A reliable way to prevent pregnancy. Methods of contraception for teenagers

About 90 out of 100 cases could be prevented. However, for some reason women do not want or cannot use contraceptives. Often patients are simply not sufficiently informed about what reliable methods of birth control are available. Today's article will tell you about them.

How to choose a contraceptive?

If your immediate plans do not include having children, then it is worth finding out what methods of birth control are available. A lot of products have now been developed for women. Some of them are based on the correction of hormonal levels, others relate to barrier methods. Some contraceptives may also protect against sexually transmitted infections. Some drugs are suitable only for women who have given birth, while others are preferable for those with irregular sex life.

To choose the right methods of birth control (for women), you need to consult a gynecologist. The doctor will prescribe an examination for you. After this - taking into account individual characteristics - the specialist will offer you several suitable ways. You can choose one or more of them. Next, you can learn how to protect yourself from unwanted conception.

Hormonal drugs: COCs, patches and others

What methods of birth control for women are considered the safest? Experts say that when using hormonal drugs, the chance of unexpected conception is almost zero.

There are several types. Before choosing one or another remedy, you must undergo tests.

Pills. There are different types: monophasic, biphasic, three-phase. Such drugs have many contraindications. They are not prescribed for diabetes, varicose veins, migraines, smoking and many diseases. You need to take the pills at the same time every day. Only in this case will the effect be expected.
Plasters. Less commonly used hormonal agents such a plan. These modern methods Pregnancy protection is considered quite expensive. One patch is used for 22 days. After this there is a week break. Then the scheme is repeated.
Subcutaneous implants. Such contraceptives are used in cases where the use of patches or tablets is not possible. Capsules are sewn under the skin for up to several years. As a result, a woman does not have to bother with taking pills and gets rid of worries about unwanted conception.

All hormonal methods Pregnancy protection for women is based on one action. They stop the ovaries from working and prevent the release of an egg.

Barrier methods: condoms and vaginal products

The most popular barrier method is the condom. However, it is used by men, not women. A condom is placed on the penis before sexual intercourse. This method allows you to protect against all infections, including syphilis and HIV. Condoms are suitable for women who do not have a regular partner. They are also used as additional contraceptives. An alternative to such products would be

TO barrier agents protection can include various spermicidal contraceptives. These are candles, creams, gels or foams. They are used 10-15 minutes before sexual intercourse and are effective for 40 minutes. The drugs can protect against certain infections and have a bactericidal effect. However, not all microbes die from these agents. In addition, long-term use of spermicides can disrupt the vaginal microflora.

Natural Methods

Most dangerous methods protection from pregnancy - calendar calculation, interrupted sexual intercourse and some others. All of them are based on the woman’s feelings and assumptions. Often, representatives of the fairer sex who prefer these options end up pregnant.

The essence of contact) is that the man ejaculates outside female body.
contraception is used by women with regular cycle. Representatives of the fairer sex calculate the timing of ovulation and during this period refrain from intercourse.

TO natural ways protection can be attributed to tracking basal temperature, studying cervical mucus and so on. Be that as it may, but this is a method of contraception not recommended by gynecologists.

Intrauterine devices

Reviews from experts about the use of IUDs say that this method of protection is proven and safe. But it is not recommended for nulliparous women, since they require dilation of the cervical canal during insertion of the device. Intrauterine devices do not allow the fertilized egg to attach to the surface of the endometrium, even in the event of conception. Therefore, there is a guarantee of a contraceptive effect.

Reviews from some women about the IUD say that they managed to get pregnant even with the device installed. Such conception is considered pathological and in most cases ends in miscarriage.

Postcoital remedies

After the act? In such situations, modern post-coital methods of contraception come to the rescue. Drugs are produced in tablets: “Mifegin”, “Postinor”, “Escapelle” and so on. They should be taken no later than three days after intercourse. The drugs are contraindicated in liver failure, smoking, thrombosis.

The action of the drugs is based on stopping the production of progesterone and separating the endometrium from the lining of the uterus. Such medications should be used only in emergency cases. They are not suitable for permanent birth control. Side effects of the drugs include nausea, abdominal pain, hormonal imbalances, and so on.

Emergency methods of contraception include the installation of an intrauterine device. It has already been discussed above. IN in this case must be completed within 5 days. If during this time you manage to carry out the manipulation, then the probability of pregnancy will be close to zero. But it is worth remembering that before such a procedure it is necessary to undergo tests. Some studies take more than five days.

Traditional methods

Our grandmothers and great-grandmothers also knew how not to get pregnant after intercourse. For this purpose various folk remedies and recipes. But modern gynecologists are against such “amateur activities.” The ineffectiveness of such methods has long been proven. But for general information, it’s worth talking about them.

Douching. Potassium permanganate, citric acid and aspirin tablets are used as the basis of the solution for insertion into the vagina. All these components are diluted in water. It is assumed that the liquid radically changes the microflora and acidity in the vagina. This is why sperm cannot survive.
Another “grandmother’s” method of contraception is a loading dose of vitamin C. It has long been known that this method can bring menstruation closer. It is believed that after unprotected sex, vitamin C can prevent conception.
In ancient times, before sexual intercourse, women inserted a slice of lemon into the vagina. Acidic environment did not allow capable sperm to penetrate into the uterine cavity.

Finally

Modern medicine offers couples many contraceptives. They are selected individually, taking into account all your characteristics and wishes. If a woman has hormonal disease, then some medications can help eliminate it. Be sure to visit a gynecologist and choose the method that is right for you. By using contraceptives, you can protect yourself from abortion and its complications. Approach this issue responsibly and take care of yourself!

Modern means of contraception: barrier, chemical, biological, hormonal, intrauterine contraception, surgical - there are a lot of them, but often a woman cannot decide what to choose. And she ends up unexpectedly pregnant. We will briefly describe different contraceptives for women, their advantages and disadvantages.

Intrauterine systems

These are those that are installed in the uterine cavity for a long time. Usually recommended exclusively for women who have given birth due to possible side effects. But we'll start with the advantages.

1. You don’t have to worry about it for several years unwanted pregnancy, has a positive effect on sexual relationships.

2. High reliability. Just under 100%.

3. Availability. The most inexpensive intrauterine device costs about 200-300 rubles. Purchased once.

And these are disadvantages.

1. Unpleasant sensations during installation. Some women require local anesthesia.

2. The possibility of the IUD falling out and dislodging, which provokes a decrease or cessation of its contraceptive effect.

3. Inflammatory diseases. Installation of the system can provoke the penetration of pathogens into the uterine cavity, which sometimes causes endometritis, the occurrence of adhesions in the intestines, fallopian tubes Oh. Accordingly, the risk of infertility in the future increases. Therefore, spirals are usually recommended specifically for women who have given birth.

4. Probability of occurrence ectopic pregnancy. Due to the spiral, the fertilized egg cannot be fixed in the uterine cavity and can return back to the fallopian tube and be implanted there.

5. Increased likelihood heavy menstruation. Therefore, non-hormonal intrauterine systems are not recommended for use in women who experience severe cyclic and acyclic uterine bleeding.

Condoms

Barrier contraceptives have a number of advantages and can be used without consulting a doctor. Always welcome.

1. Reliability. Almost 100% protection not only from unwanted pregnancy, but also from sexually transmitted infections.

2. Ease of use and accessibility. Can be purchased at any pharmacy or supermarket. The abundance of models allows any couple to choose the right contraceptive for themselves.

3. No contraindications. Only sometimes they appear allergic reactions. More often it is a matter of lubricant, dye or flavoring that is used to cover the condom. In this case, you need to try another, regular one, without any bells and whistles.

But there are also disadvantages. They tend to be especially scary for couples who have previously used other forms of contraception.

1. Negative influence on erection, sensitivity. Usually, a condom with ultra-thin walls helps in this case.

2. The condom falls off during intercourse. Again due to poor erection. It happens when a condom is worn when there is insufficient sexual arousal.

3. Damage to the condom. This often happens if you try to apply various substances on it in the form of a lubricant that are not intended for this. But damage can also be the result of a defective product. If the condom breaks, emergency contraception is used to prevent pregnancy.

By the way, you can use it as emergency contraception. intrauterine device. It should be installed a maximum of 5 days after unprotected sexual intercourse. Naturally, this method suitable for those women who were already thinking about installing an intrauterine system.

Spermicides

They have no contraindications and can be used, if necessary, by women who are breastfeeding. The chemical method of contraception also has pros and cons.

Some advantages.

1. Availability. 10 vaginal tablets(or candles), for 10 sexual acts, cost about 300 rubles. Sold in all pharmacies.

2. They do not affect the body like hormonal contraceptives, that is, they only have a local effect.

3. They have some antimicrobial and antibacterial effects.

4. They have no contraindications and can be used in cases where no other contraception is suitable.

And these are the disadvantages.

1. Often cause irritation of the vaginal mucosa and glans penis.

2. With regular use, 2-3 times a week or more, the vaginal microflora is disrupted.

3. Efficiency is significantly lower than declared if sexual intercourse begins before the time specified in the instructions. After introducing the drug into the vagina, you need to wait a little for it to start working.

Hormonal agents

They are considered one of the most reliable and convenient, but at the same time they have many contraindications and side effects. We will talk about oral contraceptives. First, the good stuff.

Knowing how to protect yourself from unwanted pregnancy eliminates the risks associated with childbirth. women's health, reduces the rate of child mortality and the spread of STIs.

This number shows the number of women out of a hundred who became pregnant during the year using a specific contraceptive method. The lower the indicator, the higher the effectiveness of contraception.

It is important to distinguish between “method effectiveness” (proper, consistent use of one type of contraceptive) and “method effectiveness” (inappropriate use of contraception, using different contraceptives throughout the year). Because of these two indicators, the upper and lower bounds of the Pearl index can differ significantly.

Traditional methods of birth control

Coitus interruptus (Coitus interruptus)

The principle of PPA is to prevent semen from entering the partner's genital tract: the penis is removed from the vagina before ejaculation occurs.

Requires self-control and concentration from a man.
During intercourse, men secrete pre-ejaculate in varying quantities, which may contain sperm. Occasionally, this number of “tadpoles” may be enough for conception.

Pearl index: 4-17.

Calendar birth control

The calendar method is based on determining fertile days from the menstrual cycle and the use of contraception/abstinence during this period. The method is only suitable for women with a stable cycle.

For the calculation, a six-month cycle is taken. The first fertile day is determined by subtracting 18 from the shortest cycle, the estimated last day favorable for fertilization is calculated by subtracting 11 from the longest cycle. During the resulting period of time, you should avoid unprotected intercourse or use additional contraception.
Ovulation may occur earlier or later than the middle of the cycle.
At severe stress, climate change increases the likelihood that the cycle will be disrupted and the method will not work.

Pearl index: 4-17

Modern methods of birth control

Intrauterine device (IUD)

An IUD is a device placed in the uterus of healthy and previously pregnant women using a special applicator and mechanically preventing the development of pregnancy.

IUDs are made from various materials, they can be different forms. The most popular are copper-containing spirals. Copper is harmful to sperm, which reduces the likelihood of fertilization. Additions of silver and gold have a positive effect on the spermatotoxic and anti-inflammatory properties of the spiral.
After installing the IUD, you should not lift weights, play sports or have sex for 2 weeks. During this time, the IUD will “settle” in the uterine cavity.
The contraceptive effect may be reduced if the IUD becomes dislodged, so it is important to check the length of the antennae to prevent partial prolapse.
Using an IUD slightly increases the risk of a fertilized egg implanting outside the uterus.
The threads of the spiral remaining in the vagina contribute to the introduction of infection into the sterile uterine cavity. Therefore, when installing and wearing an IUD, it is important that there are no inflammatory processes in the woman’s genital tract.
Against the background of a spiral critical days may be more painful and more abundant.
After removal of the IUD, the ability to conceive is restored within a year.

Pearl index: 5.

How to protect yourself from pregnancy. Hormonal contraceptives

Intrauterine therapy system

The most popular contraceptive in this category is produced under the name Mirena. This is a contraceptive device T-shape, containing 52 mg of levonorgestrel. Can be used for lactating women, as well as medicinal purposes. The principle of operation of the device is to suppress ovulation, thicken mucus in the cervical canal and thin the endometrium.

When wearing a hormonal IUD, menstruation may be completely absent or scanty.
The period of protection and therapeutic effect is 5 years.

Pearl index: 0.2.

"Jaydes" is an IUD with a lower content of levonorgestrel (13.5 mg). The principle of operation is mainly local influence to the uterus.

The protection period is three years.

Pearl index: less than 1.

Oral contraceptives

For each specific patient, based on the test results, the doctor selects the best birth control pills. Unauthorized prescription of OCs can negatively affect a woman’s health.
It is highly not recommended to combine smoking and taking OCs: in this case, the risk of thrombosis increases. Women over 35 years of age should also use OCs with caution, especially if they are prone to varicose veins.
Modern, properly selected oral contraceptives do not contribute to weight gain. Women who are prone to obesity may experience a weight gain of a kilogram or two in the chest and hips in the first months, but over time this will go away.
Birth control pills have a beneficial effect on the condition of the skin and hair.
Proven to reduce the risk of uterine and ovarian cancer when used hormonal contraceptives. Data on an increased risk of breast cancer due to the use of OCs on this moment found no confirmation.
Modern good birth control pills do not require a break of more than the standard seven days, even after many years of use.
The effectiveness of OCs may be affected by some medications, so the doctor prescribing treatment should be aware of the pills they are taking. Also reduce contraceptive effect Some foods, such as grapefruit juice, may also.

Pills (COC)

They are also combined oral contraceptives. The very name of the group of drugs indicates that there are several active ingredients. Modern pills contain estrogen and progestin. The principle of action of COCs is to prevent ovulation.

Combined oral contraceptives are not recommended for breastfeeding women, and are completely prohibited during the first six months of breastfeeding.

Pearl index: at correct use- 1, at normal use - 8.

"Mini-drink"

This is the name given to pills that contain only progestin. The principle of operation of these contraceptives is to prevent fertilization by thickening the mucus in the cervix, as well as preventing ovulation.

A huge advantage of mili-pili is that they are approved for contraception for breastfeeding women.
The disadvantages are that birth control must be taken at the same time.

Pearl index: with proper use - 1, with normal use - 3-10.

Implants

These are small capsules or elastic rods inserted under local anesthesia under the skin of the shoulder. Implants contain one type of hormone, the period of protection against unwanted pregnancy is up to 3-5 years.

Norplant, an implant containing levonorgestrel, is popular in the CIS countries. The period of protection from pregnancy is 3 years. The principle of operation of implants is the same as that of oral contraceptives “mini-pill”.
The method is very convenient to use.
Installation and removal of the contraceptive is carried out in a hospital setting.

Pearl index: 1-3.

Injectable contraceptives (IC)

IR are long-acting progestogens. They are presented on the domestic market under the names “Depo-provera” (depo-medroxyprogesterone acetate 150 mg) and “NET-EN” (northisterone enanthate 200 mg).

Depo-Provera is injected on the 5th day of the cycle. The protective effect lasts exactly 12 weeks.
One injection of "NET-EN" protects against pregnancy for 8 weeks.
Once the injections are stopped, fertility usually returns within 4-24 months.

Pearl index: 0.5 - 1.5.

Combined contraceptive patch

Contraceptive patches - modern contraception containing progestin and estrogen. In domestic pharmacies, the patch is presented under the name “Evra”.

The patch is applied evenly and tightly on the first day of the cycle to the stomach, back, shoulders or buttocks. In no case contraceptive patch Do not stick it on the mammary glands.
The protection period for one patch is a week. The effectiveness of the method may decrease if the woman is overweight (90 kg or more).
The patch does not affect the usual way of life and does not interfere with taking water treatments. Fertility is restored almost immediately after stopping use of the patch.

Pearl index: 0.9.

Combined contraceptive vaginal ring (CVR)

The vaginal ring for pregnancy protection is a special elastic membrane that releases the hormones estrogen and progestogen in small concentrations. In the CIS countries it is produced under the name “NovaRing”.

One ring protects against unplanned pregnancy for 21 days. The ring is easy to install and remove.
Correctly entered contraceptive ring does not cause discomfort to the woman and is not felt by her partner during sexual intercourse.
If the ring falls out, it must be reinserted after rinsing with warm water.

Pearl index: 0.7.

How to protect yourself from pregnancy. Chemical contraception (contraceptive suppositories, pills, etc.)

Chemical contraception includes spermicides - substances that have a detrimental effect on sperm. There are creams, tablets, jellies, foams, soluble films, suppositories for preventing pregnancy. The most popular representatives of spermicides are benzalkonium chloride (Erotex, Pharmatex), non-oxylon-9 (Conceptrol, Dolphin).

Spermicides act locally and do not affect hormonal background. Can be used in tandem with barrier contraception, increasing protection against unplanned pregnancy and STDs.
To ensure the effectiveness of the method, you need to know how to protect yourself from pregnancy with spermicides. After using the spermicide, at least 10-15 minutes must pass before sexual intercourse begins.
At least 2 hours before and 2 hours after intercourse, soap-based hygiene products should not be used. The alkaline environment of soap neutralizes the acidic environment of spermicides, which reduces the effectiveness of this contraceptive.

Pearl index: 18-24.

How to protect yourself from pregnancy. Barrier contraception

Barrier contraception includes male and female condoms, diaphragms and caps. For unmarried people, the question of which contraceptive to choose should not arise. Condoms are the only method of protection that protects not only from pregnancy, but also from STDs.

Male condoms (condoms)

A condom is a sheath that is placed on the erect penis before sexual intercourse. Often made from latex, but condoms are also available from polymer materials: AT-10 resin, polyurethane, polyisoprene.

Latex condoms are available in a wide range and are more affordable. They are elastic and less prone to slipping. But due to its natural origin, allergies can occur to the material. Also, these condoms are not compatible with fat-based lubricants.
Polyurethane condoms are much thinner than latex ones. They also conduct heat better, thereby providing more natural sensations during sexual intercourse. But such condoms have less elasticity. The price of polyurethane condoms is high.
Polyisoprene is a man-made latex. It has all the benefits of its natural counterpart, but is also hypoallergenic and compatible with fat-based lubricants. The price of polyisoprene condoms is very high.
Condoms are placed on the erect penis before intercourse begins. After ejaculation, the condom must be removed from the vagina, holding the condom by the ring at the base to prevent slipping.

When using the method correctly, the Pearl index is 2-4, in other cases - 15-25.

Female condoms (femidoms)

The female condom is a blind-ended tube with elastic rings on both ends. Made from polyurethane or latex. The standard length of the femidom is 18 cm, diameter is 8 cm.
The blind end of the contraceptive is inserted deep into the vagina, the larger ring remains outside.

Femidom provides higher protection against STDs due to the fact that the contraceptive covers part of the vulva.
The use of the female condom does not depend on the erection of the penis.
It is not recommended to use condom and femid at the same time.
Femidom is not widespread in the CIS countries and has a fairly high cost.
About a third of the women surveyed noted discomfort when using the femidom.

The Pearl index for polyurethane femidoms, as well as for condoms, is 5-25.

Diaphragm (cap)

The diaphragm is a dome-shaped cap with an elastic rim, placed on the cervix shortly before intercourse. The device should be removed 6-24 hours after the end of sexual intercourse.

The diaphragm is made of rubber, latex, sometimes various types, sizes. The best option selected privately by a gynecologist.
It is reasonable to use diaphragms in tandem with spermicides.
This method does not protect against sexually transmitted diseases.
Not suitable for nulliparous girls.
Contraindicated in cases of damage to the epithelium of the cervix, or a bend of the cervix.
If there are large variations in weight, the diaphragm will most likely need to be replaced.
It can cause discomfort and provoke the appearance of inflammatory processes.

Pearl index: 6-20.

How to protect yourself from pregnancy.. Surgical contraception

Male sterilization (vasectomy)

Vasectomy - uncomplicated surgery which involves cutting the vas deferens. Does not affect the ability to have intercourse and sensations during it.

In the first 5, maximum 10 years, a reverse vasectomy can be performed, but the patency of the vas deferens is rarely restored.
After a vasectomy, it is important to take a spermogram, since sperm may still be present in the ejaculate for a quarter after the operation.

The Pearl index, provided that a spermogram was performed a quarter after the operation, is less than 1. Without sperm analysis, the indicator is 2-3.

Female sterilization (tubal occlusion)

The so-called “tubal ligation” is a voluntary, most often laparoscopic operation, as a result of which the patency is impaired fallopian tubes.

There are several methods of performing the operation: intersection, excision, ligation, blockage, application of special clamps to the fallopian tubes.
Theoretically, when using the clamp method, the ability to conceive can be restored, but in practice, the passage of the egg through the tubes after removal of the obstruction is poorly restored.
It is impossible to restore the patency of the crossed fallopian tubes; pregnancy will only be possible through IVF.
Sterilization does not affect libido, hormonal system, psyche.

Pearl index: less than 1.

How to protect yourself from pregnancy. Natural contraception

Lactational amenorrhea method (LAM)

At breastfeeding A woman’s body produces the hormone prolactin, which suppresses ovulation.

MLA works for six months after childbirth under the conditions that menstruation has not resumed after childbirth, and the baby is fed exclusively with breast milk.
IN daytime During the day, the child is fed at least once every three hours; at night there is at least one feeding and the interval between feedings does not exceed 6 hours. The more often feedings occur, the higher the effectiveness of the method.
Ovulation precedes menstruation, so if signs of pregnancy appear, a nursing woman should come for a check-up with a doctor.

Pearl index: 1-2.

Standard Day Method, or SDM

Suitable for women with a cycle from 26 to 32 days. Women keep track of “dangerous days” with the help of special beads or rosaries, stringing beads on them different color. For example: red - menstruation, white - “ dangerous days"(usually from 8 to 19 days), green - all other days.

Pearl index: 5-12.

Method for measuring basal body temperature (BBT)

Basal temperature is measured daily at the same time immediately after waking up. Until the measurement is completed, you cannot get out of bed or even lower your feet to the floor. To measure, a thermometer is inserted into the rectum for 5-10 minutes to a depth of approximately 5 cm. It is not advisable to use an electronic thermometer. An increase in basal temperature of more than 0.5 degrees within three days indicates ovulation. On the fourth day and until the next menstruation, contraception may not be used.

The Pearl index ranges from 1 to 25.

Two days method

Based on daily examination of mucus from the cervix. During the fertile period, the discharge is more abundant and resembles in color and consistency egg white. Open sexual intercourse can be resumed after 2 days with scanty discharge uncharacteristic of ovulation.

STDs can change appearance vaginal discharge, which makes the method difficult to use.

Pearl index: 4-16.

Symptothermal method

The symptothermal method is the best way to protect yourself when choosing natural contraception. The method combines the calendar method, the BBT measurement method and the two-day method.

Pearl index: 2.

How to protect yourself from pregnancy. Emergency contraception

Emergency contraception is a means of preventing pregnancy that is taken by a woman after unprotected intercourse or when contraception does not work.

Postcoital contraceptive drugs:

"Postinor", "Escapelle" (levonorgestrel hormone 0.75 or 1.5 mg).
"Ginepristone", "Zhenale", "Agesta" (antigestagen mifepristone 10 mg).
In some countries, drugs with active substance ulipristal acetate at a dosage of 30 mg.

Levonorgestrel pills prevent the release of an egg from the ovary. But if ovulation has already occurred, the drug will not work. Also, drugs with this active ingredient act worse on women with a body mass index of 30 or more.
Mifepristone-based pills are considered more effective. They inhibit ovulation and prevent the blastocyst from attaching to the walls of the uterus.
Postcoital contraceptive medications should be taken within 3 days of unprotected intercourse. The faster the pill is taken, the higher the chance of the drug working.
Postcoital contraception may cause failure menstrual cycle and increases the likelihood of developing pregnancy outside the uterine cavity due to impaired peristalsis of the fallopian tubes.

Conclusion

At the moment there are many effective methods contraception. Before using any
It is imperative to read the instructions for contraception, because the protective effect depends on correct use.
One of the most reliable and affordable contraceptives are birth control pills, but which ones are ideal for a particular woman should be determined by the doctor after examining the patient.
If there are several sexual partners It is preferable to use condoms and femidomas - the only contraceptives that protect against “diseases of Venus”.

The birth of a child is a real miracle, but only if it is desired. To prevent an unplanned pregnancy from spoiling the plans of young people, forcing them to choose between family and creating a career, they must always remember about contraception.

Many couples do not attach due importance to the choice of method of birth control. Often such negligence leads to unpleasant consequences:

The birth of an unwanted child. In Russia, even now the most in a frequent way family planning is abortion. Artificial termination of pregnancy can entail many serious problems with health, up to infertility and serious illnesses.
Danger of contracting sexually transmitted infections. Many diseases without proper treatment turn into chronic form and can cause serious complications.

Having information about how to properly protect yourself prevents many problems, allows you to maintain your health and the opportunity to create a full-fledged family at the time when it is needed.

How contraceptives work

Contraceptives are drugs used to protect against pregnancy. All methods of contraception are based on a simple principle - to prevent the egg and sperm from meeting, blocking the process of conception (barrier), and to prevent the egg from maturing in the woman’s body (hormonal).

Contraception methods

Everyone can determine for themselves how to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy by studying the features of use and the degree of reliability of the contraceptive methods used.

Means	Efficiency
Sterilization	99,9-100%
Birth control pills	99-100%
Navy	99%
Contraceptive patch	92-99%
Contraceptive rings	92-99%
Hormonal injections	97%
Diaphragm	92-96%
Condom	85-90%
Symptothermal method	70-75%
Spermicides	65-70%
Cervical cap	75%

Contraceptive patch

The new generation product is a rectangular patch measuring approximately 4*4 cm. It is glued to the clean skin of the buttocks, abdomen or shoulder. The product should be changed every 7 days for 3 weeks. In the fourth week there is a break, during which menstruation begins. It is important to remember the exact start date of use. After a week of rest, you need to resume use according to the previous regimen.

The action of this contraceptive is based on the inhibition of the gonadotropic function of the pituitary gland. Due to the hormonal substances included in its composition, the maturation of the egg is blocked, the consistency of cervical mucus and the sensitivity of the endometrium to implantation of the embryo changes.

The disadvantages include the following:

The patch has it all side effects hormonal medications (nausea, weight gain, headache, cycle disorders);
If used carelessly, it may come off;
Local allergic reactions are common.

Birth control pills

Along with the main function, it is normalized monthly cycle, pain on critical days is eliminated, the number of skin rashes and unwanted hair is reduced.

The effect of the drugs prevents pregnancy by almost 100%. Skipping pills and drinking alcohol can reduce effectiveness. Disadvantages include side effects such as nausea, weight gain, increased irritability and high risk blood clots, especially in women who smoke.

Contraceptive rings

The device is a smooth elastic ring with a diameter of about 5 cm, half a centimeter thick, containing hormonal components. It is inserted into the vagina for 3 weeks, then a break is taken for 7 days, after which the scheme is repeated. The action of this remedy is similar to those described above - controlling the maturation of the egg and blocking ovulation.

The advantages are ease of use: the drug is administered only once a month, for this you do not need to specifically consult a doctor. Minimum hormone content local action eliminates the effect on the intestines and stomach.

The main disadvantages include:

Availability large quantity contraindications and side effects;
High price;
Discomfort in some patients.

Hormonal injections

The method is based on an injection of a hormonal drug, which is repeated 4 times a year on the 5-7th day of menstruation. The action of the medicine is similar to patches and tablets and is to suppress ovulation.

Advantages:

Quick effect (starts working within 24 hours);
A good alternative to tablets and rings if there are contraindications;
Long lasting;
Can be used by women who smoke.

The product has the following disadvantages: the need for observation by a doctor at least 2 times a year, there is no way to quickly stop the injection and the absence protective function against infections.

Cervical cap

The contraceptive is silicone bowl, which is fixed inside the vagina near the uterus. The cap closes the entrance to the cervical canal and prevents sperm from entering.

The reusable product can last up to 2 years. Does not require constant wearing, inserted 15 minutes before sexual intercourse. To achieve the desired effect, it is recommended to leave the device after ejaculation for up to 48 hours to prevent the penetration of live sperm into the uterine cavity. Special spermicidal gels used simultaneously with the cap can enhance the contraceptive effect; they also protect against STDs.

The disadvantages of the device include the inability to use during menstruation and 3 days after, the need to choose correct size. The product should not be used by nulliparous women.

Condom

A popular form of barrier protection is a latex sheath that is placed over a man's penis. Recommended if there are contraindications to taking pills, if you have multiple sexual partners or random connections to avoid sexually transmitted infections.

When choosing this method of protection, you should take into account its lack of effectiveness, decreased sensitivity during sexual contact and possible allergies for latex and lubricant.

Diaphragm

This method serves as a physical barrier against the penetration of sperm into the uterus. The device looks like an elastic band with a diameter of 50-100 mm with a springy rim. The device is placed on the cervix several hours before sexual intercourse.

The size of the diaphragm is selected individually after examination by a gynecologist. The advantages of the method are protection from sexually transmitted infections and reusability.

Lack of efficiency;
The need to insert and remove the device and care for it;
Not recommended for nulliparous women;
Inability to use during menstruation.

Intrauterine device

An IUD is a plastic T-shaped device measuring 25-35 mm that is placed inside the uterus. It works on the same principle as other physical barriers, preventing sperm from penetrating and further fertilizing the egg. The material from which modern spirals are made significantly increases their reliability compared to other means.

Advantages of the IUD:

Efficiency up to 99%;
Long service life (about 10 years);
No side effects compared to other hormonal drugs;
Instant Recovery reproductive function after removal.

Disadvantages of use:

The procedure is performed only by a doctor;
Suitable only for women who have given birth;
There is a risk of developing inflammation;
Lack of protection against sexually transmitted diseases;
Pain and intensification menstrual bleeding for the first time after installation;
In rare cases, the occurrence of an ectopic pregnancy;
There is a high risk of the device falling out, especially on menstruation days and during active sports.

Symptothermal method

This is a method of natural family planning, including calendar, temperature, cervical methods. Based on calculation of the probable day of ovulation and the most auspicious days for conception. To do this, the woman keeps a chart for at least 3 cycles, in which she notes the basal temperature data. Typically, before ovulation its value decreases, and after it increases by 0.4 degrees.

The study is complemented by monitoring the condition of the cervical fluid. On dangerous days, the amount of discharge increases, it acquires a liquid and then a stretchy structure.

The positive aspects of this approach are absolute accessibility. Weak sides– time costs, the need to abstain on dangerous days, insufficient reliability.

Spermicides

Barrier type of protection is based on chemical exposure on sperm to prevent entry from the inside of the uterus. This group of drugs includes gels, foams, creams, suppositories, which are inserted into the vagina 15 minutes before intercourse using an applicator.

The reliability of this method is quite low; the number of unplanned pregnancies with this method of protection reaches 35%. Therefore, spermicides are recommended to be used in combination with other barrier methods: condom, diaphragm, cap.

Along with insufficient effectiveness, the products can cause disruption of the vaginal microflora, causing itching and irritation.

Sterilization operations

Sometimes, when deciding how to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy, some people resort to a drastic method - sterilization: vasectomy (in men) or tubal ligation (in women).

Vasectomy is an operation to excise part of the vas deferens, preventing sperm from entering the seminal fluid. The intervention can be either reversible or irreversible. During temporary sterilization, only the clamp is installed on the seminal canal without removing it. But it will be possible to restore reproductive function only within 5 years; later it will be impossible.

The advantages of the method are high efficiency, complete preservation of sexual function, and no impact on the functioning of the body. But you should know that after this procedure the chances of becoming a father are reduced to a minimum. Therefore, the method is recommended for men who already have children. As with any surgical interventions After the operation, complications (suppuration, inflammation) are possible. It is also necessary to take into account that the effect occurs only after 1-2 months.

Female sterilization involves creating an artificial obstruction of the fallopian tubes. In this case, the meeting of sperm and egg is impossible. The operation is performed using laparoscopy with minimal incisions. Several types of sterilization are carried out: tubal ligation, cauterization or pinching with special clothespins.

The method has maximum protection against unplanned pregnancy, but in practice there are rare cases of conception occurring even with ligated tubes. Sterilization does not affect the menstrual cycle and hormonal functions of the body. The main disadvantage of this method of birth control is its irreversibility. But if you want to have children in the future, assisted reproductive technologies can come to the rescue. With artificial conception, a woman is able to carry and give birth to a child.

The impact of contraception on health

Every adult must know how to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy. Active use of contraception as a method of family planning is important factor reducing the number of abortions and associated health risks.

Hormonal contraceptives: pills, injections, patches have a great influence on a woman’s body. The negative consequences of taking these contraceptives are associated with incorrect selection of drugs and failure to take into account existing contraindications. The hormones they contain can negatively affect blood clotting, causing a high risk of blood clots.

Experts have also established some connection between the intake hormonal pills and the development of breast and cervical cancer. However, when using them, the likelihood of occurrence is significantly reduced. oncological diseases ovaries.

Many modern means They also bring undoubted benefits to healthy women. The drugs can improve the quality of the menstrual cycle, regulating it, preventing painful sensations, mood swings.

Choosing the Right Method

A wide range of contraceptive methods can confuse a woman. When deciding how to protect yourself from pregnancy, it is worth considering the reliability of the product, possible side effects, and features of use. Here are some conditions that you should pay attention to, giving preference to the most popular methods:

In the absence of regular sexual activity or a permanent partner, it is recommended to use condoms. Along with birth control, this is the prevention of sexually transmitted diseases.
Barrier protection devices (IUDs, caps, diaphragms) can only be used by women who have given birth.
Choice of hormonal contraceptive drugs It should be done together with a specialist (gynecologist or endocrinologist).

A competent approach to the issue of choosing contraception provides effective protection from accidental pregnancy and associated negative consequences.

Answered by Irina Shestakova, gynecologist-endocrinologist, candidate medical sciences, Associate Professor of the Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology and Reproductive Medicine, Faculty of Advanced Studies medical workers RUDN University:

According to statistics, Russian girls start sex life at 16-17 years old - much earlier than they get married and plan to have their first child. Between the onset of sexual activity and the first birth, 10-15 years often pass. And all this time they must take care of reliable contraception. Doctors believe that any type of contraception is better than terminating a pregnancy, especially the first one.

Unfortunately, practice shows that the choice falls on methods of protection that do not provide guaranteed protection. An independent research company recently conducted a survey of the most active men and women reproductive age(20-30 years old) to find out what they use to protect themselves from unwanted pregnancy. It turned out that the majority the best way protection considers condoms and interrupted sexual intercourse. Moreover, when choosing a method of contraception, men prioritize the preservation of sensations during intimacy, and women - the opinion of their partner. No wonder there are so many unplanned pregnancies in our country!

Experts believe the most in a reliable way contraception combined oral contraceptives (COCs). In Europe, they are used by more than 40% of women of reproductive age. In Russia, this method of contraception is viewed with caution. This is due to the myths that surround this method of protection.

1. Pills make you feel better

The first contraceptives, which appeared in the 60s of the last century, did contain high doses of hormones and components that caused swelling and fluid retention in the body. Therefore, women actually got better.

Since then, the composition of contraceptives has changed significantly - now they contain low and ultra-low doses of hormones, which cannot in any way affect waist size.

Moreover, women with overweight while taking some COCs, they lose weight due to special properties components included in their composition.

2. Hormones cause mustaches to grow.

Hirsutism (excessive hair growth in women) men's places- on the chin, chest and abdomen) is directly related to hormonal disorders.

Hormonal contraceptives contain substances that reduce the concentration of male sex hormones in women. Thanks to this, with long-term (at least 2 years) use of certain COCs, women can get rid of excess hair. True, the effect is temporary (only during the period of taking COCs). And if the problem is severe, you shouldn’t rely on hormones - it’s better to seek help from a cosmetologist.

3. Taking hormones causes cancer

More than 10 years ago, the first results of the famous Women's Health Initiative study, which was funded by the US government, were obtained in the United States. Doctors observed 15 thousand women taking menopausal hormone therapy (MHT). The I study was paused after cases of cancer, heart attack and stroke were reported in several groups.

After these shocking results were widely reported, menopausal hormone therapy Not only women, but also some doctors began to shun.

Later, when the results were sorted out, it turned out that stroke, cancer and heart attack were recorded only in the group of women who first started taking MHT over the age of 60 years. After this study, recommendations in Europe were revised - postmenopausal therapy was no longer prescribed to women over 60 years of age with cardiovascular diseases (this practice has never existed in Russia).

Unfortunately, data on menopausal hormone therapy have been carried over to any hormonal drugs, including at KOC.

There are a number of studies that prove the protective properties of COCs against cancer reproductive organs(in particular, from ovarian cancer). The exact causes of this disease are unknown, but doctors suspect that it is provoked by regular biological trauma to the ovaries (which occurs monthly during ovulation). In any case, this explains the fact why ovarian cancer is more common in nulliparous women for whom menstruation began early (before 12 years of age) and ended late (after 52 years of age). Since combined oral contraceptives simulate the state of pregnancy, they are considered as one of the means of protection against cancer of the uterus and ovaries.

4. Hormones lead to infertility

The fact that the ovaries are resting while taking contraceptives does not mean that they have fallen asleep. 94% of women are completely ready for successful conception within one year after stopping use birth control pills, obstetricians and gynecologists explain. And 50% of women can become pregnant within three months after stopping contraception.