Constantly taking oral contraceptives does not make sense if the woman is not active sex life. It is better to choose methods that have less impact on the body, which can reliably protect against unplanned pregnancy and sexually transmitted diseases. In pharmacies today you can easily find various modern contraception, quite effective and convenient.
What types of single-use contraceptives are there?
For irregular relationships, one-time products are best. In each individual case they must be selected individually. For women with irregular sexual activity, it is important that the chosen contraceptive has the following properties:
- reliability;
- convenience and ease of use;
- safety of use;
- availability;
- protection against unplanned pregnancy;
- protection against sexually transmitted diseases.
There are 3 main methods of protection:
- barrier;
- chemical;
- hormone.
Which ones are better to choose? It all depends on many factors: personal preferences, risk, contraindications, and the situation itself. Each of them has its own pros and cons, so we’ll try to understand it in more detail.
Barrier method
The barrier method is the oldest and, perhaps, the most widespread among the population, because it has many advantages, such as:
- relative cheapness;
- availability;
- ease of use;
- quite high reliability;
- no contraindications (except for allergies to the material);
- absolute safety for the body;
- protection not only from pregnancy, but also from infections.
Barrier methods can be used by everyone: nursing mothers, young girls, older women. In some cases, they are even recommended for pregnant women (to protect against infection).
The essence of the method is a mechanical obstacle that prevents sperm from penetrating the cervix. Use requires some attention from partners before and during sexual intercourse. TO barrier methods include not only the well-known condoms, but also some other products.
Condoms
Everyone knows about condoms - this is perhaps the most accessible and simple means of protection. Its main advantage is protection against various sexually transmitted infections, which is why the condom has been and remains the number one remedy against unprotected sex. It is the condom that is best chosen as a method of protection when random connection or at the beginning of a relationship, when there is no complete confidence in the partner. It is easy to purchase at any pharmacy or store. A regular condom is placed on a man's penis and removed immediately after intercourse.
However, this proven tool has its own, very significant, disadvantages:
- average contraceptive reliability;
- they can rub, tear, or jump off;
- decreased sensitivity during intimacy;
- inability to use if you are allergic to latex;
- a certain lack of aesthetics when used.
Some manufacturers produce condoms with spermicidal lubricant to increase reliability.
Despite popular belief, condoms can be used not only by men - there are special female condoms that have certain advantages over classic products:
- polyurethane material is suitable for people allergic to latex;
- you can insert such a condom several hours before sexual intercourse;
- you can even go to the toilet with it;
- he doesn't jump off;
- can further stimulate the female genital organs during sex.
Unfortunately, the female condom can cause local irritation and is somewhat more difficult to put on than a classic condom (this will require a little practice). The product has two flexible rings - an internal one, which expands near the cervix, fixing the product, and an external one, which remains outside.
After sex, the condom is twisted to prevent sperm from leaking out, removed and discarded, just like a male condom. It is unacceptable to use male and female condoms at the same time - there is a high probability that they will break due to friction.
Vaginal diaphragm and cervical cap
The diaphragm is a dome-shaped rubber product that is inserted deep into the vaginal canal before sexual intercourse so that it covers the cervix. A latex product that is placed directly on the cervix is called a cervical (that is, cervical) cap. The cap is slightly different in shape from the diaphragm, but operates on the same principle.
The diaphragm or cap may cause irritation where it comes into contact with the mucosa. They cannot be protected against inflammatory processes, cervical erosion, or prolapse of the vaginal walls.
To increase reliability, it is recommended to additionally use spermicides. After use, the product is carefully removed, washed and placed in disinfectant solution- it is reusable and proper care can last up to a year. Be sure to remove the cap immediately after sexual intercourse, otherwise you may cause severe inflammatory reaction and even the development of toxic shock syndrome.
Before purchasing, it is better to consult a specialist to determine the right size, as well as learn how to insert a contraceptive correctly.
Other means
There are also less common products that are nevertheless quite often used in some countries. One of them is the vaginal sponge. It is a concave hemisphere made of porous material, having a loop for extraction and impregnated with a spermicidal substance. The sponge is inserted into the vagina at the cervix about a day before sexual intercourse and removed no later than 30 hours after that. Thus, it combines barrier and chemical methods of protection.
Chemical method
The chemical method means the introduction of substances that are harmful to sperm - spermicides. The most important spermicides, on the basis of which the mass was developed modern drugs, are nonoxynol and benzalkonium chloride, which reduce the activity and even completely destroy sperm, making fertilization impossible.
There are now many tools available various forms, which are inserted into the vagina a certain time before sexual intercourse. Active substances begin to act in advance, making the cervical mucus thicker so that it is difficult for sperm to penetrate into it. In addition, they create a protective film on the mucous membrane, protecting against the development of infection.
If it was not possible to resort to contraception on time, non-hormonal birth control pills can also be used after unprotected sex - this will significantly reduce the likelihood of pregnancy and infectious diseases(however, only a condom can prevent the transmission of sexually transmitted infections).
Spermicides act exclusively locally - this is the safety of their use even during breastfeeding. In addition, they moisturize the vaginal mucosa, acting as a lubricant. The disadvantages are:
- low reliability;
- inconvenient to use (you need to calculate exact time before sexual intercourse);
- sometimes a burning sensation in the woman and her partner;
- cannot be used frequently (the composition of the vaginal microflora is disrupted);
- After sex, you should not take a shower or bath for a certain time (this will reduce spermicidal properties).
Due to its relatively low effectiveness, this method of contraception is best chosen as additional protection or when ovarian activity decreases (during lactation, at the beginning of menopause).
It is optimal to use it in conjunction with condoms: spermicides will enhance protection against infections, protect against damage to the condom, and also act as a lubricant.
Chemical contraception usually comes in the following forms:
- candles;
- cream;
- foam;
- films;
- jelly;
- tampons;
- balloons.
Which one to choose depends on the situation and type of drug:
- the most famous drug is Pharmatex, it is produced in various options, tampons have the longest effect (up to a day);
- Patentex Oval and Conceptrol in the form of suppositories are administered 10 minutes before intimacy;
- Ginekotex - vaginal tablets with antibacterial effect and valid for 4 hours after administration;
- Benatex gel will help relieve inflammation of the vaginal mucosa.
Thus, in different situations can be used different drugs: Genikotex is optimal in case of unprotected sex with a new partner, Benatex - for colpitis, if everything is in order and the woman is more or less confident in her partner, then Pharmatex, Patentex Oval or Coceptrol are suitable. Whatever medications are chosen, it is important to follow the instructions exactly and not carry out hygiene procedures for a certain time after intimacy.
By the way, it is precisely on creating an unfavorable environment for sperm that most folk remedies. Many recipes advise women to introduce an acidic solution into the vagina by douching. It is better to ignore such advice - commercial spermicides are much more reliable and safer.
Hormonal agents
Conventional oral contraceptives should not be used if you have irregular sex life. What hormonal pills are rarely used? There are so-called emergency or post-coital remedies that are created specifically in case of unprotected sexual intercourse.
Having taken pills after unprotected sex, a woman can practically not worry about the onset of unwanted pregnancy, however, large doses of hormones often have adverse effects on the body: one tablet can cause painful menstruation and on long months disrupt the normal menstrual cycle. That is why such contraception is called emergency - it is created for use in exceptional, extremely rare cases, it is better not to resort to it more than twice a year.
Single-use hormonal tablets most often contain levonorgestrel, a synthetic analogue of progesterone. It has the following effects on the reproductive system:
- delayed ovulation;
- thickening of cervical mucus;
- thinning of the uterine endometrium.
If the drug is taken on time, then pregnancy is practically excluded - even if ovulation has occurred and fertilization has occurred, the egg will not be able to attach.
The drug should be taken as quickly as possible after unprotected sexual intercourse: no later than three days later, the first tablet is taken, then after 12 hours - the second. Taking two tablets at once just to be on the safe side can be life-threatening - high doses of hormones can cause thrombosis and other terrible consequences.
Emergency hormonal contraception most often causes a number of unpleasant symptoms, such as:
- nausea and vomiting;
- diarrhea;
- abdominal pain;
- pain and engorgement of the mammary glands;
- violations menstrual cycle;
- headache;
- feeling tired.
It must be taken into account that the contraceptive effect of the pill may decrease after vomiting and severe diarrhea. You need to carefully study the instructions for contraindications, possible interaction with other medications and side effects.
Another common group is tablets based on mifepristone, a progestogen antagonist. This means that this substance blocks the action of the hormone progesterone, as a result of which the fertilized egg cannot attach to the endometrium, and in large dosages, contractions of the uterus occur, expelling it. Mifepristone and medications based on it (Gynepristone) are taken within 72 hours after unprotected contact to protect against unwanted pregnancy, and even to terminate pregnancy (in very high doses, no later than 42 days of delay, strictly under medical supervision)
is a very reliable remedy, but has a strong effect on a woman’s health, despite the fact that it cannot be considered hormonal agent(in fact, this substance is only a hormone blocker), so its use unless absolutely necessary is unacceptable. In case of heavy bleeding and pain, it is better to consult a specialist. Strong post-coital medications should never be used as regular contraception.
Whatever remedy you choose, the main thing is to take care of your health in a timely manner. It would be optimal to combine barrier and chemical methods of contraception, since they can perfectly complement each other, protecting against pregnancy and infections. Moreover, these funds local application and do not provide negative impact on the body.
If you experience discomfort after unprotected sexual intercourse, or if you suspect pregnancy, it is better to consult a doctor without delay.
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To protect against unwanted pregnancy, the most developed various methods contraception. Hormonal contraception is considered the most effective, and barrier contraception is the most popular.
Barrier contraception refers to non-hormonal methods. These also include intrauterine contraception (IUC) and natural methods. In the first article about non-hormonal contraceptives, we will look at some of them.
Intrauterine device (IUD)
Navy– one of the most common and reliable methods of contraception. The Pearl index when using spirals is 0.8 - 1.9.
Myths about contraception
Some people mistakenly believe that condoms are unreliable because they constantly break. However, only one to eight percent of condoms break, most often when they are not correct use. These and other misconceptions are in the material “Myths about contraception”: part one and part two.
These products are mainly produced in a T-shape with a length of 36 mm. The spiral is inserted into the uterine cavity, where it prevents the fertilized egg from attaching to the mucosa.
The spiral has so-called shoulders and a leg, which are placed in the uterus, and antennae, which, when inserted, remain in the vagina and allow the spiral to be removed.
Important! The spiral is introduced only by a specialist on the fourth to eighth days of menstruation and can remain in the uterus for up to several years.
Currently used IUDs are divided into two groups: non-medicated and medicated, containing copper or gestagens.
Absolute contraindications to the use of VM WITH:
- acute and subacute inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs,
— malignant neoplasms body of the uterus or cervix,
- bleeding from the genital tract of unknown etiology,
- suspicion of pregnancy,
- often recurrent chronic inflammatory process of the genital organs.
The most common and possible side effects this type of contraception are pain syndrome, bleeding, expulsion, inflammatory diseases of the pelvic organs.
In addition to hormonal and intrauterine contraception, there are contraceptives that do not require constant use, but are used during or shortly before sexual intercourse. These are the so-called barrier methods of contraception (BMC).
BMCs prevent sperm from entering the cervical canal and/or help reduce sperm activity in the vagina.
Condoms
Condoms are the most popular method of contraception. Used by men: put on the penis immediately before sexual intercourse.
A modern condom is an oblong cover made of thin latex with a small container at the end for collecting sperm. The most common condoms are coated with a special lubricant, about 16 cm long and about three and a half cm in diameter, varying in shape, color, lubricant, and thickness.
This method of contraception is quite reliable if the condom is used correctly. The average Pearl index is 15, however, with regular and correct use reaches two.
A condom can protect not only from unwanted pregnancy, but also from sexually transmitted infections. Correct use of this product reduces the risk of HIV infection by 85%, and human papillomavirus – by 70%.
It is also effective against other infections, such as gonorrhea, herpes virus and others.
Female condoms
The female condom is longer and wider than the male condom. It is made of elastic polyurethane plastic and is a cylinder 15 cm long and about 7 cm in diameter. One of the ends of such a condom is closed and contains a fixing ring.
The female condom is inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse. The Pearl index on average ranges from 9 to 12. Using this type of contraception, a woman is less dependent on her partner. At the same time, the likelihood of infecting partners with sexually transmitted infections is significantly reduced.
Important! Female and male condoms should not be used at the same time as they may slip off or even damage each other.
Cervical cap and diaphragm
These contraceptives work approximately the same. They create a mechanical barrier that prevents sperm from penetrating into the uterine cavity.
Cervical cap made from soft rubber. It is put on the cervix and, as it were, “sucks” to it due to its anatomical shape. The cap is inserted immediately before sexual intercourse, often in combination with a spermicidal cream or gel.
The Pearl index of the mean is six. Nowadays, women rarely use such caps.
Adult conversation
Vaginal diaphragm– a dome-shaped hemisphere with a diameter of 50 to 105 mm, made of latex, with a springy rim. The diaphragm is inserted into the vagina by the woman herself before sexual intercourse so that the rim is in the vaginal vaults and the dome covers the cervix.
Aperture recommended use in combination with spermicides, which significantly increases the efficiency of the method. The contraceptive effectiveness of the diaphragm in combination with spermicidal agents is average: The Pearl index is from six to 15. Without combination with spermicides – slightly lower.
You can use these methods of contraception if you are unwilling or unable to use other methods of contraception. Most often they are used when there is a low risk of pregnancy (older age, perimenopause, postpartum period - no earlier than the sixth week after birth) and as an additional remedy when using natural methods contraception.
Important
When choosing a method of non-hormonal contraception, be sure to consult your doctor, since the use of chemicals such as spermicides may cause allergic reactions.
In addition, the gynecologist should explain how to use the cervical cap or diaphragm. It is quite difficult to “master” the method of using these means of barrier contraception on your own.
Contraception is the prevention of pregnancy using contraceptives. Modern medicine allows you to choose best option protection from hormonal or non-hormonal drugs.
Non-hormonal drugs - mechanism of action
All more women prefer to be taken as protection against pregnancy. This type of contraceptive is inserted into the vagina, and is not drunk like hormonal medications.
The product consists of special substances that destroy sperm. Their main components are nonoxynol or benzalkonium.
Mechanism of action of non-hormonal drugs:
- when touching a sperm, the product does not allow it to move further, destroying its flagellum;
- damage to the membrane upon contact with the head of the sperm;
- Thick mucus appears in the uterine cervical canal, preventing the movement of already weakened sperm.
In addition to the tablet form, such spermytite-based products are manufactured in the following forms:
- tampons;
- vaginal suppositories;
- diaphragms;
- gels, creams.
Regardless of the type of non-hormonal drugs, they protect against fungal and other diseases transmitted during unprotected intercourse. This is due to the fact that the components of contraceptives have antimicrobial and antiseptic effects.
The main difference between these methods of protection lies in their use before intimacy. Effectiveness lasts for a couple of hours.
Degree of reliability
The Pearl scale allows you to evaluate the effectiveness of any contraceptive medication. The study involves 100 women who use a specific method of contraception. The fewer pregnancies developed during its use, the greater the reliability value of the drug.
The level of protection of a non-hormonal agent is 8-36. This suggests that so many women have a high risk of becoming pregnant when using this type of protection.
When is the use of non-hormonal drugs indicated?
Non-hormonal protective agents have low effectiveness, but they also have advantages over hormonal contraception. List of the main advantages of such drugs:
- not contraindicated in the presence of gynecological diseases or hormone-dependent neoplasms;
- can be used for short periods of intercourse;
- I do not affect other systems and organs because it does not penetrate digestive tract and does not enter the bloodstream;
- have antimicrobial and bactericidal properties.
Non-hormonal contraceptives are allowed for women who are breastfeeding. They are prescribed when the use of COCs and other contraceptives is contraindicated. This type of protection will help avoid pregnancy in women over 40 years old, when the cycle gets confused and becomes irregular.
Disadvantages and contraindications
Not hormonal drugs are administered orally at least a quarter of an hour before copulation. This helps to avoid talking to your partner before each intercourse and pregnancy. When using the medication, it is not recommended to take a shower or bath before and after sex. The instructions indicate the time that must be waited.
Non-hormonal drugs contain acid, which causes itching, burning and irritation of the vaginal mucosa. Gynecologists do not advise frequently resorting to this type of protection. Long-term use of non-hormonal drugs leads to disruption of the internal microflora, resulting in the development of dysbacteriosis.
There are practically no contraindications to this contraception. Such products are not used only in case of hypersensitivity or intolerance to the components.
Review of popular contraceptives
All non-hormonal medications are divided into categories according to the main active component. Preparations based on benzalkonium chloride:
Pharmatex.
It is characterized by increased efficiency and affordable cost.
Release form: tampons, suppositories, cream, capsules.
The effect of the product is observed 10 minutes after use and lasts up to 4 hours.
Erotex.
Contraceptive suppositories are effective for up to 3 hours; sexual intercourse should occur no earlier than 15 minutes after their use.
Gynekotex.
The tablets are taken 5-10 minutes before copulation and last for approximately 4 hours.
Contratex.
Suppositories taken 10 minutes before intercourse.
The contraceptive effect lasts 3 hours.
Benatex.
Tablets that last up to 4 hours.
Non-hormonal medications based on nonoxynol are sold in the form of suppositories. This Nonoxynol And Patentex Oval. They are inserted 10 minutes before copulation and last up to 9 hours.
It is worth knowing that contraception is used before each intimacy and is reintroduced.
Features of choice
Many representatives of the fairer sex do not know what criteria are used to determine effective non-hormonal contraceptives for women. The cost of a drug does not always indicate quality, so this is not the criterion by which to choose protective agent. Numerous studies have shown that suppositories are recommended for women who complain of vaginal dryness. The use of this type of contraception does not require additional purchase of lubricant.
Unpleasant manifestations from using contraception are also possible. For example, when the capsule dissolves, a foam-like substance is released and a hissing sound is heard. The use of even the best drugs does not guarantee the absence of burning, irritation and itching. Negative effects can occur in both the woman and her man.
Every organism is individual, so selection is not hormonal contraceptives carried out by a doctor.
Hormonal contraceptives
More and more representatives of the fair sex prefer taking hormone-containing drugs due to their high effectiveness. In addition to protecting against pregnancy, this type of contraception has a positive effect on reproductive system women. The most popular contraceptives of the new generation:
- Zoely;
- Claira;
- Jess;
- Jess Plus;
- Dimia;
- Miniziston 20;
- Lindinet 20;
- Logest;
- Novinet;
- Mercilon.
All hormonal capsules for internal use are divided into 4 categories based on hormone concentration.
1. Microdosed. A small amount of hormones in the medicine almost deprives them negative effects. The main component is ethinyl estradiol, which helps fight painful sensations during menstruation, acne and rashes. Prescribed at any age.
2. Low dosage. Contraceptives consist of ethinyl estradiol and progesterone. Recommended for young girls who have given birth. Allows you to remove unpleasant signs of increased testosterone, which leads to baldness, acne, and male-pattern hair growth.
3. Medium dose. , a synthetic substitute for estradiol. Designed for adult women who have given birth. Prohibited during lactation. Normalize hormonal background.
4. Highly dosed. They are distinguished by a high concentration of progesterone and ethinyl estradiol. Medicines are usually prescribed for treatment. They are used by women over 35 years of age who have given birth as protection against unplanned pregnancy.
Emergency contraception
- infrequent intimacy;
- damage to the condom.
Such contraception is contraindicated in case of cardiovascular diseases, smoking, renal and liver failure, problems with blood clotting, malignant tumors.
Features of taking pills
Oral contraceptives for women are taken every day at approximately the same time.
The first capsule is taken on the first day of the cycle. Such medications are intended for continuous use and require regular annual visits to the gynecologist.
You can continue taking hormonal medications if there are no contraindications or negative effects.
Long-term use of COCs sometimes causes menstruation to stop, but this is not considered an abnormality. If a woman forgot to take the pill, and her period does not come, then this may indicate pregnancy. After stopping taking contraceptives, the cycle normalizes after 1-2 months. Fertilization of the egg occurs immediately or in the near future, if other methods of protection are not used.
Hormones can be taken for several years. In the absence of negative manifestations, it is better not to change the pills so that the body does not experience stress and the cycle does not go astray.
Natural methods of contraception
Even before the advent of hormonal and non-hormonal drugs to protect against pregnancy, people practiced other methods of birth control. Many of them remain in demand to this day.
Ovulation
Average duration female cycle ranges from 28 to 30 days. The first part is characterized by the maturation of the follicle, and the second – by ovulation. A mature egg is ready for conception in another 2-3 days. Although sperm can wait for 4 days. Maximum care is observed in the middle of the menstrual cycle for about 7 days.
Interrupted intimacy
Many couples practice this method of protection. In case of interrupted intercourse, the development of pregnancy is not excluded, because a small part of the sperm is in the pre-ejaculate, that is male lubricant. The probability of fertilization increases based on the number of copulations performed.
It is better to use hormonal and non-hormonal drugs as protection. But before using them, you need to consult a gynecologist. Only a specialist can choose best way contraception, based on contraindications and the woman’s condition.
Related PostsThe birth of a new person has always been shrouded in mystery, and the anticipation of the arrival of a baby into this world has always been a happy and joyful period in the life of future parents, as well as sisters and brothers, grandparents.
But here, it seems, a serious caveat is needed - this period becomes happy only when the child is truly desired. And if a lot is said about the happy anticipation of the arrival of a new person into the world, then about unwanted children and unplanned pregnancies Abandoned and abandoned newborns and great amount artificial terminations of pregnancy, that is, abortions.
Abortion has never been considered the right way out; all religions condemn it; doctors object to abortion, with the exception of abortion for medical (life-saving) reasons...
However, they try to terminate an unwanted pregnancy by any means in an accessible way, even if this method is very dubious, and even dangerous. So isn’t it better to prevent an unwanted pregnancy, so that a new life, if it is so unwanted, cannot be born?
What is contraception?
The term "contraception" comes from the New Latin word contraceptio, which is literally translated as exception, that is, contraception in the generally accepted sense of the word today is ways to exclude pregnancy, that is, ways to prevent it.
Gynecologists joke that the only one who is 100% reliable way contraception is a resounding no. However, everyone understands perfectly well that this method of contraception, despite its reliability, is practically unrealistic and often unacceptable.
Today, contraceptive methods have become quite reliable, and their choice has become very impressive, since they have been known since ancient times natural ways prevention of unwanted pregnancy has been supplemented with new ones, including the incredibly popular method of hormonal contraception.
And if the first hormonal contraceptives were imperfect and caused a lot side effects, they became much safer and very effective. Modern hormonal contraceptives can be used (of course, after consultation with a gynecologist) even by very young girls.
But no matter how effective and safe it is hormonal contraception, yet for various reasons it is not always used and not by everyone. This is why many women and many couples have to resort to other methods of preventing pregnancy, that is, non-hormonal contraception.
Since there are actually quite a few methods of non-hormonal contraception, any couple can choose the most suitable one for themselves.
When it comes to non-hormonal contraception, the first thing that comes to mind is the so-called one. Of course, many of these methods are widely known and widely used, but their effectiveness depends on many factors, including well-being.
Also very famous barrier methods of contraception , and the condom as a method of contraception is not only known, but actually very popular.
In the twentieth century, they began to gain increasing popularity chemical methods of contraception .
And finally, non-hormonal methods of contraception include surgical method of contraception , that is, sterilization.
Of course, any of the methods has its advantages and disadvantages, which you should know in order to use any of the contraceptive methods as effectively as possible.
Attention! Only the use of a condom as a method of non-hormonal contraception can provide protection against sexually transmitted diseases and reduce the likelihood of contracting AIDS/HIV.
Natural contraception methods
What is natural contraception and how methods work natural contraception? One of the well-known methods of natural contraception is calendar method .
It is no secret that a woman can become pregnant only on certain days of the menstrual cycle, when a mature egg is released from the ovary. If we take into account that sperm retain their fertilizing ability for several tens of hours, then the egg can be fertilized by those sperm that entered the female genital tract several hours before the release of the mature egg. In addition, it should be taken into account that ovulation lasts up to 48 hours, and at the same time the possibility of becoming pregnant remains.
It is believed that ovulation occurs around the middle of the menstrual cycle, that is, in a standard menstrual cycle that lasts 28 days, ovulation occurs around the 14th day. That is, pregnancy is possible from approximately the 11th day of the menstrual cycle to the 16th day.
The advantages and benefits of this method of contraception are completely clear: no additional material costs are needed, no additional actions, except for carefully counting “dangerous” days; There are no medical contraindications either. But there are disadvantages to this method of contraception, and they are quite significant.
First of all, the calendar method of contraception is suitable only for those women whose menstrual cycle is completely established and never has any disruptions, since any disruption of the menstrual cycle automatically implies a violation of the schedule of “dangerous” days and, accordingly, the possibility of an unplanned pregnancy.
It should also be borne in mind that irregularities in the menstrual cycle can be caused by the most for various reasons, including stress, overwork, any health problems, including a common cold. If monthly cycle does not have a very clear schedule and it is quite difficult to determine the onset of ovulation, then the calendar method of contraception is unlikely to be quite effective.
Another method of natural contraception is , that is, the lowest body temperature observed during sleep. Basal temperature should be measured immediately after waking up, without getting out of bed (before any, even minimal physical activity).
It is known that during ovulation, basal temperature, which is measured in the rectum, increases slightly (up to 0.5 °C).
It is very important to take measurements to obtain the most reliable data regarding ovulation. basal temperature at the same time, so self-discipline and a very clear daily routine are very important to use this method.
The results of basal temperature measurements can be influenced by the most various factors: fatigue, stress, changes in emotional background, sleep disturbances, the influence of alcohol, work disturbances gastrointestinal tract, recent sexual intercourse, any disease of the body, especially if it is accompanied by even a slight increase in body temperature.
An interesting method of natural contraception is considered monitoring changes in cervical mucus (the same method is called the Billings method). The essence of the method is that the consistency and concentration of cervical (cervical) mucus in different days menstrual cycles are different.
As a result of many years of observations, it became known that during the period of ovulation, when the likelihood of becoming pregnant is especially high, cervical mucus becomes very moist and viscous. And on those days when conception is unlikely, the cervical mucus becomes very thick, forms a plug in the cervical canal, and there is practically no discharge from the cervical canal, so the vaginal walls seem almost dry.
As ovulation approaches, cervical (cervical) discharge becomes more moist and viscous, and also more and more transparent. Accordingly, as soon as ovulation ends, cervical mucus becomes more viscous and cloudy, and then disappears altogether until the next ovulation.
Of course, this method also costs absolutely nothing. However, it does not hurt to remember its shortcomings.
First of all, this method is completely unsuitable for women with any endocrine disorders. In addition, any hormonal surge caused by any reason can affect the condition of cervical mucus.
It should also be understood that if a woman is diagnosed with any gynecological disease, especially affecting the vagina or cervix, then cervical discharge may not be a reliable indicator of ovulation.
That is, this method can only be used by completely healthy women who lead a healthy lifestyle and always stick to the same daily routine.
Of course, the reliability of this method increases if it is combined with any other method of non-hormonal contraception.
Very famous lactational postpartum amenorrhea method , that is, the absence of menstruation due to immaturity of the egg in the first six months after the birth of the child, if the mother exclusively breastfeeds the baby.
If you strictly follow all the rules of breastfeeding, then within six months after the baby is born, the reliability of the lactational amenorrhea method can reach 98%.
However, this method can only be truly effective if the baby is exclusively breastfed (without any supplementary feeding) and if the baby is put to the breast every three hours daytime and at least once at night (it is very important that the intervals between feeding the baby do not exceed six hours).
The effectiveness of this method of natural contraception is highly dependent on the frequency of breastfeeding. It should also be remembered that the appearance of the first menstruation after childbirth makes the lactational amenorrhea method ineffective, and also that already six months after childbirth, unwanted pregnancy should be prevented by other methods.
Natural methods of contraception are sometimes called interrupted coitus when a man removes the penis from the vagina before ejaculation begins.
It should be noted that the vast majority of doctors of various specialties consider this method absolutely unacceptable.
Firstly, contraceptive effect interrupted coitus is very low and ranges from 70% to 85%, since it is very difficult to control the onset of ejaculation, and if we also take into account the presence of pre-seminal fluid, which also contains a small amount of completely viable sperm, then it is practically impossible.
Secondly, interrupted sexual intercourse serves as a powerful stress for both the man, who must constantly control the onset of ejaculation, and for the woman, who understands that it is not always possible to interrupt sexual intercourse. If a man constantly uses the method of interrupted sexual intercourse, then there is a high probability of psycho-emotional disorders, which may well lead to diseases of other organs and systems of the body, including cardiovascular diseases and diseases of the nervous system.
Barrier methods of contraception
As the name implies, barrier contraceptive methods create a barrier for sperm and prevent them from fertilizing the egg. There are also male methods barrier contraception, and female methods.
Of course, the most known method barrier contraception can be confidently called condom .
Condoms have been known for a very long time, but they became truly effective only after they began to be made from latex.
The condom as a method of contraception has many advantages. First of all, the use of a condom does not depend at all on the state of health of the entire body. Secondly, the side effects of condoms are extremely few and occur quite infrequently, however, as well as contraindications for their use. It is very important that the use of a condom does not require the participation of medical personnel, including the consultation of highly qualified specialists.
Attention! Only barrier methods of contraception, including the male condom, can protect against sexually transmitted diseases (STDs).
However, barrier methods of contraception also have some disadvantages. The disadvantages of barrier methods of contraception include, firstly, a possible allergy to latex (not common); need for use immediately before sexual intercourse; one-time use, that is, a new condom is needed for each subsequent sexual intercourse; The effectiveness of these contraceptives depends on their correct use.
Barrier methods of contraception also include female diaphragms and cervical caps.
What is it female diaphragm ? This is a rubber cap that is dome shaped. This rubber dome-shaped cap should be inserted into the vagina before sexual intercourse, and it is very important that the diaphragm is inserted correctly.
The diaphragm has a flexible rim along the edge, and when placing the diaphragm in the vagina, it is necessary to ensure that the rear rim after putting on the diaphragm is in posterior fornix vagina, and the front rim should touch the pubic bone. The dome of the diaphragm should completely cover the cervix.
It is very important to obtain comprehensive medical advice and detailed medical instructions before using a diaphragm. In addition, you should know well anatomical features pelvis and female genital organs in order to have a good idea of how the diaphragm should be positioned in relation to the uterus and cervix.
Among the advantages of the vaginal diaphragm are the relative ease of use (if you have the necessary skills); the ability to use this type of contraceptive repeatedly; and also that the female vaginal diaphragm can protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
However, the use of a female vaginal diaphragm has some contraindications, and possible side effects have also been noted.
Contraindications for the use of a female vaginal diaphragm are diseases of the female genital organs, such as cervical erosion, colpitis of any etiology, and endocervicitis. In addition, a vaginal diaphragm should not be used if you are aware of possible allergic reactions to rubber and/or spermicides; if there are some anomalies in the development of the female genital organs; as well as prolapse of the uterus and/or vaginal walls.
As for the side effects when using this type of non-hormonal contraception, firstly, due to the fact that the diaphragm puts some pressure on the urethra, urinary tract infections are possible; secondly, in those places where the diaphragm touches the walls of the vagina, inflammatory processes can arise and develop.
As for effectiveness, this method of non-hormonal contraception is considered quite effective (if used correctly, that is, with correct installation diaphragm).
The next type of barrier contraception is the so-called women's cervical caps .
To correctly determine the size of the cervical cap, as well as its type, you need to visit a gynecologist who can determine which cervical cap is needed. The size of the cervical cap depends on the size of the cervix.
To learn how to use a cervical cap correctly, you also need to consult a doctor. To insert a cervical cap into the vagina, the edges of the cap must be squeezed to position the vaginal cap correctly over the cervix (it must be tilted into the vagina).
In addition, the vaginal cap should be lubricated with a spermicidal preparation before insertion into the vagina. You should also learn to determine the correct installation of this contraceptive, and these skills should also be acquired under the supervision of a gynecologist.
Of course, it is very important to follow all instructions and rules for using the cervical cap and leave the cap in the vagina for no more than four hours.
Chemical methods of contraception
Chemical methods of contraception are traditionally considered hormonal drugs. However, these same chemical methods also include spermicides , which are sometimes classified as barrier methods of contraception.
What is spermicide? A spermicide is a chemical that quickly destroys sperm. Moreover, the time during which the spermicide should destroy sperm should not exceed one minute (60 seconds).
The fact is that sperm are able to immediately after ejaculation (ejaculation) enter the cervical canal of the uterus and reach the fallopian tubes in just one and a half minutes, which means that within one and a half minutes after ejaculation, the fusion of the sperm with the egg becomes quite possible, that is, possible onset of pregnancy.
Spermicides are available in different forms, which makes their use possible and convenient in each individual case.
The following forms of using spermicidal preparations are known: sponges impregnated with spermicide; vaginal suppositories(suppositories) that melt at body temperature; spermicidal vaginal foaming tablets; special spermicidal creams, foams and jellies; soluble spermicidal films.
Gynecologists do not consider spermicides an ideal way to protect against unwanted pregnancy, but the use of spermicidal preparations simultaneously with the use of other contraceptives increases the effectiveness of both methods.
Spermicidal contraceptives have many positive aspects and undoubted advantages. First of all, spermicides are very easy to use. In addition, spermicides reduce the risk of contracting sexually transmitted diseases (STDs) and some other infections.
It is very important that spermicides are not able to disrupt the body’s hormonal levels and cause hormonal changes and surges, so spermicidal agents can be used without fear during pregnancy and lactation, that is, during the period of breastfeeding the baby, and these products are also suitable for women after 35 years of age, when some hormonal changes in the body are already possible.
Another undoubted advantage of spermicidal preparations is their moisturizing properties, which are very important for vaginal dryness and when the body does not produce sufficient quantity natural vaginal lubrication.
However, spermicidal contraceptives, like any contraceptives, have some disadvantages and application features.
The most important thing is that any spermicides are not recommended for use as a stand-alone contraceptive, since the reliability of spermicides used separately is low. However, the use of spermicides simultaneously with other methods of contraception significantly increases the reliability of any method.
When using spermicides, remember that different shapes require various applications. For example, some forms of spermicides can be used immediately before sexual intercourse without affecting their effectiveness, but some forms must be applied some time before sexual intercourse (usually about 15 minutes).
For any spermicides, the statement is true that it is inadmissible to take water procedures using soap and any other detergents. Moreover, soap should not be used both before and after sexual intercourse. It is very important that this rule applies to both partners.
Of course, when using spermicides, some people may experience unwanted reactions and side effects - most often these are irritations of the skin and mucous membranes or allergic reactions.
It is also very important not to forget that even if a very long time has passed between sexual acts a short time, then you still need a new portion of spermicide (the only exception may be the use of vaginal tampons).
When using any type of spermicide, you should read the instructions very carefully, since the use of each form of spermicide may differ significantly from the use of another form of the same product.
Surgical method of contraception
A surgical method of contraception, often called sterilization, is a permanent method that is used for both men and women. Of course, male and female sterilization are carried out differently, but as a result of such an operation a person loses his reproductive capabilities.
The essence female sterilization consists of ensuring obstruction of the fallopian tubes, after which it becomes impossible for the egg to be fertilized by sperm and pregnancy to occur.
The essence of male sterilization is that during the sterilization operation the vas deferens are ligated and crossed, that is, the entry of sperm into the ejaculate becomes impossible.
Attention! In both the case of female and male sterilization, only pregnancy is impossible, but the possibility of full sexual intercourse remains and remains the same.
It is very important to understand that sterilization is irreversible, meaning that as a result of using this method of contraception, the ability to conceive a child will be lost forever.
Sterilization as a method of contraception is suitable only in cases where it is decided not to have any more children or when there are medical indications for such an operation.
Since this method of contraception is irreversible, before deciding on it, you should weigh the pros and cons very carefully, because the possibility of sexual activity remains, but the possibility of conceiving a child will unconditionally disappear.
Of course, surgical contraception is in any case surgical intervention, which carries the usual risks for any such intervention.
Drawing conclusions about non-hormonal contraceptives
Life is the greatest miracle that exists in the world. And no more grief when life turns out to be unnecessary. At all times and in all religions, children were considered a blessing and a gift from the gods, but modern realities sometimes place completely different emphasis, and even married couples sometimes want to postpone the birth of a baby until a more favorable time, from their point of view.
But, in addition to life plans, there are also medical contraindications, and some other circumstances that become a reason to postpone pregnancy and childbirth. Of course, modernity offers new methods of preventing unwanted pregnancy, and hormonal contraceptives are gaining more and more popularity all over the world.
However, there are many situations in life when modern hormonal contraception is, for some reason, impossible or undesirable. So we remember the old methods that have been used for a long time and successfully (subject to the impeccable fulfillment of all rules and requirements) for many generations.
Or the latest chemistry can come to the rescue, which will not harm your health, but will allow you to get the desired result. Today, many argue whether it is good to protect against pregnancy if children are sent by God. But in any case, it is better to prevent an unwanted pregnancy than to have an abortion a few months later or leave the baby in an orphanage.
Whether it is right or wrong to prevent pregnancy is a religious, philosophical, ideological question, but destroying an already born life is even more wrong and often even criminal. Therefore, it is competent contraception that can help avoid unwanted pregnancy and all the problems associated with it.
Non-hormonal contraceptives for women have become quite popular due to the absence of contraindications and the almost minimal risk of side effects.
The use of such drugs to protect against unwanted pregnancy has its advantages and disadvantages.
Unlike hormonal drugs, non-hormonal drugs to prevent conception are used only topically. These products contain two main components: a spermicidal substance and a carrier.
The new generation of non-hormonal contraceptives mainly use benzalkonium chloride and nonoxynol as a spermicide; octoxynol and menphegol are used much less frequently.
The carrier can be any surfactant (non-ionic surfactant). Its main role is to create a thin film on inner surface vagina and uniform distribution of spermicide.
Non-hormonal local remedies contraception has the following spectrum of action:
- The spermicidal substance destroys the sperm membrane within a few seconds and makes it non-viable.
- Cervical mucus, which is large quantities is released during sexual intercourse and becomes thicker. Thus, the speed of sperm movement slows down significantly. This increases the effectiveness of this group of contraceptives.
- Non-hormonal means for local contraception also have a certain antimicrobial effect. They are effective against most pathogens of the most common sexually transmitted diseases (Trichomonas, gonococcus, chlamydia), and some drugs even destroy the herpes virus.
However, despite this mechanism of action, the reliability of these contraceptives is quite low. The degree of effectiveness of any means of preventing unwanted pregnancy is assessed by the so-called Pearl index. It shows what percentage of women become pregnant within one year while using a method of contraception.
In particular, non-hormonal local methods of contraception have an index of 3–21. For comparison, the Pearl index for condoms ranges from 3 to 5, and for hormonal contraceptives it is less than one. At the same time, the Pearl index value for contraception using the interrupted coitus method is 18–27. Therefore, some gynecologists advise using local spermicidal preparations in combination with condoms.
Indications for use
Why do so many women prefer non-hormonal contraception, despite its relatively low effectiveness? Let's compare other methods of preventing unwanted conception with these drugs.
Hormonal pills must be prescribed by a doctor. In addition, such products have a huge list of contraindications and no less list side effects, and the most common is uterine bleeding in the middle of the cycle.
Many doctors consider this condition to be normal and recommend enduring this process of getting used to the drug. It is also worth noting that the reliability of oral contraceptives for women is maintained only if they are used daily. Even one missed pill can lead to an unwanted pregnancy.
Condoms are good as a reliable method of protection against a variety of venereal diseases. However, couples who are in long-term relationships serious relationship, they prefer not to use them due to dulling of sensitivity during sexual intimacy. The so-called condoms for women, which are represented by caps and pessaries, are too inconvenient to use and therefore have not gained much popularity.
Intrauterine devices (IUDs) cause discomfort both during installation and during use. In addition, many women notice increased menstrual bleeding. There is also a risk of endometrial development.
New generation non-hormonal contraceptives have a number of advantages:
- Their use does not require additional examinations and tests.
- There are practically no contraindications; they can be used by women with uterine fibroids, various endocrine diseases and other pathologies for which it is impossible to take hormonal contraceptives.
- They do not require regular use.
- They can also be used as a lubricant, which is very important for women who suffer from a lack of lubrication during sexual intercourse.
- This is the best choice for women in postpartum period, during breastfeeding, after an abortion or miscarriage, if you accidentally miss taking a hormonal pill.
Also, the advantages of non-hormonal contraceptives include a wide selection of release forms. These products can be purchased in the form of vaginal-soluble tablets, suppositories, creams or tampons.
Mode of application
Regardless of the name or active substance Non-hormonal contraceptive methods, its use is practically no different. The difference in the rate of dissolution in a woman’s vagina and the duration of action depends solely on the form of release.
Tablets and suppositories are administered directly 10–15 minutes before sexual intercourse. It is better to perform this manipulation in a lying position.
Their action lasts for 3–4 hours, but before each subsequent sexual contact the woman must be given a new suppository or tablet. For comfortable use, it is recommended to first moisten the tablet a little with plain water.
The cream is inserted into the vagina using a special applicator. It begins to act almost immediately and is effective for almost 10 hours. However, like non-hormonal contraceptives in the form of tablets and suppositories, it “works” only for one sexual act.
Relatively recently, spermicidal tampons appeared on the market, which quickly gained some popularity among women. They are inserted deep into the vagina until they touch the cervix. The spermicidal effect begins immediately. And they are effective for three sexual acts. However, you can leave them in the vagina for no more than 24 hours.
Thanks to such a wide choice, every woman can easily choose a non-hormonal contraceptive for regular use.
Disadvantages and contraindications
Contraindication for use similar drugs is hypersensitivity to the components of the product. Allergic reaction manifests itself as itching or burning in the vagina in women and redness on the penis in men. If such symptoms appear, you should immediately wash the drug off the genitals with plenty of water.
It is also worth dwelling on the disadvantages that need to be taken into account when choosing such contraceptives. These include the following comments:
- Doctors do not recommend too frequent use of non-hormonal contraceptives due to the risk of violation normal microflora woman's vagina.
- Too much copious discharge means after dissolution, due to which the woman experiences some discomfort during sexual intercourse. However, new generation contraceptives practically do not have such an unpleasant effect.
- Impossibility of hygienic procedures for several hours after sexual intercourse. This is associated with the risk of reducing the effectiveness of the drug. Moreover, some doctors do not recommend using soap before sexual contact, both for men and women.
- Some women find it inconvenient that the drug must be used immediately before sexual intercourse, but with the advent of non-hormonal contraceptives on the market in the form of cream or tampons, this problem has been solved.
- Inability to use if the internal mucous surface of the vagina and cervix is damaged.
It is also worth noting that if one drug is not suitable for a woman, then she does not have to give up using non-hormonal contraceptives. They are constantly improving with the goal maximum reduction side effects. At the same time, manufacturers take into account all negative reviews.
Post-coital contraception
Emergency contraception is necessary in case of unplanned sexual contact or, much worse, violence. The reason can also be much more prosaic, for example, a torn condom or a missed hormonal pill.
However, non-hormonal emergency contraception very unreliable. Indeed, already 90 seconds after ejaculation in the vagina, spermatozoa are found in fallopian tubes women. Therefore, tablets or suppositories are clearly not suitable here. You can use tampons or ointment for these purposes, but this must be done immediately.
The following hormonal drugs are much more effective. "Postinor" is available in a package of two tablets. The first one must be drunk as soon as possible after intercourse, preferably in the first two days, but no later than 72 hours. The second tablet should be taken 12 hours after the first. The drug "Escapelle" contains higher levels of hormones, so one tablet taken within three days after sexual contact is enough.
"Pharmatex"
This drug is the most popular non-hormonal contraceptive among women. It has become so widespread due to the wide selection of release forms. It is offered in the form of vaginal soluble tablets, capsules and suppositories, creams and tampons. No other manufacturer offers such variety.
Method of use, precautions and contraindications are standard for this group of contraceptives. The advantage of this drug is its effectiveness against the herpes virus.
"Erotex"
Available in the form of vaginal suppositories. Erotex is quite famous among women. It contains pleasant natural flavors; in addition, after dissolution, the suppositories do not form abundant foam and do not flow out of the vagina, like, for example, Pharmatex.
They should be administered, like other similar contraceptives, 10 minutes before the start of sexual intercourse. Erotex has good antiseptic and antibacterial properties.
"Benatex"
This non-hormonal contraceptive is offered as vaginal tablets, suppositories and gel. The big advantage is its wide range effects on pathogenic microflora. It is effective against the herpes virus, staphylococci, streptococci, pseudomonas, Proteus, Klebsiella, various anaerobic bacteria and even antibiotic-resistant strains.
In addition, many women note the pleasant consistency of the dissolved Benatex tablets and suppositories. They do not create any discomfort during sexual intercourse.
A large selection of spermicidal contraceptives for topical use and their safety allows women to choose the drug that is right for them. However, before using such products, you should visit a doctor to get qualified advice and minimize the risk of side effects.
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