Is it possible to understand from the tests that antibiotics are needed? Antibiotics, flu, colds

In the forties of the last century, humanity received powerful weapons against many deadly dangerous infections. Antibiotics were sold without prescriptions and made it possible to treat diseases that were previously inevitably fatal, revolutionizing medicine. As a result, mortality has decreased significantly, life expectancy has increased, and its quality itself has improved.

Antimicrobial drugs began to be used everywhere, and many scientists predicted the complete disappearance of infectious diseases. But it turned out completely differently, and today about 700,000 people die every year from pathogen resistance to drugs.

Antibiotics without prescriptions

For a long time, this is how they were sold, which led to widespread uncontrolled self-medication. Patients independently, without medical consultation, “prescribed” medicine for themselves at the first sign of malaise. But the fact is that ABPs help cope only with diseases caused by bacteria, protozoa or fungi, and they are powerless against viruses, which are the most common cause of colds. In addition, each drug is effective against a certain range of pathogens, and the wrong drug therapeutic effect does not provide.

As a result of such “treatment,” the disease worsens, a secondary, more severe infection occurs, and pathogenic strains become resistant to the drug.
The sale of antibiotics without prescriptions has created a threatening situation in medicine, where ordinary pneumonia cannot be cured by any modern medicines.

In addition, serious complications of diseases caused by viruses have become more common. Doctors all over the world began to declare the need government regulation sales of ABP to consumers.

Why are antibiotics sold only by prescription?

For a long time, no attention was paid to the problem, since science did not stand still and antimicrobial drugs were constantly being improved. The range of pharmacies expanded, and doctors had the opportunity to prescribe alternative antibiotic therapy if the main one did not produce results. However, it soon became obvious that pathogenic microorganisms began to adapt to new conditions more and more quickly, and the growth of resistance reached very high rates.

In America and European countries, they treated the situation with full responsibility and have not sold antibiotics without prescriptions for a long time. There, to purchase medicine, you will have to go to the doctor, even if you need the most safe drug with a minimum of contraindications. In the post-Soviet space, in particular in Russia, it was only in 2005 that the state listened to doctors and tried to regulate the issue legislatively. A list has been compiled antimicrobial agents, which can be purchased freely, but pharmacy chains continued to operate as before.

Finally, in 2016, a new law was issued regulating the rules for dispensing antibiotics from pharmacies, where penalties for non-compliance became significantly tougher. A very limited number of antibiotics can now be purchased without a prescription, mainly for external use. And organizations that sell antibacterial drugs in violation of the law are subject to significant fines or are closed for up to 3 months. What drugs are not banned?

List of antibiotics without prescriptions

Detailed information about all legal documents regulating the healthcare sector is available on the website of the relevant ministry. There is also a list of drugs that are sold freely in pharmacy chains. Antimicrobial drugs include:

Gramicidin S ®
Nitrofural ®
Nifuroxazide ®
Sulfadiazine ®
Sulfanilamide ®
Sulfacetamide ®
Ciclopirox ®
Econazole ®
Erythromycin+zinc acetate ®

All of these antibiotics, with the exception of Furazolidone ® , Fluconazole ® and Gramicidin S ® , are sold in the form of dosage forms for external and local application– ointments (including eye ones), solutions, creams, suppositories, etc. Any other antibiotics are sold according to a prescription written by a doctor on a special form.

During the cold season, pharmacies will sell antibiotics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory and antiviral drugs. But not all, but only some names. Regarding certain medications, the Ministry of Health is categorical: they will be sold only by prescription, and doctors should prescribe them only as a last resort.

Medicines (all dosage forms), containing single drug ibuprofen and paracetamol included in the list of drugs that can be dispensed over the counter(Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus dated June 5, 2012 No. 55). The same applies to oral suspensions for children: “Ibufen”, “Ibufen D”, “Nurofen”, etc.

But medications containing combination of paracetamol + ibuprofen(trade names “Ibuklin”, “Ibuzam”) will be sold in pharmacies Requires a doctor's prescription. This combination is very toxic to liver and kidney functions. Some countries, including Kazakhstan, India and the UK, have already abandoned such drugs.

According to the Ministry of Health, 6 cases of acute renal failure were recorded in Belarus, the cause of which was the use of the combination “paracetamol + ibuprofen”. These medications should be prescribed only after examination and examination by a doctor.

Also strictly according to the recipe medications should be dispensed based on combinations of sulfamethoxozole + trimethoprim(trade names “Biseptol”, “Biseptin”, “Cotrimoxazole”). This is due to the fact that as a result of their widespread use, resistance of most pathogens to these drugs has developed. As the Ministry of Health notes, “the use of these drugs for respiratory and urinary tract is irrational and unsafe».

As an alternative, penicillin and macrolide antibiotics are currently used (some of them are included in the list of over-the-counter drugs).

Available without a prescription

Antiviral:"Arpetol" ("Arbidol"), "Rimantadine", "Interferon", oxolinic ointment, "AngriMax", "Anaferon", "Kagocel", "Virogel", "Panavir".

Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory: acetylsalicylic acid, “Ibuprofen”, paracetamol, “Nimesulide”; combination drugs: “Negrinpin”, “Fapirin S”, etc.

Antibiotics: amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin.

Medicines that affect immunity:“Ekhingin”, “Trimunal”, “Groprinosin”, cycloferon.

P.S. Despite the free sale of many medications, doctors strongly recommend not to self-medicate, risking your health, but to turn to specialists for help.

Olga Artishevskaya

A standard acute respiratory infection, ARVI develops as a result of the penetration of viruses into the body, but often against the background of a weakened immune system, a bacterial infection occurs; in such cases, antibiotics are prescribed for colds. If you choose the wrong drugs, you can only aggravate the situation - problems will arise. severe complications, allergies. Be careful.

Antibiotics are used to fight infection

When are antibiotics prescribed for a cold?

For a common cold, there is no point in taking antibiotics, since the disease is of viral origin, but often respiratory infections are complicated by bacterial pathologies - here you cannot do without antibiotics.

When to take antibiotics for a cold:

2–3 days after the onset of the disease, the patient’s condition does not improve, but only worsens;
the runny nose gets worse, it is difficult to breathe through the nose, the discharge becomes yellow or green in color;
after 4–5 days an acute respiratory infection appears deep cough with a lot of sputum;
the temperature rises sharply to 38 degrees or more.

If the temperature rises sharply, antibiotics are prescribed

Complicated cold - an exception to the rule, immunity healthy person able to cope with viruses in 7–10 days. The risk of developing pneumonia, sore throat, otitis media, sinusitis, and bronchitis is high in people whose defenses are weakened. Who is at risk? Young children, elderly people, people who have undergone organ transplantation take immunosuppressants and corticosteroids for a long time, patients with HIV and cancer.

For a healthy adult, colds up to 6 times a year are normal; in children, this figure can reach 10 cases annually. If you take antiviral drugs in a timely manner, recovery occurs within 7–10 days.

List of the best antibiotics for colds

If signs of a bacterial infection appear, the therapist or pediatrician prescribes antibacterial drugs wide range actions. After receiving the results of tests on the sensitivity of microorganisms to the active component of the drug, a drug is prescribed that will directly affect the causative agents of the disease.

To eliminate bacterial complications of colds, antibacterial agents from the group of penicillins, cephalosporins, macrolides, and lincosamides are used. Most medications can be purchased at a pharmacy without a prescription, but it is better to take potent medications as prescribed by a specialist.

An effective antibacterial drug, contains amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, belongs to the penicillin group. Available in tablets, powder for suspensions and injections. Price – 270–370 rub.

The drug is prescribed if ENT complications, pneumonia, or bronchitis occur as a result of a cold.

Amoxiclav - an antibacterial drug

Contraindications:

mononucleosis;
a history of liver disease, cholestatic jaundice;
lymphocytic leukemia

During pregnancy, the medicine is prescribed only if the expected therapeutic effect of treatment exceeds possible risks for woman and fetus. The medicine may cause the development of congenital necrotizing colitis in a newborn.

Duration of therapy is 5–14 days.

Due to the presence of clavulanic acid, Amoxiclav destroys even those strains of bacteria that are immune to amoxicillin.

Cheap antibacterial agent penicillin series, produced in capsules, tablets, and suspension form. Price – 80–120 rub. The medicine helps with otolaryngological bacterial diseases, bronchitis, pneumonia.

Affordable antibacterial drug Amoxicillin

Contraindications:

bronchial asthma, diathesis of allergic origin;
liver dysfunction;
dysbacteriosis;
lactation, pregnancy;
some forms of leukemia;
mononucleosis.

The standard dosage is 500 mg every 8 hours. Duration of therapy is 6–10 days.

Powerful, but at the same time cheap antibiotic, the package contains only 3 tablets, which is enough for full recovery. The drug is classified as separate group azalides due to some structural features, effective against most strains of bacteria. Available in tablets, capsules, powder for suspension. Price – 120–220 rub.

Azithromycin is an effective antibiotic

Indications for use:

tonsillitis, inflammation of the mucous membranes of the larynx, paranasal sinuses;
bronchitis;
pneumonia;
otitis media of the middle ear.

Dosage – 500 mg once a day, 2 hours after meals, the medicine should be taken for three days; for sore throat, the course can be extended to 5 days. Contraindications – violation heart rate, severe kidney and liver diseases, lactation period. Pregnant women are sometimes prescribed the drug in a standard dosage, but they should drink it only under constant medical supervision.

Azithromycin should not be taken together with Heparin.

Combined universal antibiotic, contains amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, and is sold in tablets, in the form of a suspension and powder for injections. Price – 260–370 rub.

The standard dosage is 250 mg three times a day, for advanced forms of pathologies - 500 mg 3 times a day, or 875 mg in the morning and evening. Injections are given every 4–8 hours, 1000 mg, depending on the severity of the pathology. Duration of treatment is 7–14 days.

Augmentin - combination antibiotic

The drug is intended to eliminate the manifestations of diseases of the upper and lower respiratory tract, pathologies of the ENT organs of a bacterial nature. Contraindications – intolerance to the components of the drug, jaundice or a history of liver dysfunction. Pregnant and lactating women are prescribed the drug in a standard dosage; treatment should be carried out under the supervision of a specialist.

Inexpensive, but good antibiotic from the group of lincosamides, effective only against gram-positive bacteria, available in tablets, in the form of a solution for intravenous or intramuscular injection. Price – 110–180 rub.

The medicine is prescribed for inflammation of the lungs and middle ear, bronchitis, and sore throat. Contraindications – severe renal and liver pathologies, the period of bearing and breastfeeding a child.

Lincomycin belongs to the group of lincosamides

Intravenously and intramuscularly, 0.6 g is prescribed three times a day; in difficult cases, the dosage is increased to 2.4 g. The oral dose is 1.5 g per day, divided into 3 doses. Duration of treatment is 1–2 weeks.

Lincomycin should not be taken simultaneously with non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs, otherwise breathing may stop.

An effective and gentle antibacterial agent of the penicillin series, it contains amoxicillin and is available in tablets with various dosages. Price – 230–480 rub.

Flemoxin Solutab is an effective and gentle antibiotic

The medicine helps eliminate bacterial infections in organs respiratory system, acute otitis media. Contraindications: lymphocytic leukemia, gastrointestinal and kidney diseases, pregnancy, breastfeeding.

The effect of the drug does not depend on food intake; the tablet can be swallowed whole, crushed, or dissolved in water.

In severe forms of the pathology, the dosage of the drug is not increased, but it must be taken 3 times a day. The duration of treatment is no more than a week.

A strong antibiotic, belongs to group II cephalosporins, contains cefuroxime axetil, affects gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, is available in tablets and granules for suspension. Price – 230–400 rub.

The treatment regimen is 250 mg of the drug in the morning and evening; in severe forms of the disease, the single dosage can be increased to 500 mg. Course duration is 5–10 days.

Zinnat is a strong bactericidal agent

The medicine helps with infectious diseases upper and lower respiratory tract, sinusitis, otitis media. The drug has no contraindications, except for individual intolerance; it is prescribed with caution to patients with pathologies of the digestive system and kidneys. During pregnancy and breastfeeding The antibiotic can be taken in a standard dosage.

An expensive modern antibiotic, it belongs to the third generation cephalosporins, contains cefixime, is produced in capsules, granules for preparing a suspension, Suprax Solutab - tablets for resorption or dissolution in water. Price – 620–820 rub.

The medicine shows high effectiveness in the treatment of pneumonia, tonsillopharyngitis, bronchitis, sinusitis and otitis media. The drug is contraindicated in chronic renal failure, a decrease in creatinine clearance to 60 ml/min, the drug should be taken with caution by elderly people with a history of colitis.

Suprax is a modern effective antibiotic

Dosage – 400 mg once a day, or 200 mg in the morning and evening; you can take the medicine regardless of meals. Duration of treatment is 1–2 weeks.

Cephalosporins are considered the safest antibiotics during pregnancy; Suprax can be taken in a standard dosage. The active substances of the medicine pass into breast milk, so drinking it is contraindicated during lactation.

Clarithromycin

Effective, one of the most effective antibiotics from the group of macrolides of the third generation, it destroys even those microbes that are in tissue cells and is produced in capsules and tablets. Price – 320–520 rub.

The average dose is 250 mg in the morning and evening for 6–14 days, in some cases the dosage can be increased to 1000 mg per day.

Clarithromycin is an effective drug for the treatment of influenza and ARVI

Clarithromycin is considered one of the the best drugs to eliminate complications of influenza and ARVI, it is prescribed for bronchitis, pneumonia, sore throat, bronchitis. Contraindications – lactation, individual intolerance; pregnant women can take the medicine from the second trimester. Clarithromycin has been successfully used to treat chronic forms of tuberculosis.

Antibiotics are often prescribed to children during an epidemic of influenza and colds, since complications can arise quickly in a child, literally in a few hours.

· tablets – 500 mg/day for three days.

Amoxiclav From birth in the form of a penicillin suspension · up to three months – 30 mg/kg, it must be divided into 2 doses;

· over three months – 40 mg/kg;

· if you weigh more than 40 kg – 375 mg every 8 hours

Amoxicillin From birth in the form of a suspension, from 12 years - tablets and capsules Penicillin · up to two years - 30 mg/kg in 3 doses;

· 2–5 years – 125 mg three times a day;

· 5–12 years – 250 mg every 8 hours

Flemoxin Solutab From the first year of life Penicillins · up to one year – 30–60 mg/kg per day, divided into 3 doses;

· 1–3 years – 250 mg twice a day, or 125 mg once every 8 hours;

· 3–10 years – 2500 mg three times a day;

· over 10 years – 500–750 mg in the morning and evening.

Zinnat In the form of a suspension from three months, in tablets - from three years Cephalosporins · from three months - 125 mg suspension twice a day;

· up to three years – 250 mg suspension 2 times a day;

· over three years - 125 mg twice a day in tablets; for otitis, the doctor can increase the single dose to 250 mg

To identify a bacterial infection in a child, it is enough to do a clinical blood test; when affected by bacteria, the ESR and the number of leukocytes increase, active growth of band and segmented neutrophils is observed - the more severe the disease, the more the leukocyte formula shifts to the left.

Drinking or injecting an antibiotic – which is better?

When there is a bacterial infection, the question often arises: should I inject or take antibiotics? Each method has its own advantages and disadvantages.

The injections act faster, penetrate directly into the bloodstream, bypassing the digestive tract, which reduces the risk of developing dysbacteriosis. But injection of drugs is quite painful, especially for children, and there is a high probability of infection and abscesses.

The tablets are easy to take; most modern antibacterial agents need to be taken once a day. But they act slowly, because they must first dissolve in the intestines, and only then are absorbed into the blood.

According to the canons of safety that are accepted in world medicine, the injection method of administering antibiotics against colds is prescribed only in very severe cases, in a hospital.

Antibiotics help eliminate complications of influenza and colds of bacterial origin. You should choose a drug carefully, taking into account age and the presence of chronic diseases.

Infections Medicines

» What antibiotics

Pharmacies are banned from selling antibiotics without a prescription

The Ministry of Health has finally banned self-medication with most antiviral, antimicrobial, heart medications and blood pressure pills.

- Yes, it's true, antibiotics cannot be bought without a doctor's prescription, like all other prescription drugs.. - they unanimously assured several pharmacies where Komsomolskaya Pravda called.

- This is not an innovation. - the press service of the Ministry of Health clarified, - p a stop on approval of the list of over-the-counter drugs (the rest, respectively, prescription drugs) came out back in 2010. It’s just that at the end of August, pharmacies were reminded of their responsibility for violations. The Ministry of Health has always opposed the practice of self-medication. Modern antibiotics throughout the civilized world, they are prescribed to patients only by doctors. Prescription drugs are prescribed by doctors because they have side effects, can cause allergic reactions, and may be incompatible with each other .

Not only antibiotics, but also biseptol and groseptol were banned from free sale. Some antiviral drugs were also classified as prescription drugs. You won’t be able to buy effective (and quite expensive) anti-flu tablets without visiting a doctor, but rimantadine, amizon, and the immunostimulant arbidol are available.

Anti-pain medications like spasmalgon, no-shpa, citramone and aspirin will still be available without going to the doctor. Stronger ones - only with his permission. Hypertensive patients will also have to visit clinics more often - almost everything that lowers blood pressure is now available only by prescription.

As before, a prescription will not be required for most medications that help the gastrointestinal tract.

You can find out more accurately whether a drug is on the “over-the-counter” list or whether it’s time to make an appointment with a doctor by calling or stopping by any pharmacy.

“Viagra with a prescription so that the Russians don’t export it!”

We went to Minsk pharmacies to check if it was true that antibiotics were not sold just like that.

- Bring the recipe, then we’ll let you go.. - they strictly told us in all pharmacies.

And in one, closer to the station, they explained:

- Russians are buying up all the medicines. They buy for future use, several packs at a time. They took antibiotics, painkillers, and several packs of Viagra. It’s profitable for them to buy here because of the difference in exchange rates, and the salaries of foreigners are higher .

- So Viagra is also only by prescription?- we were surprised.

- Yes. And a maximum of two packs in one hand. Although I have a hard time imagining who would go to a clinic for such a prescription. When they made it according to the recipe, they began to buy noticeably less. Like everything prescription. People still need to get used to going to doctors for things they are used to buying for nothing. .

Four tablets of Viagra (100 mg) in Belarus cost about 160 thousand rubles.

In Smolensk - about 3 thousand Russian rubles. (This is in Belarusian rubles at the National Bank rate - 531 thousand, at the black rate - more than 820 thousand.)

The difference is obvious: for a Russian, a drug to improve potency in Belarus would cost five times less.

After July 1, the Ministry of Health warned, it will be possible to buy antibiotics, hormonal drugs, blood pressure lowering agents, and many medications for heart disease only upon presentation of a prescription. Of course, people got worried, writes open.by. Concerned about the innovation, young ladies of childbearing age speculated on online forums about how much the number of unplanned pregnancies and even abortions would increase due to limited access to hormonal contraceptives. Pensioners clutched their hearts and doubted whether the doctors would cope - after all, queues at clinics would certainly grow after the innovation.

And recently the Ministry of Health announced that more than 60% of medicines will be sold without a prescription (by the way, in Europe this figure does not exceed 30%). The remaining 40% will be taken under strict control - these are some hormonal agents, psychotropic, narcotic, antitumor and other drugs.

Coincidentally, the Ministry of Health revised its positions on issues without prescription medicines shortly after President Alexander Lukashenko’s remarks as part of his message to the people and parliament. There have been complaints from our citizens about the new system of dispensing drugs only by prescription, which is expected to be introduced in the near future. I ask the Minister of Health and the Prime Minister to sort out these issues,” said Alexander Lukashenko. - Recently, one person came up to me at a training session and said: Is it true that the minister will sell contraceptives with a doctor’s prescription? How can we go to the clinic to buy this stuff? . The President asked not to mess things up and to revise the list, which was done very quickly.

The list of over-the-counter medications, according to representatives of the Ministry of Health, was revised due to complaints from patients.

Deputy head of the organization's department medical care Ministry of Health Lyudmila Zhilevich:

Lists of over-the-counter drugs and prescription drugs have always existed. But over time, some drugs that should be sold with a prescription began to be sold without a prescription. Therefore, the Ministry of Health decided to strengthen control to ensure that all regulations are implemented within the framework of the law. An attempt to resolve these issues caused a stir in society (a large number of patients filed complaints against us), so we were forced to make a decision to expand the list of over-the-counter medications. And prepared today new project over-the-counter list.

The list does not yet have legal force, since the Minister of Health has not yet signed the relevant documents.

What can you buy without a prescription?

People suffering from cardiovascular diseases, in particular high blood pressure, had many questions. Many of them have already long time take the same medications and know how to use them. Therefore, medications such as enalappril and captopril can be purchased without a prescription. But we will insist that patients seek advice from a doctor. If only because the dose that was prescribed by the doctor earlier may turn out to be ineffective today.

Antibiotics will also remain available over-the-counter. However, throughout the world, antibiotics are a prescription drug, and over time, obviously, this will happen here too. Alas, many mothers try to cure their children within 2 days by prescribing high-class antibiotics. And when these children grow up and enter adult practice, we often have nothing to save them. What do mothers complain about then? The fact that a child has been coughing for six months. Because the stage has passed from acute to chronic.

You can buy doxycycline antibiotics without a prescription, which are used for tick bites. (although this drug damages the buds of permanent teeth in children - note by Alexander Barsukov).

Alexander Barsukov, chief freelance clinical pharmacologist of the Ministry of Health:

All instructions for hormonal medications state that they must be dispensed with a doctor's prescription. Because these drugs have a number of side effects - ranging from allergic reactions, toxic drug-induced hepatitis and ending with thrombosis and hemorrhages in the brain. Before prescribing a drug for contraception or regulation reproductive function For women with menstrual irregularities, the doctor evaluates their physical health and decides how to avoid side complications.

Of the total number of contraceptives, 20 drugs will be sold without a prescription - these are low-dose hormonal drugs.

It turns out that doctors do not recommend taking the above remedies without consulting a doctor, but nevertheless, what the doctor did not prescribe will still be sold. At a press conference on April 17, Lyudmila Zhilevich stated that the need to write a prescription for medications will increase the doctor’s responsibility for treatment. Now, according to the deputy head of the medical care organization department of the Ministry of Health, the patient himself determines how to be treated and is responsible for his treatment. But when he goes to the doctor and complains about his health, ultimately the attending physician is responsible for everything. Therefore, the list will be reviewed annually.

Since July 1, the Ministry of Health of Belarus has strengthened control over pharmacies’ compliance with the sale of prescription drugs. There are more than three thousand drugs on the list, for which you no longer need to go to the doctor. Less than two thousand pills will be dispensed strictly according to prescription. Their list can be found in every pharmacy, clinic, hospital and on the website of the Ministry of Health. In addition, there are also medications that were previously dispensed strictly according to a prescription, but now this is no longer required.

By the way, almost all vitamins for both adults and children will be available without a doctor’s prescription; Some anti-allergic drugs (loratadine, cetirizine, ketotifen, promethazine, etc. - without a prescription) will not be affected by the innovations. The situation with antibiotics has changed somewhat. For example, 1st and 2nd generation antibiotics (for example, amoxicillin, doxycycline) can be purchased without a prescription, but only after presenting a prescription will you be given sumamed, cephalexin, etc. at the pharmacy. Without a prescription you will be given Carsil, omeprazole, essentialcaps, Holosas (medicines used for diseases of the stomach and liver), however, if you need an antimicrobial drug of the Biseptol type, without a doctor’s prescription you can in this case there's no way around it.

To the point Without a doubt, even the “lightest” drug can become poison for the human body and cause addiction. Quite often this happens if the medicine is not taken as prescribed by a doctor, but at your own discretion or the advice of friends, experts say. Therefore, before you buy any medicine, which supposedly helped your neighbor, take the time to visit your doctor. A doctor must treat the patient.

By the way
WHO calls for the reasonable and informed use of antibiotics, which can cause dysbiosis and immunodeficiency. Where almost 15 percent infertile marriages? This is illiterate treatment low-grade antibiotics inflammatory processes, uncontrolled reception hormonal contraceptives etc. Therefore, it is doctors who must write prescriptions for medications.

Remember!
The list of over-the-counter medicines includes atenolol, metaprolol, captopril, lisinopril and enalapril and others, which previously had to be sold only by prescription. As well as first and second generation antibiotics - ampicillin, doxycycline, amoxicillin and others. A group of anti-inflammatory drugs is widely represented - diclofenac, indomethacin, etc. Antimicrobial and hormonal ointments, as well as some hormonal drugs, will be dispensed without a prescription.

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Medicines containing Ibuprofen or Paracetamol are sold freely. Those medications that contain both of these components are issued strictly according to prescription.

The Ministry of Health draws attention to the procedure for dispensing medicines during the seasonal rise of respiratory, infectious diseases and influenza in the autumn-winter period.

Medications in all dosage forms containing a single drug Ibuprofen or Paracetamol, are included in the list of medicines available without a doctor’s prescription, writes tut.by. The document was approved by Decree of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus dated June 5, 2012 No. 55. The same list also includes oral suspensions for children: Ibufen, Ibufen D, Nurofen and others.

These medicines are intended for children of all age groups and can be selected for use by the child in a form convenient for him, taking into account his age: suppositories and drops - for children under 3 years of age, syrups and powders for preparing solutions - after 3 years.

Antipyretics based on the combination of paracetamol + ibuprofen (trade names "Ibuklin", "Ibuzam") are sold only with a doctor's prescription. This is primarily due to the high toxicity of such drugs on liver and kidney function.

Since 2011, the use of these medications has been discontinued in a number of countries, including Kazakhstan, India, and the UK. In the Republic of Belarus, 6 cases of acute renal failure associated with their use were registered. Because of this, the Ministry of Health decided that it was necessary to prescribe these medications only after examining and examining the child by a doctor.

Similar prescription measures were established by the Ministry of Health for antimicrobial drugs based on the combination “sulfamethoxazole + trimethoprim” (trade names: "Biseptol", "Biseptin", "Co-trimoxazole"). This is due to the fact that as a result of their widespread use, resistance of most pathogens to these drugs has developed.

The use of this group of drugs for diseases of the respiratory and urinary tract is irrational and unsafe. The prescription of such medications should only be made by a medical professional, who will determine whether their use will be effective.

The following medications are available without a doctor's prescription for the treatment of respiratory, infectious diseases and influenza:

antiviral drugs: Arpetol (arbidol), Rimantadine, Interferon, Oxolinic ointment, AngriMax, Anaferon, Kagocel, Virogel, Panavir;
analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory: Acetylsalicylic acid, Ibuprofen, Paracetamol, Nimesulide, combination drugs - Negrinpin, Fapirin S and others;
antibiotics: Amoxicillin, Amoxicillin/Clavulanic acid, Ampicillin;
medications that affect the immune system: Ekhingin, Trimunal Groprinosin, Cycloferon.

Antibiotics, antipyretics, anti-inflammatory and antiviral drugs will be sold without a doctor's prescription. But not all, but only some names. Regarding certain medications, the Ministry of Health is categorical: they will be sold only by prescription, and doctors should prescribe them only as a last resort.

Medicines (in all dosage forms) containing single drug ibuprofen and paracetamol included in the list of drugs that can be dispensed over the counter(Resolution of the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Belarus dated June 5, 2012 No. 55). The same applies to oral suspensions for children: “Ibufen”, “Ibufen D”, “Nurofen”, etc.

Also strictly according to the recipe medications should be dispensed based on combinations of sulfamethoxozole + trimethoprim(trade names “Biseptol”, “Biseptin”, “Cotrimoxazole”). This is due to the fact that as a result of their widespread use, resistance of most pathogens to these drugs has developed. As the Ministry of Health notes, “the use of these drugs for diseases of the respiratory and urinary tract is irrational and unsafe».

As an alternative, penicillin and macrolide antibiotics are currently used (some of them are included in the list of over-the-counter drugs).

Available without a prescription

Antiviral:"Arpetol" ("Arbidol"), "Rimantadine", "Interferon", oxolinic ointment, "AngriMax", "Anaferon", "Kagocel", "Virogel", "Panavir".

Analgesic, antipyretic and anti-inflammatory: acetylsalicylic acid, Ibuprofen, paracetamol, Nimesulide; combination drugs: “Negrinpin”, “Fapirin S”, etc.

Antibiotics: amoxicillin, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, ampicillin.

Medicines that affect immunity:“Ekhingin”, “Trimunal”, “Groprinosin”, cycloferon.

P.S. Despite the free sale of many medications, doctors strongly recommend not to self-medicate, risking your health, but to turn to specialists for help.

Olga Artishevskaya

The Ministry of Health proposes to discuss new list medications that can be purchased at a pharmacy without a prescription. The new list of drugs is posted on the department’s website.

The photograph is used as an illustration. Photo: Reuters

“The project has been updated taking into account the presence or absence of registration of medicines and has not changed significantly in comparison with the current one,” they comment Ministry of Health. — Our specialists are looking forward to suggestions and comments from specialists, including medical practitioners and suppliers.

TUT.BY compared two lists of over-the-counter medications - the current one and the new one, which the Ministry of Health proposes to discuss.

The draft new list indicates medicines under international non-proprietary names(if available), i.e. all medicines with such INNs in the forms specified in the resolution, regardless of their trade names will be sold without a prescription.

For example, as before, without a prescription, pharmacies offer to sell powders that are used for colds, gels and tablets for heartburn, and anesthetics. Antivirals such as Groprinosin, Arbidol, Arpetol will continue to be sold without prescriptions. But the Ministry of Health proposes to dispense Oseltamivir by prescription.

— Doctors assumed that all systemic antibiotics—those taken orally or by injection—would be removed from the new list of over-the-counter drugs. However, only one was taken out,” comments Tatyana Erofeeva, general practitioner at the Lode Medical Center. “I think everything should have been removed.” After all, our people tend to self-prescribe antibacterial drugs. Often in cases that are not sufficiently justified for this purpose.

For example, the interlocutor says, a person has a cold or runny nose, and he immediately takes an antibiotic. Although it is too early or not at all ineffective to do this. Such self-medication leads to the body's resistance to these drugs.

The specialist also notes that two drugs that are used for high blood pressure and heart diseases.

“That’s right, because modern drugs are much more effective, but for some reason they were prescribed,” the therapist continues. - And these old ones, with a lot of side effects - without it.

The fact that the list of medications that can be bought without a doctor’s prescription may become shorter, the doctor notes many advantages. With this, she says, we are getting closer to European standards.

— Medicines with serious side effects should not be sold just like that. Just like medications for diseases that require medical supervision,” she explains her position. — Let’s say hypertension, which needs to be monitored at least twice a year. In Europe, the same “Captopril” can be bought only with a doctor’s prescription.

Tatyana Erofeeva believes that this situation disciplines people.

The new list of drugs that will be sold without a prescription can be viewed or on the Ministry of Health website in the “Drug Policy” section.

Comments and suggestions on the draft resolution are proposed to be sent to the Department of Pharmaceutical Inspection and Organization of Drug Supply of the Ministry of Health for email address [email protected]. Letters will be accepted until June 16, 2017.

In the treatment of respiratory diseases, targeted drugs are used that act on the cause of the disease. They inhibit pathogens. This type of therapy is called etiological therapy. In the fight against flu and colds, the main thing is to choose the right medications. Some people, in an effort to recover as quickly as possible, start taking strong antibiotics for colds at the first symptoms of ARVI. Is it correct?

When to take antibiotics for colds and flu

In most cases respiratory diseases caused by viruses that are not affected by antibacterial drugs. Therefore, their use from the first day of the disease is not justified. Treatment of respiratory diseases with antibiotics is justified if, on the 5th-6th day of the flu or cold, a person feels consistently unwell. As a rule, these are symptoms of a bacterial infection that provokes the development purulent sore throat, acute bronchitis, pneumonia.

Signs of complications of flu and colds:

after the onset of ARVI, following improvement on days 5-6, body temperature rises sharply;
getting worse general health, fever, cough, shortness of breath appear;
pain in the throat, chest area, and ears intensifies;
increase The lymph nodes.

When treating colds and flu with antibiotics, never interrupt treatment when you feel better. People who make this mistake suffer twice as much later. In this case, an improvement in a person’s condition does not mean that the disease has passed. A batch of bacteria died under the influence of antibiotics, but another part of them adapts to the drug and begins to attack the weakened body with renewed vigor. This leads to a new round of the disease with subsequent complications.

What antibiotics are best to take for a cold?

To treat respiratory diseases, bactericidal drugs are taken to destroy pathogenic microorganisms. Antibiotics play the role of heavy artillery in the fight against colds and flu when there is a risk acute complications. Three main groups of antibacterial drugs are used to treat respiratory diseases:

penicillin - ampiox, augmentin, amoxapclav;
cephalosporins - cefotaxime, cefpirome, cefazolin;
macrolides - roxithromycin, azithromycin, clarithromycin.

List of effective antibiotics for adults

For colds of bacterial origin, doctors prescribe antibiotics extreme cases. Prolonged cough, persistent sore throat, severe fever, persistently high body temperature are warning signs development acute illness. In this case, traditional antiviral drugs, immunostimulants, vitamins and herbs are powerless. For effective therapy, you need to know which antibiotic is best for a cold in an adult:

amoxicillin;
arlet;
flemoclav;
rovamycin;
azithromycin;
hemomycin;
suprax;
cefepime;
erythromycin;
Levofloxacin.

Names of good drugs for children

For therapy bacterial diseases At an early age, antibiotics are used in extreme cases. For pneumonia, acute otitis media, purulent sore throat resulting from a respiratory illness, taking such drugs is justified. The form of antibiotics prescribed depends on the age of the child. For infants - medicines in injections, for older children - in tablets. Children are not always given injections; you are allowed to open the ampoule and give the child the medicine to drink. the right dosage. Children's antibiotics for colds:

ampicillin;
flemoxin solutab;
Moximac;
avelox;
augmentin;
zinnat;
macrofoam;
fromilid uno;
esparoxy;
alpha normix.

Parents often mistakenly believe that antibacterial therapy is necessary for successful treatment flu and colds in children. This is a misconception about the effect of antibiotics on a child's body. For viral infections in children, the use of these drugs is unjustified, even at high temperatures that persist for a long time.

Treatment of children with antibiotics leads to dysbiosis, weakened immune system, and anemia. It is advisable to administer antibacterial therapy to children only in critical situations. For example, when aerobic streptococcal tonsillitis, acute otitis media, pneumonia, inflammation of the paranasal sinuses are observed. The use of antibiotics for the treatment of children with colds and flu without complications is justified when:

pronounced signs of reduced body resistance - constant subfertile body temperature, frequent colds and viral diseases, HIV, oncology, congenital disorders of the immune system;
rickets, vices general development, underweight;
the child has a history of chronic recurrent otitis media.

Gentle drugs for the treatment of colds in pregnant women

When treating complications of a respiratory disease in an pregnant woman or a nursing mother, the effect of the antibiotic on the development of the fetus is taken into account. For treatment, gentle antibacterial drugs are selected. To pick up suitable medicine, the doctor identifies the causative agent of the disease and its resistance to various drugs. If it is impossible to conduct such a study, gentle antibiotics for pregnant women are prescribed:

ampicillin;
oxacillin;
cefazolin;
erythromycin;
azithromycin;
bioparox;
minocycline;
oxamp;
ericcycline;
ristomycin.

For the treatment of flu and colds in pregnant and nursing mothers, in order to avoid the occurrence of dysbacteriosis, it is advisable to take drugs in the form of injections. To avoid allergic reactions, the use of antibacterial therapy is combined with antihistamines. Chocolate, citrus fruits, and coffee are excluded from the diet of pregnant and lactating women.

List of broad-spectrum antibiotics

In bacterial therapy for the treatment of complications of influenza and colds, drugs are prescribed aimed at suppressing groups of pathogens. Such drugs are called broad-spectrum antibiotics. They help cure complications of influenza and acute respiratory infections. Cheap pills are as effective as expensive ones. These types of medications are available in pharmacies without a prescription. Before taking, read the instructions and read reviews about antibiotics. Good drug has a small number of side effects. Broad-spectrum antibiotics:

amosin;
becampicillin;
ospamox;
ecoball;
zinforo;
kefselim;
flamefix;
cefodox;
clacid;
oletherine

What antibiotics for colds are effective for adults and children: list and names

Antibiotics for colds are prescribed by a doctor when the human body is unable to cope with the infection on its own.

Typically, dangerous signals of an attack by harmful bacteria are an increase in body temperature to more than 38 ° C, as well as a runny nose, redness of the throat and other symptoms that often accompany a cold: inflammation of the mucous membranes of the eyes, sore throat, shortness of breath, dry cough, headache, etc. . Antibacterial drugs will help cope with bacteria, but they should only be prescribed by a medical specialist, since uncontrolled self-medication with antibiotics can negatively affect human health.

Treating colds with antibiotics

Antibiotics for colds are necessary as a last resort, when the immune system cannot cope with pathogens that have attacked the human body. Many of us, at the first symptoms of a cold, wonder which antibiotic to take, perceiving it as a miracle cure for all diseases. However, this is a deep misconception, since for the treatment of influenza and acute respiratory diseases it is indicated to use antiviral drugs, and only when the patient’s condition has worsened and “connected” bacterial infection, a properly selected antibiotic will help. Thus, it is unacceptable to take an antibiotic at the first sign of a cold!

Treatment of colds with antibiotics should be rational, and this requires consultation with an experienced doctor who will determine the severity of the patient’s condition and prescribe the antibacterial drug that will be most effective in a particular case.

The common cold (ARVI) can be considered a rather insidious disease that manifests itself regardless of a person’s age, state of health, and weather conditions. Acute respiratory disease is one of the most common diseases throughout the world and lasts an average of a week without complications. Typically, adults get colds an average of two to three times a year. Today, doctors count more than two hundred viruses that cause inflammation of the respiratory system. It should be noted that the cold is a contagious disease - it can be transmitted by airborne droplets and often affects the bronchi, trachea, and lungs. A viral infection lives longer in mucus than in the air or a dry place. In order to start treatment on time, the patient’s condition should be objectively assessed. The main symptoms of a cold are:

inflammation of the lymph nodes, which manifests itself in the form of seals on the back of the head, neck, behind the ears, under the lower jaw, when pressed, the patient experiences pain;
excessive discharge of mucus from the nose (runny nose), nasal congestion, as well as unusual dryness of the nasal mucosa;
sore throat, dry cough, hoarse voice;
redness of the eyes and watery eyes;
increase in body temperature from 37 to 38.5 ° C;
upset stomach, nausea and vomiting (if the body is infected with rotavirus).

A cold is never asymptomatic, so at the first signs of its development you should consult a doctor in order to prevent possible complications in time.

To treat an advanced cold, an accurate diagnosis is necessary, which will allow you to select the optimal medicine, i.e. antibiotic. Each group of antibacterial drugs is intended to treat a specific type of bacteria, so the antibiotic is prescribed depending on the lesion. For example, for inflammation of the respiratory tract, it is necessary to choose a drug that effectively fights bacteria that cause inflammatory processes in the respiratory organs: for example, Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, Augmentin (i.e. antibiotics of the penicillin group). For various respiratory diseases, such as pneumonia, it must be taken into account that they are caused by bacteria, most of which are very resistant to penicillin. For this reason, it is best to use Levofloxacin or Avelox to treat this disease. Antibiotics from the cephalosporin group (Suprax, Zinnat, Zinacef) will help cure bronchitis, pleurisy, pneumonia, and macrolides (Sumamed, Hemomycin) will cope with atypical pneumonia, which is caused by chlamydia and mycoplasma.

Treatment of a cold with antibiotics should depend on what category the disease falls into. In case of ARVI, first of all, it is necessary to use antiviral drugs, because they have a targeted effect on the immune system, strengthening it and helping to cope with virus attack. It makes no sense to use antibiotics for such a diagnosis, and this is contraindicated by doctors. The sooner treatment for ARVI with an effective antiviral drug begins, the greater the chance of completing it faster. However, if the cold is caused by a bacterial infection, taking antibiotics should not be neglected. At the same time, it is very important to pay attention to the condition of your own body in time and find out the exact cause of the cold in order to choose the most optimal antibacterial drug. After all, antibiotics must be taken very seriously, because... they can not only help, but also harm if you make the wrong choice. So, it is necessary to clearly set boundaries defining in what cases antibiotics can be prescribed and in what cases they cannot. Nowadays, indications for antibiotic therapy are:

purulent tonsillitis (tonsillitis);
laryngotracheitis;
purulent otitis media (inflammation of the middle ear);
purulent sinusitis (purulent sinusitis or sinusitis);
purulent lymphadenitis;
pneumonia, pneumonia.

Antibiotics for pregnant women for colds

Antibiotics for colds, as effective medications that suppress the growth of pathogens, occur only in cases of complications caused by the development of a bacterial infection in the body. Their use makes it possible to suppress the growth of not only pathogenic bacteria, but also some fungi, thereby making life easier for the patient with a cold. You should remember the dangers of self-medication with antibacterial agents, especially when it comes to children and pregnant women. In such cases, taking antibiotics should be taken as responsibly as possible, following exclusively the recommendations and competent prescriptions of an experienced doctor.

Antibiotics for pregnant women with colds should be selected taking into account their effect on the fetus and only in those extreme cases that really require the use of these drugs. To select the most suitable antibiotic for treating a pregnant woman, you must first determine the causative agent of the disease, as well as determine its sensitivity to a particular drug. If such a study is not possible, broad-spectrum antibiotics are usually prescribed. Penicillin antibiotics (for example, Ampicillin, Oxacillin, etc.), as well as cephalosporins (for example, Cefazolin) and some macrolides (of which Erythromycin and Azithromycin can be distinguished) are considered the most harmless for the body of mother and child. These are the drugs that doctors prefer when prescribing treatment for pregnant women.

The dosage of the antibiotic for a pregnant woman is determined by the doctor; usually it does not differ from the dosage of the drug for others. The expectant mother should carefully follow the doctor's recommendations and under no circumstances reduce the dose of the medication, because this may provoke the opposite effect: in such a situation, the antibiotic will not have such effective action, aimed at destroying microbes, and will not be able to fully suppress the bacterial infection.

It is imperative to take into account the fact that antibiotics are most effective only in the treatment of infectious diseases of bacterial origin. In other cases, they are not able to have the desired effect and can even cause harm to the body. For example, antibacterial drugs will be powerless if:

ARVI and influenza (in this case, the diseases are caused by viruses, to destroy which it is necessary to use antiviral drugs);
inflammatory processes (antibiotics are not anti-inflammatory drugs);
elevated temperature (do not confuse the effect of antibiotics with the effect of antipyretic and painkillers);
cough in pregnant women in cases where it is caused by a viral infection, allergic reaction, development bronchial asthma, but not by the action of microorganisms;
intestinal disorders.

If we consider the issue of the effects of antibiotics on the fetus, then based on the results of numerous medical studies we can conclude that these drugs do not provoke the development of any birth defects in a child and do not affect his genetic apparatus. But at the same time, some groups of antibacterial drugs have the so-called. embryotoxic effect, i.e. can lead to impaired renal function of the fetus, the formation of teeth, damage the auditory nerve, and also cause a number of other unfavorable abnormalities.

Antibiotics for pregnant women for colds have the most adverse effect on the fetus in the first trimester of pregnancy, so if possible, it is recommended to postpone treatment to the second trimester. However, if there is an urgent need for such treatment, the doctor should prescribe to the expectant mother antibiotics with the least degree of toxicity, and also strictly monitor the condition of the pregnant woman.

Antibiotics for colds should be used according to the doctor’s recommendations in cases where the patient’s condition indicates the development of complications, such as tonsillitis, purulent sinusitis, and pneumonia. However, first of all, if you have a cold, you need to use proven folk remedies and drink antiviral drugs, the action of which is aimed at destroying viral infection. You should not resort to antibiotics if the cause of the disease has not been established. It is necessary to weigh all the pros and cons of taking antibacterial drugs, taking into account their side effects and possible complications.

Only a doctor knows what antibiotics to take for a cold, who will determine the degree and type of complications caused by a cold, and then prescribe an antibiotic of the appropriate group:

Penicillins (Augmentin, Ampicillin, etc.) have a pronounced bactericidal effect and are effective in the treatment of bacterial infections and severe forms of ENT diseases (angina, purulent otitis, sinusitis, pneumonia, etc.). The action of these antibacterial drugs is aimed at destroying the walls of bacteria, which causes their death. A positive feature of penicillins is their low level toxicity, so they are widely used in pediatrics.
Cephalosporins have an active bactericidal effect aimed at destroying the cell membrane of bacteria. Typically, antibiotics of this group are prescribed for the treatment of pleurisy, bronchitis, pneumonia and are administered by injection (intravenously or intramuscularly), only Cephalexins are taken orally. They cause fewer allergic reactions than penicillins, but in rare cases, manifestations of allergies, as well as impaired kidney function, still occur.
Macrolides (azalides and ketolides) have an active bacteriostatic effect and are effective in the treatment of atypical pneumonia. The first macrolide was Erythromycin, which was used by patients with an allergic reaction to penicillins.
Fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin, etc.) are used to destroy gram-negative bacteria (mycoplasma, pneumococcus, chlamydia, coli). Quickly penetrating into the cell, they infect the microbes that are located there. Today they are the most non-toxic antibacterial drugs that do not cause allergies and are safe to use.

To find out which antibiotics to take for a cold in a particular case, you should consult with medical specialist. For example, for the treatment of various infectious and inflammatory diseases in our time, the drug Flemoxin Solutab, containing amoxicillin, is often prescribed. For bronchitis, pharyngitis, acute tonsillitis and otitis, pneumonia and a number of other infectious and inflammatory diseases, the drug Suprax can be prescribed, which must be taken in accordance with the doctor’s recommendations, because in case of uncontrolled treatment of colds with this drug, adverse reactions in the form of a violation of the intestinal microflora. This can lead to the development of severe diarrhea or pseudomembranous colitis. An effective antimicrobial drug is Levomycetin, which is used for infectious diseases. The dosage of the drug and the duration of treatment, as in other cases, must be strictly established by the attending physician.

Good antibiotic for colds

Antibiotics for colds should be used if, after taking antiviral drugs in the first days of the illness, there was no improvement, and especially when the patient’s condition worsened: this means that, in addition to viruses, the body was also attacked by bacteria. Such medications are good “helpers” in ridding the human body of toxins and all kinds of pathogenic microbes, but the choice of antibiotic in one case or another remains with the doctor, because must correspond to indications and flow specific disease. The fact is that an antibacterial drug that is not strong enough may not fully cope with the complications caused by a cold or flu, and a “powerful” antibiotic can harm the body’s immune system.

The beginning of the use of antibiotics in medical practice dates back to 1928 and is associated with the name of the Englishman Fleming. It was he who discovered the substance “penicillin”, which can lead to the death of many microbes and bacteria, and thereby made a real revolution in medicine, because since then many earlier fatal diseases became curable: scarlet fever, pneumonia, tuberculosis, pneumonia, etc. During World War II, antibiotics helped doctors save the lives of millions of wounded people. To this day, these faithful “helpers” help doctors fight for the health of many patients.

A good antibiotic for colds is a medicine that is selected taking into account the type and course of the disease. Treatment with antibiotics should be carried out carefully, after consulting with a doctor, who will choose the optimal drug from four main classes of antibiotics with different effects, which have proven to be effective in treating various complications caused by bacterial infections. These classes include: penicillins (Ampicillin, Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, Augmentin, etc.); macrolides (Azithromycin, etc.): fluoroquinolones (Levofloxacin, Moxifloxacin, etc.); cephalosporins (Cefixime, Cefuroxime, Suprax, etc.).

Before you start taking any medications, it is advisable to try to cope with mild cold using methods and recipes traditional medicine. For example, do inhalations, foot baths, apply a compress or mustard plasters. It is necessary to increase the volume of fluid consumed, as well as expand the diet natural vitamins, i.e. fresh fruits and vegetables. At the first signs of worsening your cold, you should immediately go to the hospital to prevent complications from developing. In the case when a bacterial infection has attacked the body, there is an urgent need to “connect” an antibiotic, because in this situation speech in literally is about saving the patient's life. The patient must understand that only the attending physician can prescribe an antibacterial drug, and it is necessary to strictly observe the dosage indicated by him, as well as the dosage intervals. Self-medication can result in significant risk to a person's health.

Antibiotics for colds can have a number of negative consequences, especially when they are chosen incorrectly during self-medication. Among these side effects, the most common are allergies, gastrointestinal disorders, dysbacteriosis, and suppression of the immune system.

You should also remember that it is not recommended to take an antibiotic for more than 5 days in a row, however, reducing the period of treatment with antibiotics can lead to the fact that the infection will not be eliminated from the body, and this, in turn, will cause complications such as disruptions in the functioning of the heart and kidneys. If after three days the patient does not feel any relief from his condition, he should ask the doctor to change the drug to another, more effective one. You should also be careful when combining other medications with antibiotics; in such cases, you should follow your doctor’s recommendations. Under no circumstances should you take an antibiotic that has expired!

A good antibiotic for a cold will definitely give positive results within three days: the patient will feel better, he will have an appetite, and unpleasant symptoms will disappear.

When treating with antibiotics, it is important to take care to reduce their negative effects on the body. For this purpose, the doctor should prescribe probiotics to the patient - drugs that normalize the intestinal microflora and thereby prevent the development of dysbiosis, strengthen the immune system, and have a beneficial effect on the functioning of internal organs, reducing the possibility of side effects and complications.

Antibiotics for colds for children

Antibiotics for colds should be given to children with extreme caution. Such treatment should be prescribed by the attending physician, who should be consulted immediately after the first signs of the disease - a runny nose, cough, or fever in the child. Typically, a temperature above 38.5°C indicates that the child’s immune system is trying to get rid of the virus on its own, in which case the doctor prescribes antipyretics. If, after 3-5 days, the baby’s well-being does not improve, and the temperature is still high, it is recommended to start taking the appropriate antibiotic, but only strictly as prescribed by the pediatrician and if the bacterial nature of the disease is confirmed.

Antibiotics for colds for children are a serious test for a growing organism, so they should not be used immediately after the onset of symptoms of the disease. If parents believe that taking a “powerful” antibiotic is the only way effective method treatment of acute respiratory viral infections or acute respiratory infections - this is a deep misconception! The effect of antibacterial agents on a child’s body without any particular reason can be very negative and sometimes even destructive. Not to mention the use of antibiotics to treat infants, which in itself is blasphemous. Colds should be treated with antiviral drugs, the effect of which usually does not appear immediately, but after 3-5 days. At the same time, the febrile process in children, which is most often caused by viral respiratory tract infections, can fluctuate within 3-7 days, and sometimes even longer. You should not mistakenly believe that antibiotics are an alternative to antitussive drugs, because coughing when you have a cold is a defensive reaction child's body, which usually goes away last, after the disappearance of other symptoms of the disease. The question of prescribing antibiotic treatment for a child is decided by experienced pediatrician, who will assess the baby’s condition and only in case of emergency will choose the optimal drug. Parents should carefully follow all doctor's recommendations, including regarding the method of administration and dosage of the antibacterial drug. It is also important not to stop treating the child before the due date.

Some antibiotics for colds are strictly prohibited for children. First of all, these are so-called medicines. tetracycline group (Tetracycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline, etc.), which can disrupt the formation of tooth enamel in a baby, as well as antibacterial drugs of fluorinated quinolones, which have the ending “−floxacin” in their names (for example, Ofloxacin, Pefloxacin), which negatively influence the formation of articular cartilage in a child. In pediatrics, it is also not allowed to take Levomycetin, the effect of which is aimed at the development of aplastic anemia (the process of suppressing hematopoiesis) and can lead to death.

Among the antibacterial drugs used in pediatrics, we can note Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Levofloxacin, Flemoxin Solutab, Moximac, Zinnat, Avelox, Amoxiclav, etc. The choice of a particular drug depends entirely on experience and professionalism. pediatrician, which should determine which antibiotic will be the best assistant and will be beneficial in the treatment of complications after a cold in each specific case.

So, antibiotics for colds should be used to treat children only in cases of urgent need. This will not lead to the desired recovery, but will only worsen the situation, because... the effect of the antibacterial drug can be destructive to the baby’s immunity, which will increase the risk of the infection returning.

Names of antibiotics for colds

Antibiotics for colds should be chosen especially carefully, without resorting to self-medication, but after consulting a doctor who will determine the degree of complications and prescribe the most effective remedy. In addition, when taking antibiotics, you should follow these recommendations:

only one, the most effective drug from a certain group should be used in treatment;
if after the first dose of an antibiotic, after two days the patient’s condition has not improved and the temperature has not decreased, there may be a need to change the drug;
You cannot combine taking an antibiotic with antipyretic drugs, as they “lubricate” its effect;
The period of antibiotic treatment should be at least 5 days, or even more. It is this duration of treatment that allows the drug to fully cope with the infectious agent;
in case of a severe cold and complications of the disease, the patient should be immediately hospitalized in the hospital, and antibiotic therapy should be carried out under the supervision of the attending physician.

It is useful for everyone to know the names of antibiotics for colds (at least a few of them), because in this way a person will have at least some idea of the drug that the doctor will prescribe. Antibiotics are traditionally divided into several classes:

penicillins,
macrolides,
fluoroquinolones,
cephalosporins.

The penicillin class includes antibiotic names such as Ampicillin, Augmentin, Amoxicillin, Amoxiclav, etc.

The most common names of the macrolide class are Erythromycin, Azithromycin, etc. (such drugs are considered the most powerful in treating bacterial infections). Antibiotics of the fluoroquinolone class include Levofloxacin and Moxifloxacin, and the cephalosporin class includes Axetil, Cefixime (Suprax), Cefuroxime Axetil, etc.

The main goal in the treatment of various infectious complications caused by a cold is to provide the body with effective assistance aimed at fastest deliverance from pathogenic microbes and toxic substances. To ensure rapid treatment positive result, need to do right choice antibiotic, and only an experienced doctor can do this.

It should be remembered that antibiotics for colds are not as harmless as they might seem; they can cause a number of side effects, especially if used in the wrong cases. For example, many do not understand or simply do not know that only an antiviral drug can treat a viral respiratory tract infection, and they begin to use antibiotics immediately when cold symptoms occur, such as a runny nose, cough, or fever. This is a big misconception, because... Improper use of antibiotics can cause great harm to a person’s already weakened immune system. Such drugs are needed only to treat bacterial infections, the development of which can be caused by complications of a cold. Typically, antibiotics are prescribed if, 4-5 days after the onset of the disease, the patient’s condition does not improve or, on the contrary, it becomes worse.

Amoxiclav for colds

Antibiotics for colds should be used purposefully, depending on the patient’s condition and the characteristics of the course of the disease. Among the common drugs used in modern medicine, a special place is occupied by the effective antibacterial drug Amoxiclav. He has established himself as reliable means for the treatment of various complications caused by colds and other unfavorable factors, in particular, such as the occurrence of infections after surgical operations.

Amoxiclav for colds is successfully used in modern medicine to treat the so-called. “mixed” infections, as well as to prevent possible infection of the patient during surgery. The mixed type of infection is most often caused by gram-positive and gram-negative microorganisms, as well as anaerobes (including strains), manifesting itself in the form of chronic forms of otitis, sinusitis and osteomyelitis, cholecystitis, odontogenic infections, aspiration pneumonia, various infections of the abdominal cavity, etc.

Amoxiclav is a combination of two substances: aminopenicillin, amoxicillin and clavulanic acid, which has a pronounced bactericidal effect. Detailed medical study of microbiological properties this drug gives grounds to assert that Amoxiclav, due to the combination of the above active substances, has a depressing effect on the synthesis of bacterial walls and has a stable antibacterial effect against a whole host of pathogenic microorganisms: Neisseria spp., Streptococcus spp. ( various groups), Staphylococcus spp., Proteus spp., Klebsiella spp., Helicobacter pylori, Moraxella catarrhalis, Acinetobacter spp., Haemophilus influenzae and many others. etc.

The pharmacokinetic properties of Amoxiclav indicate its pronounced advantages compared to other penicillins. Thus, after taking the drug, rapid absorption of components from the gastrointestinal tract is observed, regardless of food intake. The maximum level of drug concentration is reached approximately 45 minutes after administration. The main way of removing the drug from the body is its excretion along with urine, feces, and exhaled air.

Amoxiclav for colds, due to its pronounced antimicrobial activity and unique pharmacokinetic properties, is used to treat a number of infectious diseases accompanied by inflammatory processes:

infections of the respiratory system (in particular, acute and chronic sinusitis, bronchitis, retropharyngeal abscess, pneumonia, etc.);
otitis (both acute and chronic forms);
infections of the skin, joints, soft tissues and bones;
genitourinary system infections;
various types of gynecological infections.

As for the side effects that occur when taking Amoxiclav, in general the drug is tolerated by patients normally, without any negative reactions from the body. In percentage terms, only 8-14% of total number patients had side effects in the form of gastrointestinal dysfunction (diarrhea, painful sensations in the stomach, nausea, vomiting). To avoid such side effects, it is recommended to reduce the dosage of the drug and take it with food.

Antibiotics for colds have an invaluable effect when there is an urgent need to counter the development of pathogens and bacterial infections. However, to summarize, it must be noted again that the use of antibiotics must be agreed upon with a competent medical specialist. This is the only way to achieve it high results in the treatment of post-cold complications and minimize the risk of negative effects of antibacterial agents on human immunity.

Antibiotics for colds and flu: what is best for adults to take

People with medical education know for certain that antibiotics for colds and flu are ineffective, but they are not cheap and are harmful.

Moreover, both doctors in clinics and those who have just graduated from medical school know this.

However, antibiotics are prescribed for colds, and some patients are advised to take these medications to prevent infections.

For a common cold, it is better to do without antibiotics. The patient must be provided with:

bed rest;
drinking plenty of water;
balanced diet with a high content of vitamins and minerals;
if necessary, effective antipyretic tablets or injections;
gargling;
inhalation and nasal rinsing;
rubbing and compresses (only in the absence of fever).

Perhaps the treatment of colds can be limited to these procedures. But some patients persistently ask their doctor for a good antibiotic or a cheaper analogue.

It happens even worse: a sick person, due to the fact that he has no time to visit the clinic, begins self-medication. Benefit pharmacies in big cities today they are located every 200 meters. There is no such open access to medicines as in Russia in any civilized state.

But in fairness, it should be noted that many pharmacies have begun to dispense broad-spectrum antibiotics only with a doctor’s prescription. However, if you wish, you can always pity the pharmacy pharmacist by citing severe illness or find a pharmacy for which turnover is much more important than people’s health.

Therefore, antibiotics for colds can be purchased without a prescription.

When should you take antibiotics for acute respiratory infections and flu?

In most cases, colds are of viral etiology, and viral infections are not treated with antibiotics. Broad-spectrum tablets and injections are prescribed only in cases where an infection has arisen in an organism weakened by a cold that cannot be defeated without antibacterial drugs. This infection can develop:

in the nasal cavity;
in the mouth;
in the bronchi and trachea;
in the lungs.

In such a situation, antibiotics are needed for colds and flu.

Laboratory research methods, the results of which can be used to judge the need to take antibacterial agents, are not always prescribed. Often, clinics save on sputum and urine cultures, explaining their policy by saying that this is too expensive.

Exceptions are smears taken from the nose and throat for sore throat for Lefler's bacillus (the causative agent of diphtheria), selective urine cultures for urinary tract diseases and selective cultures of tonsil discharge, which are taken for chronic tonsillitis.

Patients treated in a hospital are much more likely to have laboratory confirmation of a microbial infection. Changes clinical analysis blood are indirect signs of bacterial inflammation. Having received the results of the analysis, the doctor can proceed from the following indicators:

leukocyte count;
increase in segmented and band leukocytes (shift leukocyte formula left).

And yet, doctors prescribe antibiotics for colds very often. Here is a clear example of this, taken from the results of testing one child medical institution. 420 outpatient records of young patients from 1 to 3 years were analyzed. In 80% of cases, doctors diagnosed children with acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections; acute bronchitis – 16%; otitis – 3%; pneumonia and other infections – 1%.

For pneumonia and bronchitis, antibacterial therapy was prescribed in 100% of cases, but in 80% it was prescribed for both acute respiratory infections and inflammation of the upper respiratory tract.

And this is despite the fact that the vast majority of doctors are well aware that using antibiotics without infectious complications is unacceptable.

Why do doctors still prescribe antibiotics for flu and colds? This happens for a number of reasons:

reinsurance due to the early age of children;
administrative settings;
preventive measures to reduce complications;
lack of desire to visit assets.

How to determine complications without tests?

A doctor can determine by eye that an infection has been added to a cold:

the color of discharge from the nose, ears, eyes, bronchi and pharynx changes from transparent to dull yellow or poisonous green;
when a bacterial infection occurs, a repeated rise in temperature is usually observed, this is typical for pneumonia;
the patient's urine becomes cloudy and sediment can be observed in it;
pus, mucus or blood appears in the stool.

Complications that may arise after ARVI are determined by the signs given below.

The situation is this: a person had an acute respiratory viral infection or a cold and was already on the mend, when suddenly the temperature jumped sharply to 39, the cough intensified, chest pain and shortness of breath appeared - all these manifestations signal that there is a high probability of developing pneumonia.
If a sore throat or diphtheria is suspected, the temperature rises, the sore throat intensifies, plaque appears on the tonsils, and the lymph nodes on the neck become enlarged.
With otitis media, fluid is released from the ear, and when you press on the tragus in the ear, severe pain appears.
Signs of sinusitis manifest themselves as follows: the patient’s sense of smell completely disappears; appear in the forehead area severe pain, which intensify when the head is tilted; the voice becomes nasal.

What antibiotics to take for a cold?

Many patients ask their therapists this question. Antibiotics for colds should be chosen based on the following factors:

localization of infection;
the age of the patient (adults and children have their own list of medications);
medical history;
individual drug tolerance;
state of the immune system.

But in any situation, only a doctor prescribes antibiotics for colds.

Sometimes broad-spectrum antibiotics are recommended for use against uncomplicated acute respiratory infections.

Against some blood diseases: aplastic anemia, agranulocytosis.

With clear signs of weakened immunity:

low-grade fever;
colds and viral diseases more than five times a year;
chronic inflammatory and fungal infections;
congenital pathologies of the immune system;
oncological diseases.

Children under 6 months:

against infant rickets;
against weight loss;
against various developmental defects.

Bacterial tonsillitis requires treatment with macrolides or penicillins.
Purulent lymphadenitis is treated with broad-spectrum drugs.
Acute bronchitis, exacerbation of its chronic form, and laryngotracheitis and bronchiectasis will require the prescription of macrolides. But first it is better to do a chest x-ray, which will rule out pneumonia.
In acute otitis media, after otoscopy, the doctor makes a choice between cephalosporins and macrolides.

Azithromycin – an antibiotic for colds and flu

Azithromycin (other name Azimed) is a broad-spectrum antibacterial drug. The active substance of the drug is directed against the protein synthesis of sensitive microorganisms. Azithromycin is rapidly absorbed into gastrointestinal tract. The peak effect of the drug occurs two to three hours after administration.

Azithromycin is rapidly distributed in biological fluids and tissues. Before you start taking pills, it is better to test the sensitivity of the microflora that provoked the disease. For adults, Azithromycin should be taken once during the day, one hour before meals or three hours after meals.

For infections of the respiratory tract, skin and soft tissues, a single dose of 500 mg is prescribed on the first day of admission, then for three days the patient takes Azithromycin 250 mg per day.
Against acute infections urinary tract, the patient must take three tablets of the drug Azithromycin once.
Against initial stage Lyme disease is also prescribed three tablets once.
For stomach infections caused by Helicobacter pylori, the patient should take three to four tablets at a time for three days.

The release form of the drug is tablets (capsules) of 6 pieces in a package (blister).

Other antibacterial drugs

If the patient does not have an allergic reaction to penicillin, antibiotics for influenza can be prescribed from the semi-synthetic penicillin series (Amoxicillin, Solutab, Flemoxin). In the presence of severe resistant infections, doctors prefer “protected penicillins,” that is, those consisting of Amoxicillin and Clavulanic acid, here is their list:

Solutab.
Flemoclav.
Augmentin.
Ecoclave.
Amoxiclav.

For angina, this treatment is best.

Names of cephalosporin drugs:

Cefixime.
Ixim Lupin.
Pantsef.
Suprax.
Zinatsef.
Cefuroxime axetil.
Zinnat.
Aksetin.
Super.

For mycoplasma, chlamydial pneumonia or infectious diseases of the ENT organs, the following medications are prescribed:

Macropen.
Azitrox.
Z factor.
Chemomycin.
Zitrolide.
Zetamax.
Sumamed.

Should antibiotics be prescribed? It is useless to treat influenza and ARVI with them, so this problem falls entirely on the shoulders of the doctor. Only a physician who has the patient’s medical history and test results in front of him can give a full account of the advisability of prescribing a particular antibacterial drug.

In addition, inexpensive but effective antiviral drugs can be used in treatment, which indicates an integrated approach to the treatment of influenza.

The problem is that most pharmaceutical companies in the pursuit of profit, more and more new antibacterial products are being thrown into the wide sales network. But most of These drugs could be in stock for the time being.

Antibiotics, flu, colds - what conclusions can be drawn?

So, from all that has been said above, we can conclude that antibiotics should be prescribed only for bacterial infections. Flu and colds are 90% viral in origin, so for these diseases, taking antibacterial drugs will not only not bring benefit, but can provoke a number of side effects, for example:

decreased immune response of the body;
depression of kidney and liver function;
imbalance of intestinal microflora;
allergic reactions.

The use of these drugs for the prevention of viral and bacterial infections is unacceptable. Taking aggressive medications, such as antibiotics, is possible only in extreme cases, when all indications exist.

The main criteria for the effectiveness of treatment with antibacterial drugs include the following changes:

relief general condition patient;
decrease in body temperature;
disappearance of symptoms of the disease.

If this does not happen, then the medicine needs to be replaced with another. To determine the effectiveness of the drug, three days must pass from the start of treatment. Uncontrolled use of antibacterial medications leads to disruption of the resistance of microorganisms.

In other words, the human body begins to get used to antibiotics and each time require more and more aggressive medications. In this case, the patient will have to be prescribed not one drug, but two or even three.

Everything you need to know about antibiotics is in the video in this article.

Should you take antibiotics for colds in children or adults?

Everyone who has received a diploma from any medical institute firmly knows and remembers that antibiotics do not help with colds, ARVI and flu. Doctors in clinics and practicing doctors in hospitals also remember this. However, antibiotics are often prescribed simply prophylactically. Because when visiting a doctor for ARVI, the patient requires treatment.

And in cases with a cold, acute respiratory viral infection, except for everything known rules- drinking plenty of fluids, bed rest, fortified, limited (dietary) nutrition, medications And traditional methods gargling, rinsing the nose, inhalations, rubbing with warming ointments - nothing more is required, this is all the treatment of a cold is limited to. But no, a person waits for medicine from the doctor, often simply asking for an antibiotic.

Even worse, the patient can independently start taking any antibiotic based on his own experience or someone else’s advice. Seeing a doctor today takes a lot of time, and medications are very easy to obtain. No civilized country has such open access to medicines as in Russia. Fortunately, today most pharmacies dispense antibiotics by prescription, but there is always a chance to get the drug without a prescription (by pitying the pharmacist or by choosing a pharmacy that values its turnover above all).

As for the treatment of a cold in a child, the situation is most often clouded by the fact that the pediatrician simply plays it safe and prescribes an effective, good, “children’s” antibiotic for a cold for prevention in order to avoid possible complications. If in time the child begins to drink plenty of water, moisturize, ventilate the room, give antipyretic drugs for children at high temperatures, use well-known cold remedies and folk methods - the body should cope with most respiratory viral infections.

Why then did the pediatrician prescribe antibiotics? Because complications are possible. Yes, the risk of complications in preschool children is very high. Today, not every mother can boast of strong immunity and general good health your child. And the doctor in this case turns out to be guilty, did not notice, did not check, did not prescribe. Fear of accusations of incompetence, inattention, and the risk of prosecution pushes pediatricians to prescribe antibiotics for children with colds as a preventive measure.

It should be remembered that colds in 90% of cases are of viral origin, and viruses cannot be treated with antibiotics.

Only in cases where the body could not cope with the virus and complications arose, a bacterial infection was added, localized in the oral cavity, nose, bronchi or lungs - only in this case are antibiotics indicated.

Is it possible to understand from the tests that antibiotics are needed?

Laboratory tests confirming the bacterial nature of the infection are not always performed:

Since sputum and urine cultures are quite expensive for clinics today, they try to save on them.
The exceptions are swabs from the throat and nose for tonsillitis for Lefler's bacillus (the causative agent of diphtheria) and selective cultures of tonsil discharge for chronic tonsillitis or urine for pathologies of the urinary tract.
There is a greater chance of obtaining bacteriological confirmation of a microbial infection in hospital patients.
Indirect signs of bacterial inflammation will be changes in the clinical blood test. Here the doctor can be guided by an increase in ESR, an increase in the number of leukocytes and a shift in the leukocyte formula to the left (an increase in band and segmented leukocytes).

How can you tell by how you feel that complications have arisen?

The presence of bacteria can be determined by eye by:

Changes in the color of the discharge of the nose, pharynx, ear, eyes, bronchi - from transparent it becomes cloudy, yellow or green.
Against the background of a bacterial infection, as a rule, there is a repeated rise in temperature (for example, with pneumonia complicating ARVI).
If there is bacterial inflammation in the urinary system, the urine will most likely become cloudy and appear visible to the eye sediment
When intestinal microbes become infected, mucus, pus, or blood appear in the stool.

It is possible to understand that complications of ARVI have arisen by the following signs:

If, after the onset of an acute respiratory viral infection or a cold, following an improvement on the 5-6th day, the temperature rises again to 38-39 C, the state of health worsens, the cough intensifies, shortness of breath or chest pain appears when breathing and coughing - the risk of pneumonia is high.
If the sore throat intensifies at high temperatures or plaque appears on the tonsils, the cervical lymph nodes become enlarged, sore throat or diphtheria must be ruled out.
Pain in the ear appears, which intensifies when pressing on the tragus, or there is leakage from the ear - otitis media is likely.
Against the background of a runny nose, a pronounced nasal voice appeared, headaches in the forehead or face, which intensified when bending forward or lying down, the sense of smell completely disappeared - there are signs of inflammation of the paranasal sinuses.

Many people ask what antibiotics to take for a cold, which antibiotic is better for a cold? If complications arise, the choice of antibiotic depends on:

localization of complications
age of child or adult
patient history
drug tolerance
and, of course, antibiotic resistance in the country where the disease occurred.

The appointment should only be made by the attending physician.

When antibiotics are not indicated for a cold or uncomplicated acute respiratory viral infection

Mucopurulent runny nose (rhinitis), lasting less than 10-14 days
Nasopharyngitis
Viral conjunctivitis
Viral tonsillitis
Tracheitis, bronchitis (in some cases, with high fever and acute bronchitis, antibacterial drugs are necessary)
Accession herpetic infection(herpes on lips)
Laryngitis in children (treatment)

When is it possible to use antibiotics for uncomplicated acute respiratory infections?

With pronounced signs of reduced immunity - constant low-grade fever, more than 5 r/year colds and viral diseases, chronic fungal and inflammatory diseases, HIV, any cancer or congenital disorders immunity
In a child under 6 months - rickets in infants (symptoms, treatment), various developmental defects, and underweight
Against the background of certain blood diseases (agranulocytosis, aplastic anemia).

Indications for prescribing antibiotics are

Bacterial tonsillitis (with the simultaneous exclusion of diphtheria by taking swabs from the throat and nose) requires treatment with penicillins or macrolides.
Purulent lymphadenitis requires broad-spectrum antibiotics, consultation with a surgeon, and sometimes a hematologist.
Laryngotracheitis or acute bronchitis or exacerbation chronic bronchitis or bronchiectasis will require macrolides (Macropen), in some cases an X-ray of the chest to exclude pneumonia.
Acute otitis media - the choice between macrolides and cephalosporins is made by an ENT doctor after otoscopy.
Pneumonia (see first signs of pneumonia, treatment of pneumonia in a child) - treatment with semi-synthetic penicillins after X-ray confirmation of the diagnosis with mandatory monitoring of the effectiveness of the drug and X-ray control.
Inflammation of the paranasal sinuses (sinusitis, sinusitis, ethmoiditis) - the diagnosis is established using x-ray examination and characteristic clinical signs. Treatment is carried out by an otolaryngologist (see signs of sinusitis in adults).

Let us give an example of a study conducted on the basis of data from one children's clinic, analyzing data from the medical history and outpatient records of 420 children aged 1-3 years. In 89% of cases, acute respiratory infections and acute respiratory infections were recorded in children, in 16% acute bronchitis, in 3% otitis media and only 1% pneumonia and other infections.

And in 80% of cases Only for inflammation of the upper respiratory tract during acute respiratory disease and acute respiratory viral infections were antibiotics prescribed; for pneumonia and bronchitis in 100% of cases. Most doctors, in theory, know that it is inadmissible to use antibacterial agents for a cold or viral infection, but for a number of reasons:

administrative settings
early age of children
preventive measures to reduce complications
reluctance to invest in assets

they are still prescribed, sometimes in short 5-day courses and with a dose reduction, which is extremely undesirable. Also, the spectrum of pathogens causing acute respiratory infections in children was not taken into account. In 85-90% of cases these are viruses, and among bacterial agents it is pneumococcus in 40%, Haemophilus influenzae in 15%, fungi and staphylococcus in 10%, and less commonly atypical pathogens - chlamydia and mycoplasma.

If complications develop due to the virus, the following antibiotics are prescribed only as prescribed by a doctor, according to the severity of the disease, age, and medical history of the patient:

Penicillin series - in the absence of allergic reactions to penicillins, it is possible to use semi-synthetic penicillins (Flemoxin solutab, Amoxicillin). For severe resistant infections, among penicillin drugs, doctors give preference to “protected penicillins” (amoxicillin + clavulanic acid), Amoxiclav, Ecoclave, Augmentin, Flemoclav Solutab. These are first-line drugs for sore throats.
Cephalosporin series - Cefixime (Suprax, Pancef, Ixim Lupin), Cefuroxime axetil (Zinacef, Supero, Aksetin, Zinnat), etc.
Macrolides - usually prescribed for chlamydial, mycoplasma pneumonia or infections of the ENT organs - Azithromycin (Sumamed, Zetamax, Zitrolide, Hemomycin, Z-factor, Azitrox), Macropen - the drug of choice for bronchitis.
Fluoroquinolones are prescribed in cases of intolerance to other antibiotics, as well as in cases of bacterial resistance to penicillin drugs - Levofloxacin (Tavanic, Floracid, Hyleflox, Glevo, Flexid), Moxifloxacin (Avelox, Plevilox, Moximac). Fluoroquinolones are completely prohibited for use in children, since the skeleton is not yet formed, and also because these are “reserve” drugs that can be useful to a person when he grows up, in the treatment of drug-resistant infections.

In general, the problem of choosing an antibiotic for today is a task for the doctor, which he must solve in such a way as to help the patient as much as possible in the present and not cause harm in the future. The problem is complicated by the fact that pharmaceutical companies, in pursuit of today's profits, absolutely do not take into account the seriousness of the increasing resistance of pathogens to antibiotics and throw into the wide net those antibacterial novelties that could be kept in reserve for the time being.

If your doctor has prescribed you an antibacterial drug, you should familiarize yourself with 11 rules on how to take antibiotics correctly.

Main conclusions:

Antibiotics are indicated for bacterial infections, and 80-90% of colds are of viral origin, so taking them is not only pointless, but also harmful.
Antibiotics have serious side effects, such as inhibition of liver and kidney function, allergic reactions, they reduce immunity, and cause an imbalance in the intestinal microflora and mucous membranes in the body.
Taking antibiotics to prevent complications of viral-bacterial infections is unacceptable. The task of the child’s parents is to consult a doctor in time, and the therapist or pediatrician is to promptly detect a possible deterioration in the well-being of the child or adult and only in this case take the “heavy artillery” in the form of antibiotics.
The main criterion for the effectiveness of antibacterial therapy is a decrease in body temperature to 37-38 ° C, relief of the general condition; in the absence of this, the antibiotic should be replaced with another. The effectiveness of the antibiotic is assessed within 72 hours and only after that the drug is changed.
Frequent and uncontrolled use of antibiotics leads to the development of resistance of microorganisms, and each time a person will need more and more aggressive drugs, often the simultaneous use of 2 or more antibacterial agents at once.

Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of living cells or lead to their death. May be of natural or semi-synthetic origin. Used to treat infectious diseases caused by the growth of bacteria and harmful microorganisms.

Universal

Broad-spectrum antibiotics - list:

Penicillins.
Tetracyclines.
Erythromycin.
Quinolones.
Metronidazole.
Vancomycin.
Imipenem.
Aminoglycoside.
Levomycetin (chloramphenicol).
Neomycin.
Monomycin.
Rifamcin.
Cephalosporins.
Kanamycin.
Streptomycin.
Ampicillin.

These drugs are used in cases where it is impossible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection. Their advantage is a large list of microorganisms that are sensitive to the active substance. But there is also a drawback: in addition to pathogenic bacteria, broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to suppression of the immune system and disruption of normal intestinal microflora.

List of strong new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action:

Cefaclor.
Cefamandole.
Unidox Solutab.
Cefuroxime.
Rulid.
Amoxiclav.
Cefroxitin.
Lincomycin.
Cefoperazone.
Ceftazidime.
Cefotaxime.
Latamoxef.
Cefixime.
Cefpodoxime.
Spiramycin.
Rovamycin.
Clarithromycin.
Roxithromycin.
Klacid.
Sumamed.
Fuzidin.
Avelox.
Moxifloxacin.
Ciprofloxacin.

New generation antibiotics are notable for their deeper degree of purification active substance. Thanks to this, the drugs have much less toxicity compared to earlier analogues and cause less harm the body as a whole.

Narrowly targeted Bronchitis

The list of antibiotics for cough and bronchitis usually does not differ from the list of broad-spectrum drugs. This is explained by the fact that the analysis of sputum takes about seven days, and until the causative agent of the infection is precisely identified, a product with the maximum number of bacteria sensitive to it is needed.

In addition, recent studies show that in many cases the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis is unjustified. The fact is that the prescription of such drugs is effective if the nature of the disease is bacterial. If the cause of bronchitis is a virus, antibiotics will not have any positive effect.

Commonly used antibiotic drugs for inflammatory processes in the bronchi:

Ampicillin.
Amoxicillin.
Cefuroxime.
Ceflocor.
Rovamycin.
Cefodox.
Lendatsin.
Ceftriaxone.
Macropen.

Angina

List of antibiotics for sore throat:

Penicillin.
Amoxicillin.
Amoxiclav.
Augmentin.
Ampiox.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin.
Oxacillin.
Cefradine.
Cephalexin.
Erythromycin.
Spiramycin.
Clarithromycin.
Roxithromycin.
Josamycin.
Tetracycline.
Doxycycline.
Lidaprim.
Biseptol.
Bioparox.
Inhalipt.
Grammidin.

The listed antibiotics are effective against sore throats caused by bacteria, most often bethemolytic streptococci. As for the disease caused by fungal microorganisms, the list is as follows:

Nystatin.
Levorin.
Ketoconazole.

Colds and flu (ARI, ARVI)

Antibiotics for the common cold are not included in the list of necessary medications, given the fairly high toxicity of antibiotics and possible side effects. Treatment with antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as restoratives, is recommended. In any case, it is necessary to consult a therapist.

Sinusitis

List of antibiotics for sinusitis - in tablets and for injections:

Zitrolide.
Macropen.
Ampicillin.
Amoxicillin.
Flemoxin solutab.
Augmentin.
Hiconcil.
Amoxil.
Gramox.
Cephalexin.
Digital
Sporidex.
Rovamycin.
Ampiox.
Cefotaxime.
Vertsef.
Cefazolin.
Ceftriaxone.
Duracef.

Let's find out: broad-spectrum antibiotics for colds

Antibiotics appeared about a hundred years ago. Nowadays, broad-spectrum antibiotics are extremely popular - for colds, such drugs are simply irreplaceable.

The modern world cannot be imagined without antibiotics. They can be bought at any pharmacy and even without a prescription from a doctor. Broad-spectrum antibiotics are a real lifesaver for any disease, as they quickly begin to fight infection in the body and act comprehensively.

In most cases, antibiotics for acute respiratory infections are simply a necessary thing. In some cases of the disease, the body cannot fully cope with the infection; the disease can drag on and cause complications. It is at this time that the main defenders of humans from bacteria and viruses - antibiotics - come to the rescue.

Why is it necessary to use broad-spectrum antibiotics for colds?

The answer is simple: the disease and its complications can be caused by dozens and even hundreds of different bacteria and viruses. They can be different: some cause a cough, others act on the mucous membrane of the throat, and others lead to otitis media and bronchitis. Broad-spectrum antibiotics have a complex effect on the body and help cope with several pathogens simultaneously.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics are prescribed in the case of:

when there is no time to accurately determine the causative agent of the disease, and the disease progresses (especially in young children);
if narrow-spectrum antibiotics are not able to cope with the infection;
if the body is attacked by several types of bacteria at once or a secondary infection occurs due to low immunity;
as a prophylaxis after surgery or taking potent drugs, undergoing radiation or chemotherapy.

In what cases is the use of broad-spectrum antibiotics prescribed for colds?

Antibiotics are not the only cure for colds. Their use must be approved by a physician. The use of broad-spectrum antibiotics is not necessary in the following cases:

if the cold does not progress, normal treatment is sufficient;
if the patient does not experience a significant increase in temperature, but only rhinitis and a mild cough;
for minor sore throats that do not cause a severe cough;
if the sputum when coughing is clear or slightly cloudy;
for mild forms of herpes, bronchitis, etc.

In such cases, the body is quite capable and can cope with the infection itself. Various can help him herbal infusions, tablets and syrups without antibiotics, rest and warm drinks. But in some cases, refusing antibiotics can cause complications of the disease, delay of treatment and even death. Broad-spectrum antibiotics for colds are prescribed:

if purulent foci appear in the body during the period of illness;
with sore throat;
if a high body temperature lasts for several days, it is difficult to bring it down with a regular antipyretic;
when acute otitis occurs;
for influenza and pneumonia;
with inflammation of the nasal sinuses;
with a strong dry cough;
with a wet cough, if the sputum turns yellow, green color; clots of pus or blood appear in it.

Antibiotics should also not be abandoned if the ESR sharply increases in the blood test, the number of leukocytes increases, and protein appears in the urine. Antibiotics are necessary for both small, weak children and people who have a weakened body and often suffer from colds.

Broad spectrum antibiotics for colds

In modern pharmacology there is great amount broad-spectrum antibiotics used to treat colds.

One of the first scientists to discover antibiotics was the penicillin line. Despite the fact that there are now many new generation drugs, penicillins have steadily secured their first place in the treatment of acute respiratory infections in adults. They actively fight the most famous and common infectious agents: streptococci, listeria and staphylococci. Amoxicillin is most often prescribed for illness. This antibiotic has been used for more than 40 years in the treatment of acute respiratory infections, acute respiratory viral infections and influenza. It has a complex effect on the respiratory organs and throat. Therefore, the drug is prescribed for the treatment light form bronchitis, sore throat and flu. Amoxicillin is also necessary if the disease is complicated by a urinary tract infection.

If the infection continues to exist, the disease prolongs and becomes more complicated purulent abscess, sepsis, then ticarcillin and piperacillin can come to the rescue. It's more strong drugs. They can also act on bacteria and microbes that cause pneumonia and cold complications such as kidney inflammation (pyelonephritis), meningitis, etc.

Broad-spectrum antibiotics should be used with caution in young children and pregnant women.

It is quite difficult for these categories of people to cope with the infection on their own, but at the same time, antibiotics cause them specific harm. Children and expectant mothers should never self-medicate or use antibiotics at their own discretion. There are a number of mild medications that can help them cope with the infection.

Expectant mothers can safely take the following antibiotics wide range:

Ampicillin, Oxacillin (penicillin group);
Cefazolin (a group of cephalosporins);
Erythromycin (macrolide group).

Pregnant women should take any medications with caution at the beginning of pregnancy, when the main organs of the child are formed. Refusal to take antibiotics for a serious illness can threaten the infection spreading to the fetus and even miscarriage.

Why you shouldn't overuse broad-spectrum antibiotics

Many doctors are in no hurry to resort to antibiotics for colds unless their use is justified. After all, the very name of the drugs states that they “kill life.” With uncontrolled and excessive use of antibiotics, the drugs begin to attack not only pathogenic bacteria and viruses, but also microorganisms that a person needs for normal life.

Frequent use of antibiotics leads to dysbiosis. Together with pathogenic organisms, the drugs destroy the microflora of some internal organs. This does not lead to new diseases, but it makes life quite difficult and reduces the body’s performance. Antibiotics can cause some stomach disorders, and after treating ARVI with antibiotics, most women develop candidiasis or thrush. Therefore, doctors recommend consuming lactic acid products (yogurt and kefir) with a high content of beneficial bacteria throughout treatment.

Frequent use of broad-spectrum antibiotics for colds can cause viruses and bacteria to become resistant to them. Scientists have proven that bacteria and viruses can mutate even in the human body. With long-term use of a certain antibiotic, they develop a kind of immunity to it.

Unfortunately, antibiotics not only protect the human body, but also destroy its immune system. Therefore, after a course of medication, it is necessary to take vitamins and it is advisable to take them more often natural immunomodulators(fruits, berries, vegetables and legumes).

The immune system protects the body not only from viruses and bacteria, but also from common allergens. Scientists have found that over the past 50 years, the number of allergy sufferers, especially children, has increased several dozen times. This is associated with frequent use of antibiotics and low performance of the human immune system.

It should be remembered that modern life without antibiotics is very dangerous; all colds can be treated with their help. But such medications are not a panacea, so they should be used with caution.

Antibiotics for colds: indications and features of use

The term “cold” refers to a whole group of diseases of the upper respiratory tract, which can be characterized by both viral and bacterial origin. As a rule, all diseases have similar symptoms, which in most cases is relatively easy to treat. But at the same time, situations cannot be ruled out in which complications of a cold develop, which are impossible to get rid of without antibacterial drugs. Almost all people take antibiotics for colds with caution, since they can also cause side effects.

So that treatment brings only benefit to the sick body, eliminating associated symptoms, it is important to choose and use the right antibacterial drug.

When are antibacterial drugs needed for a cold?

If, when treating colds, the patient’s condition does not improve on the 5th day after starting medication, it is worth considering that a bacterial infection may have been added to the cold. It is in such situations that the use of antibiotics becomes mandatory. Such therapeutic actions for ARVI and the common cold are very important, since often their course can be complicated by the development of other diseases, such as bronchitis, tonsillitis, pneumonia.

Also, indications for the use of antibiotics include diseases such as purulent tonsillitis, otitis, purulent sinusitis - sinusitis and sinusitis, pneumonia, inflammation of the lymph nodes with the formation of pus, laryngotracheitis.

Antibiotics for colds should be chosen especially carefully; in addition, they must be taken according to the following recommendations:

It is advisable to take the drugs orally. If the drug is administered intramuscularly or intravenously, an infection can be introduced into the blood. In addition, such procedures are very traumatic for the child.
It is necessary to adhere to monotherapy, using one antibiotic from the selected group of drugs.
You should only take the drug that is effective. If using it within 48 hours does not improve the patient’s condition and the body temperature does not decrease, it may be necessary to change the antibiotic.
It is forbidden to use antipyretic drugs in parallel, since they hide the effect of the antibiotic.
The duration of treatment should be at least 5 days, and more if necessary. During this period, the vital activity of the pathogen will be suppressed. Experts also recommend not interrupting therapy even after the expected effect occurs, continuing treatment for another 2 days.
In case of severe colds and the occurrence of complications, the patient should be hospitalized, and the use of antibiotic therapy should be carried out under the guidance and supervision of a specialist.

How to choose a drug?

Many patients often face a problem caused by the fact that they do not know which antibiotics to take for a cold. It is important to know that all existing antibiotics are divided into groups, each of which is designed to treat specific bacteria. That is why it is so important to make an accurate diagnosis and then choose the appropriate drug.

Types of cold medications

All antibiotics used for colds are divided into the following groups:

Penicillins.
Cephalosporins.
Macrolides.
Fluoroquinolones.

Penicillins by their nature can be natural - benzylpenicillin, or synthetic - oxacillin, ampicillin. Such drugs are effective in the fight against bacteria, destroying their walls, which inevitably leads to the death of the pathogenic microorganism. Almost never occurs when treating with drugs of this group. side effects in the form of allergies or fever. The main feature of penicillins is their low toxicity, due to which they can be used in high dosages, and treatment is often carried out for quite a long time. Because of this advantage, such antibiotics for colds for children are very often used in pediatrics.

Cephalosporins are a group of antibacterial drugs with high activity. When they penetrate into the source of infection, the bacterial membrane is destroyed. These drugs are used only intramuscularly or intravenously, and are not taken orally with the exception of cephalexin. Occasionally, minor allergic reactions and impaired renal function may occur.

Macrolides were previously widely used in the treatment of those patients who were allergic to penicillin. Such drugs are non-toxic and do not cause allergies.

Fluoroquinolones have high activity against gram-negative bacteria. IN short time penetrate the cell and infect intracellular microbes. These are one of the safest and non-toxic antibiotics, the treatment of which does not even disrupt the functioning of the gastrointestinal tract.

Respiratory treatment

Respiratory tract diseases include tracheitis, bronchitis, pleurisy, and pneumonia. In most cases, all of them are united by two common symptoms - fever and cough. As soon as they occur, you should immediately consult a doctor for a prescription proper treatment. Such actions will avoid many complications.

Among the drugs effective in combating bacteria that infect Airways, it is worth highlighting Amoxiclav, Amoxicillin, Augmentin. All these antibiotics for colds belong to the penicillin group. Some bacteria that cause respiratory illnesses may be resistant to penicillin. In such cases, Avelox, Levofloxacin - trifluoroquinolone and fluoroquinolone are prescribed.

Cephalosporins are effective against diseases such as pneumonia, pleurisy and bronchitis. For these purposes, Tsinacef, Zinnat, Suprax are widely used. Atypical pneumonia, caused by mycoplasma and chlamydia, can be cured with Hemocin and Sumamed. Each of these drugs is the most powerful antibiotic for colds.

Treatment of ENT diseases

The most common diseases of the ENT organs are sinusitis, otitis media, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, and laryngitis. They can be caused by streptococcus, Haemophilus influenzae, and staphylococcus. In the treatment of such diseases, the following drugs are prescribed:

Augmentin, Ampicillin, Amoxicillin– used for sore throat, frontal sinusitis, pharyngitis.
Azithromycin, Clarithromycin– most effective antibiotics for colds, namely sinusitis, pharyngitis, otitis media.
Ceftriaxone, Cefatoxime– are used in cases where treatment with other antibacterial drugs has not brought improvement.
Morsifloxacin, Lefofloxacin– used to eliminate inflammatory processes in the ENT organs.

Consequences of taking antibiotics

If prescribed or treated incorrectly with antibacterial drugs, many problems may arise. unpleasant consequences. The most commonly observed side effects are:

Dysbacteriosis. On mucous membranes and skin human body There are always bacteria present that perform protective functions. When pathogens multiply, beneficial bacteria do not survive. In this case, an imbalance is disrupted, which usually manifests itself as candidiasis and diarrhea.
Resistance of pathogenic microorganisms. At improper treatment selection of more resistant bacteria occurs, which rapidly multiply in the body.
Allergic manifestations. Patients may be allergic to some drugs, which is not always easy to get rid of.

Antibiotics for colds should be prescribed exclusively by the attending physician based on an examination of the patient, medical history and other studies. Antibacterial agents should under no circumstances be used by patients without
appointment of a specialist.