle membranes;

submucosa.

At this time, the malignant neoplasm does not go beyond the affected esophagus. In many patients, the lumen of the esophagus is narrowed, and therefore, they have to switch to liquid food. When examining a patient, specialists can detect single metastases that affect regional lymph nodes.

Grade 3 esophageal cancer

At the 3rd stage of development, a malignant neoplasm grows into all layers of the walls of the esophagus. In patients, the tumor affects the serous membrane, as well as the paraesophageal tissue. Against the background of the development of cancer, the lumen of the esophagus narrows and patients have a problem with nutrition, since it becomes problematic for them to swallow solid foods. In parallel, tumor metastasis occurs (found in regional lymph nodes). The organs located near the esophagus are not damaged at this stage of cancer development.

Grade 4 esophageal cancer

At the 4th stage of esophageal cancer in patients, tumor metastasis occurs, in which both regional and distant lymph nodes are affected. The cancerous tumor spreads to the peri-esophageal tissue. Malignant neoplasm also captures the walls of the esophagus, the serous membrane and nearby organs. Most patients at this stage of cancer develop an esophageal-tracheal or esophageal-bronchial fistula.

Before prescribing treatment for a patient who has symptoms characteristic of oncological diseases, a thorough examination should be carried out by the attending physician.

The patient is assigned a number of diagnostic measures that will allow determine the exact type of tumor, its stage of development and localization:

X-rays (this is done with a contrast agent that makes the esophagus visible on an X-ray). With help this study experts determine the localization of the malignant neoplasm, its shape and size. Thanks to x-ray the oncologist can foresee possible complications the type of cancer under investigation will cause;

Laparoscopy. This type of diagnosis allows you to identify metastases in the internal organs of the patient;

Ultrasound examination. Through this study, specialists determine the exact size of the malignant neoplasm, as well as the presence of lymph nodes that are affected by metastases;

Tomography (performed by using the optical sensor). This technique was relatively recently developed by scientists and almost immediately began to be used in specialized medical institutions. Through an endoscope, the specialist examines the structure of the neoplasm. Thanks to the latest equipment, it is possible to determine the structure of tumor tissue to a depth of 1.5-2mm. All information collected by the sensor is transferred to a computer, after which it is decrypted by a specialist. In the event that in medical institution If such equipment is installed, then patients may not be biopsied, since the obtained data on the neoplasm is sufficient for prescribing therapy. Also, patients are prescribed positron emission tomography. Immediately before the research, glucose (radioactive) is administered to the patient. Its property is that it can selectively accumulate in cancer cells. The patient is placed in the center of a specially equipped room, and a scanner begins to rotate around him, which takes pictures of a cancerous tumor (it recognizes neoplasms, the size of which is 5-10 mm);

Laparoscopy. Given diagnostic technique the patient is punctured in the abdominal cavity (near the navel) with a laparoscope needle, after which a tube with an optical device is inserted into the hole. Specialists have the opportunity to determine the localization of a malignant neoplasm, its exact dimensions, and also take biological material, which is immediately transferred for histological studies;

Bronchoscopy. It is prescribed in the case when the doctor suspects a metastatic lesion of the larynx, trachea, bronchial tree etc.;

Esophagogastroduodenoscopy... When conducting this type of examination, specialists carefully examine not only the esophagus, but also other organs of the digestive tract. Thanks to the endoscope, it is possible to examine inner surface esophagus, as well as take biological material for laboratory research (it is carried out under a microscope). With the help of esophagogastroduodenoscopy, it is possible to identify a malignant neoplasm at an early stage of development and timely prescribe treatment to the patient, etc.

V mandatory patients are assigned full laboratory examination, which runs:

blood chemistry;

clinical blood test;

general urine analysis;

histological analysis of biopsy;

tumor markers SCC, CYFRA 21-1, TPA.

To date, patients with a malignant neoplasm in the esophagus are prescribed the following treatment methods:

surgery;

radiation therapy;

chemotherapy;

complex therapy(this technique includes surgical treatment, medication, radiation and chemotherapy);

combined method (it combines surgical manipulations with radiation components).

During abdominal surgery, the esophagus is partially or completely removed. The surgeon carefully examines the lymph nodes that are affected by metastases and removes them. In the event that during the removal of a malignant neoplasm it is not possible to preserve the patient's esophagus, the surgeon uses the tissue of the small or large intestine to restore this organ of the digestive tract.

During surgical treatment, patients are able to restore the lumen of the esophagus. A malignant neoplasm can be completely removed if it is located in the middle or lower part of the esophagus. In some cases, the surgeon removes part of the esophagus and, together with upper section stomach. The rest of the esophagus is sewn to the stomach and after a series of rehabilitation measures begins to function fully. According to statistics, mortality rates for patients who underwent surgical treatment fluctuate within 10%.

Not all cancer patients can be treated with surgical removal malignant neoplasm of the esophagus. The following restrictions apply:

metastasis of cancer to the lymph nodes and other internal organs;

the patient's age should not exceed 70 years;

the presence of severe chronic diseases;

problems with the heart, blood vessels and lungs, etc.

When a malignant neoplasm is localized in the middle part of the esophagus, an opening is created on the anterior wall of the peritoneum (during surgery). Subsequently, the patient will be fed through a tube that will be inserted into this hole. With this location of the tumor, in most cases, the esophagus is completely removed along with the lymph nodes affected by metastases. A year later, after the surgical intervention, the patient undergoes a thorough examination to identify metastases. If they are not found, it is assigned reoperation, the purpose of which is to create an artificial esophagus (for it, the tissue of the patient's small intestine can be used).

Endoscopic surgery. In the early stages of the development of a malignant neoplasm, patients can undergo more sparing surgical treatment - endoscopic surgery... During the surgical procedure, the patient is inserted through the mouth through the endoscope tube, at the end of which is attached optical device... With the help of special instruments, the specialist performs bougienage, the purpose of which is to restore the lumen of the esophagus.

Radiation therapy. One of the modern methods of treatment of malignant neoplasm of the esophagus is radiation therapy. This technique is ideal for the category of cancer patients for which surgical intervention is contraindicated (this is associated with diseases of the bronchopulmonary or of cardio-vascular system etc.). Radiation therapy is often carried out in the postoperative period, due to which the number of relapses of the disease in patients is significantly reduced and the process of metastasis of the body is prevented. It is also worth noting that in inoperable patients, after radiation therapy, malignant neoplasms are greatly reduced in size. During radiation therapy, healthy cells of the patient's body are not negative impact, and there are no severe side effects in patients.

In the combined treatment of esophageal cancer, patients are prescribed a course of radiation and chemotherapy for several weeks before surgery. This combination greatly increases the chances of a successful treatment. In parallel, a complete diet is developed for patients, which includes vitamins, protein preparations, as well as various nutritious fluids. Doctors recommend that cancer patients drink natural juices and fruit drinks. If patients are unable to swallow even liquid food, they are fed with a tube.

Diet. To increase the patient's chances of successful treatment cancer of the esophagus, he needs to provide proper care and proper nutrition. An insufficient amount of nutrients, vitamins and trace elements can lead to a violation mental state cancer patient and the appearance various complications... The patient should eat semi-liquid food, which will not contain any particles that can close the lumen of the esophagus. Food should be varied, nutritious and rich in vitamins and minerals. Patients diagnosed with esophageal cancer should eat 8-10 small meals a day.

It is strictly forbidden for this category of patients to consume: fried and smoked products, fatty foods, alcohol and carbonated drinks. It is also necessary to give up another addiction - smoking. In addition to proper nutrition the patient must strictly observe personal hygiene.

Correctly selected treatment in 70% returns patients the opportunity to return to a fulfilling life and eat solid foods.

Chemotherapy for esophageal cancer

In the treatment of oncological diseases, in addition to surgical interventions, chemotherapy has a great effect. During its implementation, the patients, depending on the localization and etiology of the malignant neoplasm, are injected with special medicines... The main purpose of such drugs is to destroy cancer cells... For cancer of the esophagus, chemotherapy is usually given from stage 2 of the disease.

Correctly selected drugs for chemotherapy can not only slow down the growth of a malignant tumor and prevent its cells from dividing, but also work to destroy them completely. Unfortunately, any chemotherapy has a number of side effects and has a negative effect on healthy cells in the body. In most cases, while taking such drugs patients have problems with cells bone marrow, hair (their follicles are destroyed and baldness occurs), intestines, oral mucosa, etc.

Chemotherapy for esophageal cancer is performed when the patient is diagnosed with a certain form of malignant neoplasm:

small cell carcinoma of the esophagus;

a poorly differentiated form of esophageal cancer.

Chemotherapy is almost always done in parallel with other treatments. According to statistics obtained as a result of many years of research by scientists from around the world, the greatest effect is achieved in the treatment of esophageal cancer when radiation therapy is performed along with chemotherapy. This method of treatment is completely aimed at destroying cancer cells, while the malignant neoplasm is significantly reduced in size.

Special drugs can be prescribed to patients, both before and after surgery. During chemotherapy, drugs can be administered either orally or intravenously.

Chemotherapy is prescribed for cancer patients as follows:

starting from the 2nd and 3rd stages of esophageal cancer, special drugs prevent the further development of cancer and destroy cancer cells. Chemotherapy is prescribed to patients in the preoperative and postoperative period;

starting from the 4th stage of esophageal cancer, patients undergo palliative treatment. The main task of this therapy is to slow down the growth of a malignant neoplasm. All these therapeutic measures able to prolong the life of the patient.

During chemotherapy, patients with esophageal cancer are prescribed various poisons and toxins that can lead to the death of malignant cells:

Bleomycin;

Vindesine;

Mitomycin;

Pharmorubicin;

5-fluorouracil, etc.

Education: graduated from residency at the Russian Scientific Oncological Center. N. N. Blokhin "and received a diploma in the specialty" Oncologist "

Esophageal cancer is a malignant tumor that develops as a result of degeneration and accelerated division of cells in the epithelial layer of an organ. The histological basis of the tumor is squamous epithelium (with or without keratinization).

Basal cell, colloidal and glandular tumors develop much less frequently - with abdominal localization of the process. The process is localized more often in the middle third of the organ. Clinically, the tumor is manifested by the increasing symptoms of dysphagia and, as a consequence, the development of cachexia - an extreme degree of exhaustion.

ICD-10 code: C 15 Malignant neoplasm of the esophagus.

Reasons that can cause the development of the oncological process

The following reasons are distinguished in the development of esophageal cancer:

lifestyle features (consumption of hot food, water with a high content of salt and minerals, smoking, alcohol);
developmental anomalies - tylosis (a rare genetically determined disease, manifested by a violation of the development of squamous epithelium), sideropenic syndrome.
- chronic esophagitis, esophageal ulcers, polyps, (a disease characterized by squamous epithelium on the glandular, characteristic of the stomach).

What are the morphological forms of esophageal cancer

The danger of any tumor is determined by how differentiated its constituent cells are.

In cancer of the esophagus, there are two main forms of pathology:

The non-keratinizing form is the uncontrolled proliferation of undifferentiated cells. These forms are different high malignancy... They grow rapidly, metastasize early. Non-organic forms squamous cell carcinoma are considered the most malignant tumors.
Keratinizing cancer is an accumulation of highly differentiated and moderately differentiated cells, therefore, the malignancy of this form of cancer is lower.

Stages of the cancer process in the esophagus

Allocate V degrees of the cancer process.

0 degree - this is the emergence of a cancer cell, it is impossible to clinically identify this stage (the words "degree" and "stage" in oncology are now used synonymously).

Table 1. Characteristics of the stages of development of esophageal cancer

Process characteristics	Stage I	Stage II	Stage III	Stage IV
Histological characteristics of the stage	The tumor grows deep into the mucous membrane, but does not affect the muscle membrane	The mucous membrane and muscle membranes of the esophagus are affected. Narrowing of the lumen occurs	Swallowing disorders, weight loss, and other signs of cancer are marked. The tumor has grown through all layers of the esophagus	The tumor grows into all the membranes of the organ
Regional lymph node metastases	No	Single metastases may occur *	Multiple metastases	Multiple metastases
Metastases to distant lymph nodes	No			There is
The defeat of anatomically close organs (trachea, bronchi, nervus vagus, heart)	Does not affect	Does not affect	The neoplasm grows into nearby organs
Damage to anatomically remote organs (kidney, liver)	Does not affect			Metastases to distant organs

* For grade 2 esophageal cancer, there are 2 substages:

II A - no metastases;
II B - there are metastases in the nearest lymph nodes.

How do the symptoms of esophageal cancer manifest in women?

The earliest symptoms of esophageal cancer are: weakness, loss of appetite. But with these complaints, patients usually do not go to the doctor.

The first symptom of concern is increasing dysphagia (violation of the act of swallowing food). There are several degrees of dysphagia:

the patient has difficulty swallowing solid food;
Difficulty swallowing food diluted with liquids
Difficulty swallowing liquid food
the patient cannot swallow anything.

Dysphagia is accompanied by increased salivation.

In the process of an increase in the tumor and its exit beyond the anatomical limits of the organ, the following, already late signs appear.

To the late clinical manifestations relate:

pains first appear when eating, and then become permanent, the nature of the pain is different, localized in the front, in the upper part of the sternum, or behind, in the interscapular region;
patients complain of a "lump" behind the breastbone;
when going to the stomach - constant belching alternating with regurgitation mixed with blood, nausea, vomiting;
with invasion of a tumor into the trachea - a change in the timbre of the voice;
when a neoplastic formation grows into the bronchi, they often develop aspiration pneumonia, a sharp hacking cough appears;
for growth in the mediastinum, the phenomena of mediastinitis (inflammation of the tissue of the mediastinum) are characteristic.

V terminal stage joins the clinic, affected by metastasis of organs (liver, bones, lungs).

How esophageal cancer spreads

Tumor cells are able to move in the body, thereby affecting nearby organs, lymph nodes and distant organs.

Ways of spreading cancer cells in the human body:

Local spread - the germination of a cancerous tumor into organs located in anatomical proximity (heart, trachea, recurrent nerve, bronchi).
Hematogenous spread (through the blood) - cancer cells enter the bloodstream and attach to other organs (the kidneys and liver are more often affected).
The lymphogenous type of spread is the most important route of metastasis through the lymphatic vessels. Metastases (secondary tumors) in the lymph nodes closest to the organ are found already when the tumor grows into the submucosal layer. To a large extent, the localization of metastasis depends on the location of the tumor.

If the tumor is located above the bifurcation (branching) of the trachea, metastasis goes to the supraclavicular and mediastinal lymph nodes. With distal localization (below the branching) of esophageal cancer, metastasis goes to the lymphatic collectors of the peritoneum.

But due to the peculiarities lymphatic system esophagus and the presence of retrograde lymphatic drainage, metastases at any localization of the cancer process can be found in various lymph nodes.

Measures for the early detection of esophageal tumors

The most effective are considered preventive examinations periodically conducted among at-risk patients. They are not only examined by a therapist, but they also undergo esophagoscopy, if necessary, take a biopsy.

The risk group includes patients:

with a genetic predisposition;
with Barrett's disease and other precancerous pathologies;
with long-term non-healing ulcers of the esophagus of various etiologies.

Diagnosis of esophageal cancer

The diagnosis of esophageal cancer is considered established if cancer cells are found in a biopsy taken from the patient's esophagus. All other survey methods are aimed at clarifying the localization, prevalence of the process. This is necessary for drawing up a patient management plan, choosing a rational method of treatment.

X-ray examination is done for all patients with diseases of the esophagus:

on the roentgenogram, the narrowing of the esophagus is clearly visible, the presence of ulcers and fistulas, characteristic of the cancer process, is determined;
on the roentgenogram, you can determine the position of the cancerous defect relative to other structures and organs;
the study allows you to assess the patency of the esophagus and its propulsive function (the ability to peristaltic movements);
determine the presence of other diseases of the esophagus.

Esophagoscopy allows not only to take a targeted biopsy of the mucous membrane for histological examination, but also to examine in detail the affected area, to identify areas of necrosis, ulceration, bleeding in it.

Oncology in the esophagus most often occurs in elderly people. Among young people, the occurrence of the problem is caused by cell mutation. Statistically, men are more likely to get sick. Symptoms of esophageal cancer are noticed early, allowing treatment to begin sooner.

Cancer concept, statistics

Tumors appear due to an abnormality in a specific group of cells. In most cases, the middle and lower third of the organ are affected. Malignant neoplasm affects the patient's ability to swallow: the larger the tumor, the less dense food is able to enter the stomach.

The initial development of oncology is detected by endoscopy, ultrasound radiation, or computed tomography... Diagnostics includes analysis of tumor tissue. Not every neoplasm is malignant.

Severe stages of the disease at this moment incurable. Tumor in severe cases spreads to neighboring organs, depriving the patient of a chance for recovery.

Classification

Oncologists divide pathology into several groups in two ways. By growth, oncology is:

Exophytic, that is, growing only along the organ above the mucous membrane.
Endophytic - formed in the tumor tissue, or under the mucous membrane .
Mixed, affecting both parts of the esophagus.

By the type of structure, cancer is squamous or adenocarcinoma:

In the first case, the tumor is formed only from the epithelial tissues.
In the second - from the cells of the glands that secrete mucus. Adeno carcinoma of the esophagus is much less common, the pathology is more difficult to tolerate and more difficult to treat. It occurs exclusively at the transition of the esophagus to the stomach.

There are also four more types of cancer, which are extremely rare. These are sarcoma, malanoma, lymphoma and chorionic carcinoma.

Squamous cell tumor

The most common type of cancer. Divided into two categories:

Superficial is considered favorable for prognosis. Most malignant tumors of this kind detected in time are successfully treated. Looks like a plaque or erosive damage to the esophageal wall.
Deeply invasive affects the inner part of the tissues, in manifestation it is similar to a fungus or an ulcer. This type of cancer often invades nearby organs.

Visually, squamous cell carcinoma resembles a polyp or ring-shaped neoplasm that encircles the esophagus. The growing tumor narrows the inside of the organ, reducing the availability of food to the stomach. In women, esophageal cancer has distinctive feature: a neoplasm occurs at the bottom of the organ, gradually spreading upward. The main sign of oncology of the esophagus in a man is a formation that has arisen at the transition to the stomach.

There is also a second type of division of squamous cell carcinoma - on the basis of keratinization:

Non-keratinizing is caused by constriction. The main symptom esophageal cancer - regurgitation after swallowing saliva.
Keratinizing provokes a violation in the mucous membrane. The secret ceases to be secreted, so the cancer begins to grow, killing the tissue. This process is caused by a lack of nutrition and leads to necrosis.

The prognosis of survival in squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus is reassuring. As a rule, in the early and progressive stages, the disease is successfully treated. Severe cases depend on the specific disease category. Oncology at an early stage is cured in 80% of cases.

Causes

Cancer neoplasm occurs due to several reasons that manifested themselves in a short period of time. More reasons increase the chance of pathology appearing. Cancer is caused by:

Long-term smoking. The harmful substances that enter the body when smoking lead to mutations in the epithelial cells in the esophagus. According to statistics, smokers have oncology 3-4 times more often. Similar to smoking, cancer is caused by alcohol. Chronic alcohol abuse increases the risk of oncology 12 times.
The development of oncology can be facilitated by the use of excessively hot or spicy foods and pickled foods. Similar Negative influence also triggered by eating moldy vegetables and fruits. Such food is typical for the inhabitants of the Asian continent.
Cancer tumors can occur as a result of burns to the esophagus of any type.
Oncology is associated with a lack of vitamins A and E in the body. Prolonged vitamin deficiency - common reason cancer.

Among the more rare reasons allocate:

Heredity. A mutation in one of the genes can be passed on to a child.
Papilloma - viral disease that can provoke cancer.
Oncology can occur after Barrett's esophagus. Esophagitis causes the release of hydrochloric acid into the esophagus, causing an artificial burn. This pathology arises from problems with the gastrointestinal tract. Barrett's esophagus leading to cancer due to esophagitis .

Symptoms

Signs of esophageal cancer are the following symptoms:

Difficulty swallowing - dysphagia.
Swallowing with regurgitation.
General weakness of the body caused by a lack of nutrients. A symptom of esophageal cancer develops when the stomach or intestines are malfunctioning .
Slimming.

The first sign , dysphagia, manifested when solid food is swallowed. Liquid helps to reduce the effect of pathology on food. In order not to limit yourself in food, it is enough to drink it. Gradually, the patient switches to soups, cereals. In severe cases, the esophagus does not allow food to enter the stomach at all.

Other signs of esophageal cancer:

Chest pain. With the growth of education, cancer presses on the nerves, causing pain.
Regurgitation occurs due to narrowing of the lumen.
Stagnation of food in the esophagus leads to unpleasant odor from mouth.
Severe stages of the disease are characterized by a plaque on the tongue.
Constant hunger of the patient. Nausea when eating.
Increased salivation.
In rare cases, hoarseness of the voice occurs.
The transition of metastases to neighboring organs causes shortness of breath, cough, pain near the lungs.
Toxicity of the body can lead to lethargy, sleep problems, and fever. Liquid food provokes anemia.

Stages

Oncologists divide cancer into 4 stages:

The first is a neoplasm in the mucous membrane that has not affected the muscles.
The second is spread to muscle tissue with an initial narrowing of the esophagus.
The third is complete tissue damage. Oncology does not penetrate into neighboring organs, but affects the lymph nodes.
The fourth is the transition of metastases to neighboring organs.

Complications

Severe cases of oncology lead to complications:

Obstruction. Complete blockage occurs in the most severe stages.
Bleeding that increases as the disease progresses.
Weight loss caused by inability to eat due to problems with swallowing.
Cough , caused by food intake. This complication occurs when the trachea is affected.

Metastasis

In cancer of the esophagus, metastases can spread to other organs through the lymph nodes or blood. Oncology affects the liver, bone marrow and brain, lungs. These complications do not aggravate the patient's condition, since they appear in the later stages.

Diagnostics

If you suspect oncology, the doctor prescribes an examination to clarify the diagnosis. Commonly used:

X-rays to see physical changes in the esophagus.
Esophagoscopy is an examination by swallowing a camera. Shows the causes of swallowing problems.
Bronchoscopy allows you to see metastases in the lungs or trachea.
CT scan accurately diagnoses the stage of the pathological process.
Ultrasound is prescribed if there is a suspicion of spreading metastases to other organs.
Tumor markers are a method for determining a malignant neoplasm of an oncological type. It is not the most accurate examination, since markers can be found in the body of a healthy person or a person who has been cured of cancer.

Treatment

The specific method of treatment depends on the characteristics of the organism and the stage of the disease. Chemotherapy and radiation are helpers who prepare or support after surgery. Conservative treatment is also possible . In most cases, a combined method is used. .

Surgical intervention

Oncology is operable. The most commonly used techniques are:

Osawa-Garloka. An incision is made from the navel to the 7th rib. After the tissue is pushed apart, the stomach is removed into the pleural cavity, and the esophagus is operated on. As a rule, the tumor is excised together with part of the organ to avoid recurrence. Then the stomach is returned to its place.
Toreka. An incision is made along the sixth intercostal space. The esophagus is isolated and sutured. Then the patient is turned onto his back. From pleural cavity the esophagus is also excreted. Then the tumor is removed, and the incisions are sutured one by one.
Lewis. The operation is two-stage. At the first stage, an abdominal access to the abdomen with revision is performed. On the second - thoracotomy on the right side of the body. The tumor is excised together with the organ, the lymph nodes are punctured, the cavity is examined for the presence of internal hemorrhages. After installing the drainage tubes, the patient is sutured. This operation is performed more often than others, but is contraindicated in case of metastasis.

Conservative method

The therapy is based on diet. Oncologists prescribe products based on the patient's condition. Usually the diet consists of:

Shredded food.
Food without lumps that can close the esophagus.
The calorie content per day, as well as the mass of food and the volume of liquid, are strictly determined. Accordingly, no more than 3 kilos and 1200 ml.
The food is divided into 6 meals.
The food temperature should not exceed 40-45 degrees or be colder than 15-20.

Most patients have difficulty eating, which indicates the need to follow a diet. Also, food is supplemented with vitamins, the use of which must be strictly controlled.

Heal Chance

Stage I and II esophageal cancer can be cured in most cases. Neglected cases are incurable, because even doctors do not know everything about esophageal cancer. Usually, the patient's life can be sustained for no more than 8-9 months.

Forecast

In squamous cell carcinoma, the patient's survival after a course of treatment depends on the stage of the disease. According to statistics, respectively: above 90, about 50, less than 10 percent. In the fourth stage, the disease is curable in extremely successful cases.

In eighth place according to statistics among oncological diseases, is esophageal cancer. The development of tumor pathology begins with the epithelial cells of the mucous membrane of the organ. The affected esophagus narrows, causing discomfort when swallowing food - these are the primary signs of the disease. Cancer is affected regardless of age (young people, elderly people). However, the risk of developing neoplasms increases bad habits (in particular, smoking, alcohol abuse).

The most common localization of a tumor-like formation is the middle and bottom of the esophagus. Most often, experts diagnose tumors that develop from squamous epithelial cells. But an oncological neoplasm can also develop from glandular cells and is defined as adenocarcinoma (it is diagnosed extremely rarely, not exceeding 10% of cases). The danger of this pathology is that it can develop into cancer of the pharynx, lips, tonsils.

Facts. Scientists have found that Asians suffer from esophageal cancer several times more often. This is explained by the regular consumption of spicy foods, as well as citrus fruits. Also, statistics confirm that dark-skinned people are seven times less susceptible to esophageal oncology.

Cancer causes

The causes of damage to the esophagus by cancer cells, however, as well as other organs, are not reliably known. An important factor that predisposes to the development of cancer is a mucosal irritant. For development inflammatory process mucous membrane is affected by thermal, chemical or mechanical action. Further, inflammation leads to the so-called dysplasia of cells, the process of transformation of healthy cells into pathological ones begins.

If the patient has chronic esophagitis, then the risk of developing a cancerous tumor is high. Experts define this condition as precancerous.

Attention! With the diagnosis of Barrett's esophagus, a factor in the development of oncology is allowed.

Cancer damage to organs digestive system scientists associate it with the p53 gene (there is an increase in an abnormal protein that is unable to protect the body from destructive cancer cells). It is possible that HPV can also predispose to cancer. The danger of this virus is that it cannot be completely cured. Only by strengthening immune system the virus is muted but remains in the body.

Factors predisposing to oncology

Many factors can provoke the development of a tumor, for example:

human papillomavirus;
hereditary factor;
damage to the esophagus when swallowing;
thermal effect on the esophagus;
unhealthy diet, including a large amount of spicy food, lack of fruits and vegetables;
lack of tocopherol and retinol in the body, vitamins of group B. To the extent of the weakening of the body, the process of cellular degeneration can begin;
regular consumption alcoholic beverages... As a result of frequent burning effects on the esophagus, its walls become thin, and the mucous membrane is prone to cancerous tumors (therefore, alcohol-dependent people are 10 times more likely to undergo esophageal oncology);
smoking. One of the detrimental factors for the digestive system. Since the inhaled smoke is saturated with carcinogens, the epithelial cells undergo negative processes.

It is important! Smokers should note that regular smoking for several years increases the risk of cancer fivefold.

Primary signs

The danger of the oncological process is that the first stage takes place practically in asymptomatic... The first warning signs are difficult swallowing followed by food advancement. This symptom often develops against the background of a blocked lumen, as a result of which the cancerous pathology begins to germinate.

The main signs are:

a neoplasm in the esophagus causes a spasmodic state, there is a feeling of severe perspiration. As the tumor grows, the lumen closes more and more and it becomes difficult for the patient to consume food. As a result, the body begins to deplete;
vomiting and frequent belching. Such symptoms are provoked by the process of delaying food above the esophagus;
painful sensation behind the sternum, which radiates between the shoulder blades. This symptom is characteristic of the development of esophagitis. This means the process of germination of oncological education in neighboring organs;
shortness of breath. It is diagnosed with the progression of oncology and damage not only to the digestive system, but also to the respiratory system;
unpleasant odor from the oral cavity, problem swallowing, belching - all these are signs of tumor formation in the area of the cardia;
the voice wheezes, Horner's syndrome occurs (in case of damage to the nerve trunks located near the walls of the esophagus);
a high degree of pain in the esophagus and neighboring bodies... This is a sign of the last stage of oncology.

Clinical symptoms

With the development of the cancer process, dysphagia is primarily observed. It is difficult to swallow food. The patient feels that it is difficult for food to pass through the esophagus, a large amount of water is required, from time to time the patient begins to drink food.

Difficulty passing food when swallowing - dysphagia

To the extent of difficult food consumption, the patient begins to quickly lose weight. Then the symptoms occur gastrointestinal bleeding, they appear in the form of vomiting with an admixture of blood. There are no problems with defecation, but you need to pay attention to the feature of feces - melena. Thus, with cancer of the esophagus, the patient will have black stools.

Attention! If cancer is diagnosed in a timely manner (at the stage of dysphagia), then the prognosis will be quite favorable. The therapy process will be protracted and difficult, but there is a chance to save life.

Cancer degrees

V medical practice there are several degrees of progression of esophageal cancer. For each of them, characteristic symptoms are typical.

Stage	a brief description of
0	Oncological formation affects only the surface of the mucous membrane, without affecting the deep layer. If a disease is detected at this stage, the prognosis is completely favorable.
I	The spread of cancer cells occurs in the middle of the mucosa, but the muscle layer remains intact. At this stage of the development of the disease, metastases are absent. When diagnosed by endoscopy, a tumor is detected.
II	Difficulty swallowing may occur. But, despite this, other obvious symptoms are completely absent. In this case, it is appropriate to distinguish two substages: A. Cancer cells germinate in connective tissue and the muscle layer, metastasis is absent, adjacent organs are not affected. B. The tumor completely affects the mucous membrane, metastases are observed in the lymph nodes.
III	Severe stage of the disease, which is characterized by severe problems with swallowing. The patient loses body weight. Metastases in neighboring organs and nearby lymph nodes. Despite increased treatment, the prognosis can be poor in most cases.
IV	The last stage. Characterized by severe, almost incessant pain, complete loss of appetite, dysfunction internal organs... Metastases affect distant lymph nodes, the prognosis is poor.

Forecasts

The first good thing is that given type cancer can be cured and life saved. It all depends on the speed of diagnosis - the earlier the patient turns to specialists, the faster the treatment process will be. In this way, relapses can be prevented. It should be noted that esophageal cancer is one of the slowest representatives of oncology, with a characteristic medium malignancy.

Most often, when a patient comes for diagnosis, an already advanced stage of oncology is revealed, since at first there are no pronounced symptoms. With metastasis surgical treatment excluded. Radiation therapy is used. According to statistics, after radiation exposure in almost 10% of all cases, the patient's life is extended by another year. With a complex effect on the tumor, experts predict more than 5 years of life.

If active treatment is started:

at the first stage - more than 91% of cases of cure;
at the second stage - in at least half of all cases, it is possible to save the patient's life;
in the third stage, only 10% of patients survive.

How successful the treatment is depends on the rate of organ damage, the stage at which therapy was started, the presence of metastasis of neighboring organs and the patient's condition as a whole.

Video - Esophageal cancer: symptoms, signs

Malignant tissue damage to the esophagus (cancer) is a widespread disease in the elderly.

Among the oncologist's patients with this diagnosis, there are more men; before the age of thirty, there are only isolated cases of atypical degeneration of esophageal cells into cancerous ones.

Concept and statistics

Malignant neoplasm occurs due to abnormal degeneration of normal cells. Most often, the lower and middle part organ.

The disease is manifested by an increasing violation of the swallowing process, which ultimately leads to the fact that the patient cannot swallow even the softest food. The consequence of this is a strong weight loss.

At the initial stages of tumor development, it can only be detected by one of instrumental methods, that is, conducting ultrasound diagnostics, CT, endoscopy. In the last stages, it has not yet been possible to completely defeat cancer.

The diagnosis is made only after the histological analysis of the biomaterial taken from the tumor. A neoplasm in the esophagus can also be benign, so do not panic until the diagnosis is confirmed.

Cancer of the esophagus, like any malignant degeneration, in the last stages grows into the organs located next to it - the trachea, bronchi, blood vessels. Metastases can appear both within the sternum and in distant organs.

Classification

Oncologists use several classifications of esophageal cancer; subdivision into types is necessary to select the most effective treatment tactics.

According to the characteristics of the growth of neoplasms, cancer affecting the esophagus is divided into:

Exophytic. A tumor with this type of cancer grows only in the lumen of the organ and rises above the mucous layer.
Endophytic. The tumor forms in the thickness of the tissues or in the submucosal layer.
Mixed tumors affect all layers of the walls, are distinguished by the appearance of ulceration and rapid decay.

By structure, esophageal cancer is usually divided into:

– atypical cells are formed from squamous epithelial cells.
... It is rare. The tumor begins to form from the cells of the glands secreting mucus. This form of cancer is more difficult to carry than squamous cell cancer. Adenocarcinoma in most patients is found in the lower esophagus adjacent to the stomach.

In relatively rare cases, there are other types of cancer of the esophagus. These include sarcoma, melanoma, chorionic carcinoma, lymphoma.

Squamous cell carcinoma is divided into two types:

Surface- one of the most favorable forms of esophageal cancer in terms of prognosis. A malignant lesion manifests itself as a plaque or erosion growing on the wall of the esophagus. Large sizes such pathological change does not reach.
Deeply invasive. Captures tissues deep in the esophagus. Has the appearance of a deep ulcer or fungus. With this type of lesion, metastases quickly appear in the bronchi, trachea and heart muscle.

On visual examination, squamous cell carcinoma in the esophagus resembles an overgrowth encircling the organ from the inside in the form of a ring. As the tumor grows into the lumen of the organ, its diameter narrows, which leads to the appearance of the main clinic of the disease.

The photo shows pictures of squamous cell carcinoma of the esophagus with endophytic growth

Sometimes squamous cell carcinoma forms as a polyp.

The conducted studies have made it possible to establish that squamous cell carcinoma in women usually begins in the lower parts of the organ and goes to the upper ones. In men, cancerous tumors form predominantly where the esophagus enters the stomach.

The squamous cell type of esophageal cancer is also usually subdivided into keratinizing and non-keratinizing cancer.

Non-keratinizing cancer disrupts the functioning of the organ due to a pronounced narrowing of the lumen. This form is manifested by disorders in swallowing food and saliva, periodically appearing regurgitation.
Keratinizing form a cancerous tumor leads to a change in the surface of the mucous layer. The cells become keratinized and this makes the walls of the esophagus dry, which greatly aggravates all manifestations of the disease. The tumor grows rapidly, but does not receive the right food due to the delayed formation of blood vessels in it. The consequence of this process is the appearance of zones of necrosis, which during endoscopy are defined as areas with ulcerative lesions.

The prognosis of the survival of patients with cancer in the esophagus depends on the stage of the pathology.

In the early stages, an oncologist can give great chances of a favorable outcome of the disease after complex treatment... The five-year patient survival rate reaches 80%. Patients are allowed to continue working if their profession is not related to the performance of heavy physical work.

In advanced cases, that is, when distant metastases are already detected, esophageal cancer is difficult to even modern methods treatment.

Causes

It is impossible to single out one main cause leading to the formation of cancer cells in the walls of the esophagus.

The disease can arise under the influence of many provoking factors and the risk of its development increases many times over if the human body is simultaneously affected by a whole group of negative conditions.

Most often, esophageal cancer is diagnosed:

People who have been smoking for tens of years. contains carcinogenic substances that settle on the walls of the esophagus and lead to abnormal changes in epithelial cells. It has been established that in people who smoke, malignant neoplasm of the esophagus develops 4 times more often.
With alcohol abuse. Drinks containing, burn the esophagus, and this leads to atypical proliferation of squamous epithelium. In chronic alcoholics, esophageal cancer is detected 12 times more often.
With improper and irrational nutrition. The development of esophageal cancer is influenced by the constant use of pickled, too spicy and hot foods. Eating foods containing molds and the lack of fresh plant foods in the diet have an adverse effect. The listed nutritional features are typical for residents Central Asia, Japan, China, some regions of Siberia, so in these regions the number of patients with esophageal cancer is tens and hundreds of times higher.
After thermal and chemical burns of the esophageal tissue. A burn can also be the result of the constant use of food that is too scalding. In case of accidental swallowing of concentrated alkalis, a cancerous tumor can be detected after several years.
In people with vitamin deficiencies. The mucous layer of the esophagus is necessary for enough vitamins such as A and E, they are involved in creating a natural protective barrier of the organ. If vitamin deficiency is observed for a long time, then the cells of the organ cease to perform their function and are reborn.

There is also a hereditary predisposition to the development of a cancerous tumor in the esophagus. Scientists were able to isolate a mutation in the p53 gene that leads to the production of an abnormal protein. This protein interferes with the natural defenses of the esophageal tissue against cancer cells.

In the blood of many patients with malignant tumors of the esophagus, it can be suggested that this microorganism can also give an impetus to cell degeneration.

Esophagitis and a condition such as can precede the development of a cancerous lesion. Esophagitis is characterized by the constant throwing of hydrochloric acid into the esophagus, which irritates the walls of the organ.

Lead to esophagitis stomach disease, obesity. Barrett's esophagus is a complication of esophagitis and is manifested by replacement stratified epithelium to cylindrical.

Symptoms

The formation of a cancerous tumor in the esophagus is indicated by such signs as difficulty in swallowing food and saliva, gradual weight loss up to cachexia, and increasing weakness.

Early metastasis is detected with malignant neoplasm of the esophagus in the mediastinum, in some areas of the neck, and in the supraclavicular region. The appearance of metastases does not affect life expectancy in esophageal cancer, since a significant deterioration in the patient's condition is more to blame for rapid and earlier exhaustion.

Diagnostic measures

If a cancer of the esophagus is suspected, the oncologist prescribes a series of examinations, on the basis of which the final diagnosis is already determined.

with contrast agent. This survey allows you to detect narrowing of the esophagus, localization of the tumor, its size, thinning of the walls.
... With the help of an endoscope, the doctor examines the entire esophagus, all data is displayed on the computer screen, which makes it possible to determine the cause of impaired swallowing or other manifestations of the disease. During endoscopy, if necessary, a tissue sample is taken for histology.
Bronchoscopy is necessary to detect metastases in the bronchi, trachea, and vocal cords.
one of the most accurate diagnostic methods. Layer-by-layer examination of the walls of the esophagus allows you to determine to what depth the tumor has grown, whether there are metastases in nearby tissues.
Ultrasound is prescribed to detect metastases in internal organs.
- special proteins, the level of which increases with the development of cancer cells. Tumor markers are classified into groups, each of which indicates certain kind cancer. Cancer of the esophagus is characterized by the presence in the blood of such tumor markers as CA 19-9, Tumor marker 2, squamous cell carcinoma antigen.

It must be remembered that tumor markers in certain situations can appear in healthy body, therefore, their definition does not provide a reason to accurately diagnose cancer.

How is esophageal cancer treated?

The doctor selects the methods for treating esophageal cancer for his patient, guided by the stage of the pathology, the size of the tumor, and the patient's age. Are applied surgical techniques, chemotherapy, radiation exposure... Radiation sessions and chemotherapy can be given before and after surgery.

Surgical intervention involves the removal of part of the esophagus or the entire organ with tissue altered by the tumor. If necessary, part of the stomach is also removed. The esophagus is replaced with part of the intestine or a gastrostomy is formed. There are several types of surgery performed on patients with esophageal cancer.

Operation

For esophageal cancer, it is more often used the following types operations:

Operation Osawa-Garlock. During the operation, an abdominal incision is first made, and it is carried out along the midline. Usually the beginning of the incision is the navel, and the end is the 7th rib or the angle of the scapula from the side of the sternum. The tissue is dissected and the esophagus is excreted by cutting the pleura. During the operation, the stomach is removed into the pleural cavity. The detected tumor is examined, retreated from it by about 8 cm and removed together with the esophagus using a Fedorov clamp. The stomach is fixed in the diaphragm, its food opening.
Operation Torek. From the lateral access, an incision is made on the right, the skin and tissues are dissected along the sixth intercostal space. First, the organ is isolated, then, expanding the hole, the cardia. A suture is applied to the end of the isolated esophagus, catgut and silk threads are used. At the second stage, the patient's position is changed, he is placed on his back. The neck and the area from the clavicle to the deltoid muscle are treated with iodine. From the side of the pleural cavity, the esophagus is isolated. The tumor is excised along with part of the esophagus. Neck and area wounds chest are sewn up in layers.
Lewis operation. The resection is performed in two stages. First, an abdominal approach is made through the midline of the abdomen, after which a revision is performed. Then a right-sided thoracotomy is performed from the patient's position on the left side. The detected tumor is removed together with the esophagus, all lymph nodes must be punctured and the abdominal cavity must be examined, revealing bleeding. It is necessary to install drainage tubes in the pleural cavity and only after that suturing is performed. The Lewis operation is most commonly used for esophageal cancer, as it is performed in one go. With this type of surgical intervention, it is possible to perform plastic surgery of a partially removed esophagus. Lewis surgery is prescribed if there are no metastases.

Diet

Proper nutrition is important for cancer of the esophagus during the recovery period.

It is necessary to select dishes in such a way that they fully provide the body with all the necessary for normal functioning internal organs components. In this case, the use of coarse food should be avoided.

Eating mashed food. This facilitates its passage through the esophagus and increases the absorption of nutrients.
Dishes should not contain particles that could block the narrowed lumen.
The total mass of consumed products per day should not exceed 3 kg.
The amount of liquid is limited to 6 glasses, and the liquid included in soups is also taken into account.
The number of meals should be at least 6. In this case, the portions should be small.
The temperature of the food should be medium. Foods that are too hot or too cold increase the discomfort.

Almost all patients with esophageal cancer experience a lack of nutrition, which negatively affects the work of internal organs and mental state.

Therefore, it is necessary to adhere to the proposed nutritional principles constantly. The doctor may also advise the course use of vitamin-mineral complexes, which will have a positive effect on the general well-being and reduce the likelihood of developing anemia and hypovitaminosis.

Can pathology be cured?

Esophageal cancer detected at an early stage of development can be treated with combination therapy. In advanced cases from the moment of appearance clear signs illness and death is no more than 8 months. The patient's life at this time is supported by radiation therapy sessions.

How long do patients live and the prognosis of survival

The survival rate of patients with a cancer in the esophagus after surgery, courses of radiation therapy and chemotherapy is:

In the first stage, cancer is about 90%.
At the second stage - 50%.
On the third - no more than 10%.

The most favorable prognosis for the detection of superficial squamous cell carcinoma. An unfavorable course is observed if the cancer forms in the middle section. This is due to the fact that such a tumor quickly grows into the trachea and lungs.

Prophylaxis

WITH preventive purpose to prevent esophageal cancer, all bad habits and always stick to proper nutrition.

Food must be fortified, plant products must be present in the diet, spicy and pickled dishes must be limited.

It is necessary to eliminate in time precancerous conditions esophagus and pass full examination when even the slightest symptomatology appears, indicating changes in the functioning of the organ.

Special attention should be paid to their health by those people whose relatives had a history of cancer of the esophagus.

The following video will tell you about the prevalence, diagnosis and treatment of esophageal cancer:

Video about the operation to remove cancer of the esophagus using a new technique: