Antibiotics of 4 generations of a wide spectrum. The main groups of antibiotics

Often, barely noticing a cough or a slight increase in temperature, we begin to study all possible pills and medicine. Surely knowledge good medicines always come in handy. Therefore, searching for information about them on the Internet is a very useful pastime. However, any disease must be treated carefully, having thoroughly studied everything and, of course, having consulted with a doctor. Especially when it comes to antibiotics.

Antibiotics are strong and effective remedy from many diseases. These antibacterial substances are synthetic, semi-synthetic or natural origin can stop growth rather quickly harmful microorganisms or completely destroy them.

They are especially often used in the treatment of such common diseases as:

angina;
bronchitis;
sinusitis;
intestinal infections;
otitis;
pneumonia.

Antibiotics are also used in a number of other cases, making them one of the most popular types of drugs. However, not all and not always are treated with these substances. For example, most antibiotics are usually of no use in treatment viral diseases... Only tetracyclines and some other groups are mainly used against viruses.

In addition, despite its widespread use, antibiotics are by no means harmless. Some of them, with prolonged use, can cause dysbiosis and skin rashes... Also, antibacterial drugs often have side effects, and if taken incorrectly, can greatly weaken the body and make harmful bacteria unresponsive to treatment.

Therefore, for review, we have compiled a rating of the best antibiotics against specific diseases, in particular, sore throats, coughs and some others. When choosing the means, we were guided by the recommendations of specialists, patient reviews and descriptions pharmacological action drugs. However, taking antibiotics should be strictly as directed by your doctor!

There are contraindications. Check with your doctor.

The best antibiotics for angina, bronchitis and cough

Most antibiotics are designed to fight several different types of microbes at once and have a fairly wide spectrum of action. However, only a few are actually effective for coughs and infections. respiratory tract.

3 Azithromycin

Best price
Country Russia
Average price: 160 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.0

A budgetary domestic drug opens the rating of the best antibiotics for colds wide range actions. Despite the low price, it copes well with various respiratory tract infections, including bronchitis, laryngitis, and pneumonia. Therefore, it is one of the most prescribed antibiotics.

However, a large number of side effects and contraindications, alas, common to most, prevented him from getting a higher place in the rating. similar drugs... In addition, it is not recommended for children under 16 years of age, as well as for adults who have arrhythmias, renal or liver failure.

2 Macropen

The best antibiotic in pill form
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 262 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.4

Slovenian coated tablets are good remedy from pathogenic intracellular microorganisms. This antibiotic is used mainly for bronchitis, stomatitis, pneumonia and other infections caused by certain pathogens. Also, the drug can be taken for the treatment and prevention of whooping cough and diphtheria.

The advantages of this antibiotic include effectiveness, few contraindications and minimal side effects. Plus, it's pretty easy to take. Usually it is prescribed 3 times a day, one tablet before meals.

The standard form of antibiotic release is 16 tablets. However, the drug is also found in the form of a suspension, which is given to even the smallest children.

1 Fluimucil antibiotic IT

Best result
Country: Italy
Average price: 750 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.8

Fluimucil is one of the few really effective antibiotics suitable for both injection and inhalation. This antibiotic is used mainly for inhalation with wet cough, bronchitis, sore throat, tracheitis and a number of other respiratory diseases.

Also, this solution can be called one of better means for washing or instillation with sinusitis, including sinusitis, and otitis media. Thanks to the successful combination of an antibiotic and a mucolytic, Fluimucil not only eliminates pathogenic microflora, but also helps to cleanse the problem area. For example, in case of bronchitis, the drug accelerates the process of excretion of phlegm.

Fluimucil antibiotic IT is available in the form of a 500 mg solution for inhalation and injection. It should not be confused with those of the same name. effervescent tablets and granules for the preparation of a solution that is taken orally.

The best antibiotics for sinusitis

2 Polydex with phenylephrine

Antibacterial and vasoconstrictor action
Country: France
Average price: 320 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.7

Polydexa spray is complex tool, which is prescribed for a lingering cold with purulent discharge from the nose. Thanks to the combination of two antibiotics and the vasoconstrictor substance phenylephrine, this antibiotic has a wide spectrum of action and effectiveness in the fight against sinusitis and other sinusitis, rhinitis and a number of different bacteria. These drops can be called the best drug that has an antibacterial and anti-inflammatory effect and helps to improve breathing. The effect of their application, as a rule, is noticeable after 3 - 5 days. The full course of treatment takes no more than 10 days.

It is important to remember that this is not only a nasal spray, but also a strong antibiotic that has a number of contraindications. In addition to pregnant women and children under 2.5 years of age, Polydex is not suitable for adults suffering from glaucoma, renal failure and kidney disease... Therefore, it is often replaced with a more gentle analogue.

1 Isofra

Best Topical Antibiotic
Country: France
Average price: 300 rubles.
Rating (2018): 5.0

The first place among the best remedies for sinusitis goes to a fairly powerful local antibiotic in the form of a nasal spray. Although this French drug is quite inexpensive and has not the widest spectrum of action, it is literally indispensable in the treatment of lingering colds with rhinitis, sinusitis or rhinopharyngitis. In addition, this antibiotic is used to treat both adults and children.

The drug is considered one of the most harmless antibiotics, it combines well with other drugs, has practically no contraindications. Possible side effects include only allergy to individual components and some deterioration of the microflora of the nasopharynx with prolonged use.

However, it is important to remember that this is still an antibiotic that should be used as directed by your doctor. In addition, it is categorically not recommended for use when allergic rhinitis or as a remedy for allergies.

The best broad-spectrum antibiotics

Although in most cases the use of highly targeted antibiotics is preferred because they have fewer side effects, recovery is often not possible without a broad-spectrum antibiotic. For example, some diseases can be caused by several types of bacteria at once. In addition, not all pathogenic microflora can be eliminated by taking a specialized antibiotic.

3 Tetracycline

The widest spectrum of action
Country Russia
Average price: 76 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.2

This often prescribed drug is known, probably, by almost every adult. Releasing in different forms, the antibiotic is almost universal.

In most cases, tetracycline is taken as a pill, including for bronchitis, tonsillitis, pharyngitis, prostatitis, eczema, and various infections Gastrointestinal tract and soft tissues. Acting in a complex, this antibiotic quickly copes with most infectious causes cough, fever and other ailments. Also, the antibiotic is available in the form of an ointment for external use and an eye ointment, which helps to eliminate some problems locally.

However, the antibiotic has many contraindications and is not suitable for children under 8 years of age, as well as for women during pregnancy or lactation. Also, like many others strong medicines, it can cause serious side effects.

2 Avelox

Best efficacy in acute and chronic diseases
Country: Germany
Average price: 773 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.5

Avelox tablets of the well-known German company Bayer are one of the most serious antibiotics used mainly to combat acute and chronic diseases refractory to treatment by most other means. Therefore, since 2012, it has been included by the Russian government in the List of Essential Medicines.

One of the best drugs for adults, it is also highly effective and convenient and easy to take, since it does not depend on meals and does not require any additional actions... In addition, the antibiotic is quite well studied and, according to numerous studies, it rarely causes side effects.

Also, the antibiotic is found in the form of an injection solution, which is often used for exacerbations chronic bronchitis... In some cases, the course of Avelox injections precedes the course of the same antibiotic in tablets.

1 Amoxicillin

The most harmless universal antibiotic
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 44 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.9

The leader in the rating of the best broad-spectrum antibiotics is the time-tested popular drug. It is taken for many diseases, occurring both with and without temperature, in particular:

infections of the respiratory tract and ENT organs (including sinusitis, bronchitis, tonsillitis, otitis media);
gastrointestinal infections;
infections of the skin and soft tissues;
infections genitourinary system;
Lyme disease
dysentery;
meningitis;
salmonellosis;
sepsis.

Amoxicillin is perhaps one of the most demanded antibiotics for adults and children. Availability different forms release, including tablets and suspensions, as well as a relatively small list of possible side effects, allow even pregnant women and babies from 1 month to take the medicine.

The best antibiotics for children

A child's illness in itself is not an easy test. However, the situation is often complicated by the fact that children do not want to take an antibiotic, or it has many side effects that are extremely harmful to child's body... Therefore, we have selected several of the most harmless and pleasant to the taste effective drugs from tonsillitis, bronchitis and other common diseases.

2 Augmentin

The best complex antibiotic
Country: UK
Average price: 150 rubles.
Rating (2018): 4.4

Augmentin is one of the few antibiotics safe enough to give to young children, even babies. Despite the relatively small number of side effects, the drug, unlike some analogues, can still have Negative influence on the kidneys and intestines. Therefore, it must be taken with caution, especially at an early age.

In general, the antibiotic is effective and good composition... Especially often, this antibacterial agent is prescribed in the treatment of bronchitis, tonsillitis, sinusitis, as well as various infections of the respiratory tract. In addition, due to its extended complex action, this antibiotic is also effective in the fight against various mixed infections.

In addition to the suspension, Augmentin is also available in the form of tablets that children can take school age and adults.

1 Amoxiclav

Maximum benefit - minimum contraindications
Country: Slovenia
Average price: 220 rubles.
Rating (2018): 5.0

The leader among the best children's antibiotics can be confidently called universal drug broad spectrum of action, suitable for both adults and children. The most popular form of Amoxiclav are tablets, however, in pharmacies you can easily find a suspension, which is usually given to children. younger age and even newborns with severe cold, cough and fever caused by various infections.

In addition to convenient form release and versatility, the benefits of the drug include:

minimum of contraindications and side effects;
pleasant taste;
high-speed performance;
does not contain dyes;
affordable price.

Despite the mild effect of the drug, it can be taken, like other antibiotics, only as directed by a doctor. In addition, Amoxiclav cannot be combined with some other medicines.

And antibacterial drugs are classified into narrow drugs (they destroy only one type of bacteria) and a wide spectrum of action (effective against most microorganisms at the same time).

Their mechanism of action is to block vital important functions the causative agent of the disease. At the same time, antibiotics of a wide spectrum of action of the new generation are designed in such a way as not to have a similar effect on the cells of the affected organ.

This selectivity of the effect is due to the fact that the bacterium forms cell walls, the structure of which is different from that of humans. The active components of the drug contribute to the disruption of the integrity of the walls of bacterial cells, without affecting the cell membranes of the patient's organs.

Unlike drugs from the antiseptic group, the antibiotic has the proper therapeutic effect not only after external application, but also acts systemically after oral, intravenous, intramuscular use.

New generation antibiotics are capable of:

Influence the synthesis of cell walls by disrupting the production of vital peptide complexes.
Disrupt the functioning and integrity of the cell membrane.
Disrupt protein synthesis necessary for the growth and vital activity of the pathogenic pathogen.
Suppress nucleic acid synthesis.

By the nature of the effect on bacterial cells, antibiotics are divided into:

Bactericidal - the pathogen will die and then be removed from the body.
Bacteriostatic - active ingredient does not kill bacteria, but interferes with their ability to reproduce.

It is important to determine how active the active substance of the drug is in relation to a particular pathogen pathological process... To do this, you need to go through the row laboratory research prescribed by your doctor.

Features of the action of drugs

The benefits of broad spectrum antibiotics stem from their ability to kill most pathogens.

The drugs of this group include drugs of the tetracycline, cephalosporin series, aminopenicillins, aminoglycosides, as well as drugs from the group of macrolides, carbapenems.

New generations of drugs are less toxic, the risk of developing unwanted side reactions is much lower.

Antibiotics broad action are distinguished by their ability to effectively deal with complicated colds, inflammatory processes affecting the area of the ENT organs, lymph nodes, genitourinary system, skin etc.

List of new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action

If we consider new generation antibiotics, the list is as follows:

When generation III and IV cephalosporins are ineffective, as in the case of infectious diseases provoked by the effects of anaerobes and enterobacteria, patients are shown to take carbopenems: Ertpenem and Meropenem (these are a kind of reserve drugs).

Penicillin use advisable for organ infection gastrointestinal tract, respiration and genitourinary system, skin. Only generation III has a wide spectrum of activity, which includes: "Ampicillin", "Amoxicillin", "Ampiox" and "Bakampicillin".

The drugs described are not intended for self-medication. When the first signs of the disease are detected, you should consult a doctor for advice and the selection of a suitable, comprehensive therapy regimen.

Narrowly targeted strong antibiotics

Narrow-spectrum antibiotics are active against a few types of bacteria.

These drugs include the following groups:

Macrolides based on erythromycin, triacetyloleandomycin, oleandomycin.
Cephalosporins based on cefazolin, cephalexin, cephaloridin.
Penicillins.
Streptomycins.
Reserve antibacterial drugs that act on gram-positive pathogens that are resistant to penicillins. V in this case the doctor may recommend the use of semi-synthetic penicillins: ampicillin, carbenicillin, dicloxacillin.
Various other drugs based on rifampicin, lincomycin, fusidin.

The use of a highly targeted drug is advisable when the causative agent of the pathological process is reliably known.

Broad-spectrum drugs for bronchitis

For bronchitis, a new generation of antibiotics is used, since laboratory tests can take several days, and it is recommended to start treatment as soon as possible.

During complex therapy the following can be assigned:

There is no such thing as best antibiotic , since each product has its own extensive list pharmacological properties, indications and contraindications, possible adverse reactions and recommendations for admission, as well as drug interactions.

The selection of an antibacterial drug is carried out only by a qualified, experienced specialist who will take into account the nature of the origin of the disease, the individual characteristics of the patient's body, his age, weight, accompanying illnesses... Read more about antibiotic treatment for bronchitis.

Pneumonia treatment

In the treatment of pneumonia, antibiotics of a new generation are used from the group:

Cephalosporins: Natsef, Ceclor, Maxipim, Liforan, Cefabol, Tamycin, etc.
Combined fluoroquinolones: Tsiprolet A.
Khinolonov: Glevo, Tavanik, Zanocin, Abaktal, Tsiprolet, Tsifran.
Combined penicillins: Augmentin, Amoxiclav, Panklav.

The described drugs can be used until the results of laboratory tests are obtained, for pneumonia without specifying the pathogen.

Sinusitis therapy

Structurally, cephalosporins and macrolides are similar to drugs. penicillin, however, they have the ability to inhibit development and completely destroy pathogenic microorganisms.

Additionally, anticongestants, antiseptics, secretolytics can be prescribed.

At severe course diseases used macrolides: Macropen and Azithromycin.
The use of combined fluoroquinolones based on tinidazole and ciprofloxacin (Ciprolet A) may also be recommended.

Sore throat treatment

Comprehensive treatment acute tonsillitis(sore throats) involves the use of antiseptics, local anesthetics as well as antibacterial agents.

Antibiotics for systemic exposure are:

Cephalosporin drugs based on cefixime (Pantsef) and cefuroxime (Zinnat).
Previously, treatment was carried out mainly with penicillins. V modern medicine preference is given to new generation cephalosporins, since they demonstrate greater efficiency in treatment bacterial infections affecting the nasopharynx.
Combined fluoroquinolones based on ciprofloxacin in combination with tinidazole (Ciprolet A).
Multicomponent drugs of the penicillin series: Panklav, Amoxiclav.
Azithromycin-based macrolide drugs ( Azitral, Sumamox). They are one of the safest antibiotics, since practical ones do not provoke unwanted adverse reactions from the digestive tract, as well as toxic effects on the central nervous system.

Colds and flu

If the need to prescribe antibiotics for the treatment of colds is confirmed, the doctor prescribes:

Even drugs of a wide spectrum of pharmacological activity do not affect the vital activity of viruses, therefore their use is not advisable in the course of complex therapy for measles, rubella, viral hepatitis, herpes, chickenpox as well as the flu.

Infections of the genitourinary system: cystitis, pyelonephritis

Unidox Solutab - the drug is easy to use: 1 time per day.
It is recommended to use Norbactin twice a day, the drug has a list of contraindications and side effects.
Monural is an antibiotic in powder form for oral administration. It is a long-acting drug that promotes quick elimination pathogenic microorganisms.

Before the results of laboratory tests of pyelonephritis are obtained, they begin with the use of fluoroquinlones. (Glevo, Abaktal, Tsiprobid), v further treatment can be adjusted. Cephalosporins and aminoglycosides may also be prescribed.

Antifungal pills

With considering a large number different types fungal infections, the doctor prescribes this or that antibiotic based on the results of a comprehensive examination.

The drug of choice can be:

Medicines that belong to the 1st generation based on nystatin.
Antibiotics of the 2nd generation, which are used for infections of the genitourinary system. Among them: Clotrimazole, Ketoconazole, and Miconazole.
Among the drugs of the 3rd generation, the use of Fluconazole, Antraconazole, Terbinafine.

The 4th generation drugs include Caspofungin, Ravukonazole and Posaconazole.

Antibiotics for diseases of the organs of vision

With bacterial keratitis and chlamydial conjunctivitis it is advisable to use Maxaquin - a means for systemic therapy.

Among antibiotics for topical application can be appointed Vitabact, Tobrex, Okatsin.

Let's summarize

Antibiotics are powerful substances of natural, synthetic or semi-synthetic origin that help suppress the growth and vital activity of pathogenic microorganisms.

List of new generation broad-spectrum antibiotics and their use

Average rating 4.6 (91.43%) Total 7 votes

In contact with

Under the concept infectious diseases imply the body's response to the presence of pathogenic microorganisms or their invasion of organs and tissues, manifested by an inflammatory response. For treatment are used antimicrobial drugs, selectively acting on these microbes, with the aim of their eradication.

Microorganisms leading to infectious and inflammatory diseases in the human body are divided into:

bacteria (true bacteria, rickettsia and chlamydia, mycoplasma);
mushrooms;
viruses;
protozoa.

Therefore, antimicrobial agents are divided into:

antibacterial;
antiviral;
antifungal;
antiprotozoal.

It is important to remember that one drug can have several activities.

For example, Nitroxoline ®, prep. with a pronounced antibacterial and moderate antifungal effect - called an antibiotic. The difference between such a remedy and a “pure” antifungal agent is that Nitroxoline® has limited activity against some Candida species, but it has pronounced effect against bacteria for which antifungal agent will not work at all.

In the 50s of the twentieth century, Fleming, Chain and Flory received Nobel prize in medicine and physiology for the discovery of penicillin. This event became a real revolution in pharmacology, completely overturning the basic approaches to the treatment of infections and significantly increasing the patient's chances of a complete and rapid recovery.

With the advent of antibacterial drugs, many diseases that caused epidemics that previously devastated entire countries (plague, typhus, cholera) have turned from a “death sentence” into a “disease that can be effectively treated” and are practically not found nowadays.

Antibiotics are substances of biological or artificial origin that can selectively inhibit the vital activity of microorganisms.

That is, distinctive feature their action is that they only affect the prokaryotic cell, without damaging the cells of the body. This is due to the fact that in human tissues there is no receptor target for their action.

Antibacterial agents are prescribed for infectious and inflammatory diseases caused by the bacterial etiology of the pathogen or for severe viral infections, in order to suppress the secondary flora.

When choosing an adequate antimicrobial therapy, it is necessary to take into account not only the underlying disease and sensitivity of pathogenic microorganisms, but also the patient's age, pregnancy, individual intolerance to the components of the drug, concomitant pathologies and taking prep., Not combined with the recommended medication.

Also, it is important to remember that in the absence of a clinical effect from therapy within 72 hours, the drug is changed, taking into account the possible cross-resistance.

For serious infections or for purposes empirical therapy with unspecified pathogen, combination recommended different types antibiotics, taking into account their compatibility.

According to the effect on pathogens, there are:

bacteriostatic - inhibiting the vital activity, growth and reproduction of bacteria;
bactericidal antibiotics are substances that completely destroy the pathogen, as a result of irreversible binding to the cellular target.

However, such a division is rather arbitrary, since many antibes. can exhibit different activities, depending on the prescribed dosage and duration of use.

If the patient has recently used antimicrobial agent, it is necessary to avoid its repeated use, for at least six months - to prevent the emergence of antibiotic-resistant flora.

How does drug resistance develop?

Most often, resistance is observed due to mutation of the microorganism, accompanied by a modification of the target within the cells, which is affected by the types of antibiotics.

The active substance of the prescribed medium penetrates into the bacterial cell, but cannot contact the required target, since the principle of binding according to the "key-lock" type is violated. Consequently, the mechanism of suppression of activity or destruction of the pathological agent is not activated.

Others effective method defense against drugs is the synthesis of enzymes by bacteria that destroy the basic structures of antibiotics. This type of resistance most often occurs to beta-lactams, due to the production of beta-lactamases by the flora.

Much less common is an increase in resistance, due to a decrease in the permeability of the cell membrane, that is, the drug penetrates inside in too small doses to provide a clinically significant effect.

As a prophylaxis for the development of drug-resistant flora, it is also necessary to take into account the minimum suppression concentration, which expresses quantification degree and spectrum of action, as well as dependence on time and concentr. in blood.

For dose-dependent drugs (aminoglycosides, metronidazole), the dependence of the effectiveness of the action on the concentr is characteristic. in the blood and the focus of the infectious and inflammatory process.

Time-dependent drugs require repeated administrations throughout the day to maintain an effective therapeutic concentrate. in the body (all beta-lactams, macrolides).

Classification of antibiotics by mechanism of action

drugs that inhibit the synthesis of the bacterial cell wall (antibiotics of the penicillin series, all generations of cephalosporins, Vancomycin ®);
destroying the normal organization of the cell at the molecular level and preventing normal functioning membrane tank. cells (Polymyxin®);
Wed-va, contributing to the suppression of protein synthesis, inhibiting the formation nucleic acids and inhibiting protein synthesis at the ribosomal level (Chloramphenicol preparations, a number of tetracyclines, macrolides, Lincomycin ®, aminoglycosides);
inhibit. ribonucleic acids - polymerases, etc. (Rifampicin ®, quinols, nitroimidazoles);
inhibiting the synthesis of folates (sulfonamides, diaminopyrides).

Classification of antibiotics by chemical structure and origin

1. Natural - waste products of bacteria, fungi, actinomycetes:

Gramicidins ®;
Polymyxins;
Erythromycin ®;
Tetracycline ®;
Benzylpenicillins;
Cephalosporins, etc.

2. Semi-synthetic - derivatives of natural antibiotics:

Oxacillin®;
Ampicillin®;
Gentamicin ®;
Rifampicin®, etc.

3. Synthetic, that is, obtained as a result of chemical synthesis:

Levomycetin ®;
Amikacin®, etc.

Classification of antibiotics by spectrum of action and purposes of use

Acting mainly on:		Antibacterial products with a wide range of effects:	Anti-tuberculosis means
Gram +:	Gram-:
biosynthetic penicillins and 1st generation cephalosporins; macrolides; lincosamides; drugs Vancomycin ®, Lincomycin ®.	monobactams; cyclical. polypeptides; 3rd pok. cephalosporins.	aminoglycosides; chloramphenicol; tetracycline; semi-synthetic extended spectrum penicillins (Ampicillin ®); 2nd pok. cephalosporins.	Streptomycin ®; Rifampicin ®; Florimycin ®.

Modern classification of antibiotics by groups: table

Main group	Subclasses
Beta-lactams
1. Penicillins	Natural; Antistaphylococcal; Antipseudomonal; Spread spectrum; Inhibitor-protected; Combined.
2. Cephalosporins	4th generation; Anti-MRSA cephems.
3. Carbapenems	—
4. Monobactams	—
Aminoglycosides	Three generations.
Macrolides	Fourteen-member; Fifteen-membered (azoles); Sixteen-membered.
Sulfonamides	Short action; Average duration of action; Long-term action; Ultra-long; Local.
Quinolones	Non-fluorinated (1st generation); Second; Respiratory (3rd); Fourth.
Anti-tuberculosis	Main row; Reserve group.
Tetracyclines	Natural; Semi-synthetic.

Not having subclasses:

Lincosamides (Lincomycin®, Clindamycin®);
Nitrofurans;
Oxyquinolines;
Chloramphenicol ( this group antibiotics are presented by Levomycetin ®);
Streptogramins;
Rifamycins (Rimactan®);
Spectinomycin (Trobicin®);
Nitroimidazoles;
Antifolates;
Cyclic peptides;
Glycopeptides (vancomycin® and teicoplanin®);
Ketolides;
Dioxidine;
Fosfomycin (Monural®);
Fusidans;
Mupirocin (Bactoban®);
Oxazolidinones;
Everninomycins;
Glycylcyclines.

Antibiotic groups and drugs in the table

Penicillins

Like all beta-lactam drugs, penicillins have a bactericidal effect. They affect the final stage of the synthesis of biopolymers that form the cell wall. As a result of blocking the synthesis of peptidoglycans, due to the action on penicillin-binding enzymes, they cause the death of a pathological microbial cell.

The low level of toxicity to humans is due to the lack of target cells for antibiotics.

The mechanisms of bacterial resistance to these drugs have been overcome by the creation of protected agents fortified with clavulanic acid, sulbactam, etc. These substances suppress the action of the tank. enzymes and protect medicine from destruction.

Natural Benzylpenicillin Benzylpenicillin Na and K salts.

Group	The preparation is isolated according to the active substance:	Names
Phenoxymethylpenicillin	Methylpenicillin ®
With prolonged action.
Benzylpenicillin procaine	Benzylpenicillin novocaine salt ®.
Benzylpenicillin / Benzylpenicillin procaine / Benzatin benzylpenicillin	Benzicillin-3®. Bicillin-3 ®
Benzylpenicillin procaine / benzatin benzylpenicillin	Benzicillin-5®. Bicillin-5 ®
Antistaphylococcal	Oxacillin ®	Oxacillin AKOS ®, sodium salt Oxacillin ®.
Penicillin-resistant	Cloxapcillin ®, Alucloxacillin ®.
Spread spectrum	Ampicillina ®	Ampicillin ®
Spread spectrum	Amoxicillin ®	Flemoxin Solutab ®, Ospamox ®, Amoxicillin ®.
With antipseudomonal activity	Carbenicillin ®	Disodium salt of carbenicillin ®, Karfetsillin ®, Carindacillin ®.
	Uriedopenicillins
	Piperacillin ®	Picillin ®, Pipracil ®
	Azlocillin ®	Sodium salt of azlocillin ®, Securopen ®, Mezlocillin ®.
Inhibitor-protected	Amoxicillin / clavulanate ®	Co-amoxiclav®, Augmentin®, Amoxiclav®, Ranklav®, Enhancin®, Panklav®.
	Amoxicillin sulbactam ®	Trifamox IBL ®.
	Amlicillin / sulbactam ®	Sulacillin ®, Unazine ®, Ampisid ®.
	Piperacillin / tazobactam ®	Tazocin ®
	Ticarcillin / clavulanate ®	Tymentin ®
Combination of penicillins	Ampicillin / Oxacillin ®	Ampiox ®.

Cephalosporins

Due to their low toxicity, good tolerance, the ability to use pregnant women, as well as a wide spectrum of action, cephalosporins are the most commonly used drugs with antibacterial action in therapeutic practice.

The mechanism of action on a microbial cell is similar to that of penicillins, but it is more resistant to the action of a tank. enzymes.

Rev. of the cephalosporin series have high bioavailability and good digestibility for any route of administration (parenteral, oral). They are well distributed in internal organs (the exception is prostate), blood and tissues.

Only Ceftriaxone® and Cefoperazone® are capable of creating clinically effective concentrations in bile.

High level of permeability across the blood-brain barrier and efficacy in inflammation meninges, are noted in the third generation.

The only cephalosporin protected by sulbactam is Cefoperazone / sulbactam ®. It has an extended range of effects on flora due to its high resistance to the effects of beta-lactamases.

The table shows the groups of antibiotics and the names of the main drugs.

Generations	Preparation:	Name
1st	Cefazolinam	Kefzol ®.
	Cephalexin ® *	Cephalexin-AKOS ®.
	Cefadroxil ® *	Durocef ®.
2nd	Cefuroxime ®	Zinacef ®, Cefurus ®.
	Cefoxitin ®	Mefoxin ®.
	Cefotetana ®	Cefotetan ®.
	Cefaclora ® *	Ceclor ®, Wercef ®.
	Cefuroxime-axetila ® *	Zinnat ®.
3rd	Cefotaxime ®	Cefotaxime ®.
	Ceftriaxone ®	Rofecin ®.
	Cefoperazone ®	Medocef ®.
	Ceftazidime ®	Fortum ®, Ceftazidime ®.
	Cefoperazone / sulbactam ®	Sulperazon ®, Sulzontsef ®, Bakperazon ®.
	Cefditorena ® *	Spectraceph ®.
	Cefixime ® *	Suprax ®, Sorcef ®.
	Cefpodoxime ® *	Proxetil ®.
	Ceftibutene ® *	Zedex ®.
4th	Cefepime ®	Maxipim ®.
4th	Cefpirome ®	Keyten ®.
5th	Ceftobiprol ®	Zefter ®.
5th	Ceftaroline ®	Zinforo ®.

* They have an oral form of release.

Carbapenems

They are reserve drugs and are used to treat severe nosocomial infections.

Highly resistant to beta-lactamases, effective for the treatment of drug-resistant flora. For life-threatening infectious processes are the primary means for the empirical scheme.

Allocate the teacher:

Doripenem® (Doripresx®);
Imipenema ® (Tienam ®);
Meropenem ® (Meronem ®);
Ertapenema ® (Invanz ®).

Monobactams

Aztreonam ®.

Rev. has a limited range of applications and is prescribed for the elimination of inflammatory and infectious processes associated with Gram bacteria. Effective in the treatment of infections. processes urinary tract, inflammatory diseases pelvic organs, skin, septic conditions.

Aminoglycosides

The bactericidal effect on microbes depends on the level of concentration of the medium in biological fluids and is due to the fact that aminoglycosides disrupt the processes of protein synthesis on the ribosomes of bacteria. Have enough high level toxicity and many side effects, however, rarely cause allergic reactions... Practically ineffective for oral administration, due to poor absorption in the gastrointestinal tract.

Compared to beta-lactams, the rate of passage through tissue barriers is much worse. They do not have therapeutically significant concentrations in bones, cerebrospinal fluid and bronchial secretions.

Generations	Preparation:	Bargain. title
1st	Kanamycin ®	Kanamycin-AKOS ®. Kanamycin monosulfate ®. Kanamycin sulfate ®
	Neomycin ®	Neomycin sulfate ®
	Streptomycin ®	Streptomycin sulfate ®. Streptomycin-calcium chloride complex ®
2nd	Gentamicin ®	Gentamicin ®. Gentamicin-AKOS ®. Gentamicin-K ®
	Netilmicin ®	Netromycin ®
	Tobramycin ®	Tobrex ®. Brulamycin ®. Nebtsin ®. Tobramycin ®
3rd	Amikacin ®	Amikacin ®. Amikin ®. Selemycin ®. Hemacin ®

Macrolides

Provide inhibition of the growth and reproduction of pathogenic flora, due to the suppression of protein synthesis on the ribosomes of cells. walls of bacteria. With an increase in dosage, they can have a bactericidal effect.

Also, there are combined prep .:

Pilobact ® is a complex medium for the treatment of Helicobacter pylori. Contains clarithromycin®, omeprazole® and tinidazole®.
Zenerit ® - medium for external use, for the purpose of treatment acne... The active ingredients are erythromycin and zinc acetate.

Sulfonamides

They inhibit the growth and reproduction of pathogens due to structural similarity with para-aminobenzoic acid, which is involved in the life of bacteria.

They have a high rate of resistance to their action in many representatives of Gram-, Gram +. Used as part of complex therapy rheumatoid arthritis, retain good antimalarial activity, are effective against Toxoplasma.

Classification:

For local use silver sulfathiazole (Dermazin®) is used.

Quinolones

Due to inhibition of DNA hydrases, they have a bactericidal effect, are concentration-dependent media.

The first generation includes non-fluorinated quinolones (nalidixic, oxolinic and pipemidic acids);
Second pok. represented by Gram-means (Ciprofloxacin®, Levofloxacin®, etc.);
The third is the so-called respiratory aids. (Levo- and Sparfloxacin®);
The fourth is St. with anti-anaerobic activity (Moxifloxacin ®).

Tetracyclines

Tetracycline ®, whose name was given a separate group antib., first obtained chemically in 1952.

The active substances of the group are: metacyclin®, minocycline®, tetracycline®, doxycycline®, oxytetracycline®.

On our site you can get acquainted with most of the groups of antibiotics, complete lists drugs included in them, classifications, history and other important information... For this, a section "" has been created in the top menu of the site.

Antibiotics are substances that inhibit the growth of living cells or lead to their death. They can be of natural or semi-synthetic origin. They are used to treat infectious diseases caused by the growth of bacteria and harmful microorganisms.

Universal

Broad-spectrum antibiotics - list:

Penicillins.
Tetracyclines.
Erythromycin.
Quinolones.
Metronidazole.
Vancomycin.
Imipenem.
Aminoglycoside.
Levomycetin (chloramphenicol).
Neomycin.
Monomycin.
Rifamcin.
Cephalosporins.
Kanamycin.
Streptomycin.
Ampicillin.
Azithromycin.

These drugs are used in cases where it is impossible to accurately determine the causative agent of the infection. Their advantage is in a large list of microorganisms that are sensitive to the active substance. But there is also a drawback: in addition to pathogenic bacteria, broad-spectrum antibiotics contribute to the suppression of immunity and disruption of normal intestinal microflora.

List of powerful new generation antibiotics with a wide spectrum of action:

Cefaclor.
Cefamandol.
Unidox Solutab.
Cefuroxime.
Rulid.
Amoxiclav.
Cefroxitin.
Lincomycin.
Cefoperazone.
Ceftazidime.
Cefotaxime.
Latamoksef.
Cefixime.
Cefpodoxime.
Spiramycin.
Rovamycin.
Clarithromycin.
Roxithromycin.
Klacid.
Sumamed.
Fusidin.
Avelox.
Moxifloxacin.
Ciprofloxacin.

New generation antibiotics are remarkable for a deeper degree of purification active substance... Due to this, the drugs have much lower toxicity compared to earlier analogues and cause less harm the body as a whole.

Narrowly targeted:

Bronchitis

The list of antibiotics for cough and bronchitis usually does not differ from the list of broad-spectrum drugs. This is due to the fact that the analysis of the separated sputum takes about seven days, and until the causative agent of the infection is precisely identified, a remedy with maximum number bacteria sensitive to it.

In addition, recent studies show that in many cases, the use of antibiotics in the treatment of bronchitis is not justified. The fact is that the appointment of such drugs is effective if the nature of the disease is bacterial. In the case when a virus is the cause of bronchitis, antibiotics will not have any positive effect.

Often used antibiotic drugs with inflammatory processes in the bronchi:

Ampicillin.
Amoxicillin.
Azithromycin.
Cefuroxime.
Ceflocor.
Rovamycin.
Cefodox.
Lendacin.
Ceftriaxone.
Macropen.

Angina

List of antibiotics for angina:

Penicillin.
Amoxicillin.
Amoxiclav.
Augmentin.
Ampiox.
Phenoxymethylpenicillin.
Oxacillin.
Cefradine.
Cephalexin.
Erythromycin.
Spiramycin.
Clarithromycin.
Azithromycin.
Roxithromycin.
Josamycin.
Tetracycline.
Doxycycline.
Lidaprim.
Biseptol.
Bioparox.
Ingalipt.
Grammidin.

The listed antibiotics are effective against sore throats caused by bacteria, most often - beta-hemolytic streptococci. As for the disease, the causative agents of which are fungal microorganisms, the list is as follows:

Nystatin.
Levorin.
Ketoconazole.

Colds and flu (ARI, ARVI)

Antibiotics for a common cold are not included in the list of essential drugs, given the rather high toxicity of antibiotic agents and possible side effects. Treatment with antiviral and anti-inflammatory drugs, as well as fortifying agents is recommended. In any case, you need to get the advice of a therapist.

Sinusitis

List of antibiotics for sinusitis - in tablets and for injection:

Zitrolide.
Macropen.
Ampicillin.
Amoxicillin.
Flemoxin solutab.
Augmentin.
Hikontsil.
Amoxil.
Gramox.
Cephalexin.
Digit.
Sporidex.
Rovamycin.
Ampiox.
Cefotaxime.
Wercef.
Cefazolin.
Ceftriaxone.
Fool.

Antibiotics mean a wide group of drugs aimed at destroying viral bacteria.

The very first such medicine is penicillin, discovered by Alexander Fleming. The year of discovery - 1928. On the basis of this substance, antibiotics of the extended spectrum of action of the latest generation were invented.

Most often, strong, fast-acting antibiotics are injected intramuscularly or intravenously. This is due to the fact that they can disrupt the microflora of the stomach. In addition, this way they quickly enter the focus of infection, starting work almost immediately after the injection.

The list of new antibiotics as solutions or powders for injection is quite extensive.

These drugs include:

cephalosporins, including Cefpir, Cefotaxime, Ceftazidime, Cefoperazone;
beta-lactamase-resistant aminopenicillins "Sulbactam" and others;
aminoglycoside antibiotics like Amikacin and Netilmicin;
carbapenems, representatives of which are the drugs Ertapenem, Meropenem, Imipinem-cilastatin.

They are prescribed depending on the complexity of the case and the characteristics of the infectious agents.

List of new tablets and capsules

There are antibiotics in capsule and pill form. They are often prescribed for children and pregnant women, as they are more gentle. It is believed that they do not harm the human body.

The list of pills and capsules of new generation antibiotics is no less wide than the list of injections.

The first include:

nitrofurans - "Nitrofurantoin", "Ersefuril", etc .;
fluoroquinolones, including Gatifloxacin, Moxifloxacin;
macrolides, representatives of which are "Azithromycin", "Clarithromycin", "Roxithromycin", "Amoxicillin";
natural macrolide antibiotics - "Sparfloxacin", "Levofloxacin", "Midecamycin" and others.

The antibiotics of the last - the fourth generation include "Voriconazole", "Posaconazole", "Ravukonazole" and many other names.

New broad spectrum drugs

Some doctors give preference to drugs of narrowly targeted action, since they do not affect the integrity of the microflora of the human body.

For colds, ARVI

For colds, flu and SARS, doctors prescribe macrolides, which are considered the safest among antibiotics.

These include the following drugs:

Erythromycin;
"Spiramycin";
Leukomycin;
Clarithromycin;
Aziromycin;
Dirithromycin;
"Rulid";
Azitral;
Sumamed.

Can also be prescribed "Cephalexin" or "Cefamandol", characterized by a powerful bactericidal effect and high degree absorption from the gastrointestinal tract.

With bronchitis and pneumonia

Combinations of antibiotics are used to treat bronchitis or pneumonia.

At possible complications in the course of the disease, cephalosporin ("Ceftriaxone" or "Cefepim") with macrolide or fluoroquinolone ("Ciprofloxacin" or "Levofloxacin") is used. Also effectively help with bronchitis and pneumonia "Moxifloxacin" or "Cefuroxime".

New generation antibiotics for children

Scientists have conducted many studies to find out the reaction of the child's body to antibiotics and found that not all medicines are useful for children.

They can only be used:

macrolides, representatives of which are the drugs "Azithromycin", "Midecamycin", "Clarithromycin", "Roxithromycin";
aminopenicillins, including "Amoxicillin", "Clavulanate";
cephalosporins - Ceftriaxone, Cefepim.

Fluoroquinolones and carbapenems inhibit bone growth and lead to liver or kidney failure, therefore they are prohibited for children and pregnant women. Of the nitrofurans, only Furacillin can be used for local treatment of wounds.

Features of broad-spectrum antibiotics

They are divided into two groups - the first suppresses the effect of viruses on human cells and deprives them of the opportunity to reproduce, and the second destroys them. In any case, the drugs act in a selective way, without affecting healthy human cells. The spectrum of action of drugs can be both broad and narrowly focused.

In dentistry

Dentists prescribe antibiotics for inflammation in acute stage, as well as for the prevention of an infectious and inflammatory process before surgical intervention if the patient suffers from serious illnesses internal organs(diabetes, vascular problems, renal failure, ulcer and others).

The most commonly used medications are:

"Doxycycline";
"Ampiox";
Ooxacillin;
"Gentamicin";
Clindamycin;
"Syntomycin";
Lincomycin.

The latter is the most common in the field of dentistry. It accumulates in bone tissue and has a long-lasting effect, which is convenient for complex operations.

In urology

Antibiotics are widely used in urology, as they can get rid of infections quickly and without complications. Previously, people suffering from urological problems could die, but today such diseases are treated with literally one drug.

"Kanephron" is suitable for the treatment of cystitis, glomerulonephritis, pyelonephritis. "Palin" is prescribed for cystitis, urethritis, pyelonephritis, cystopyelitis, pyelitis. "Nolitsin" relieves acute and chronic infections in the urological area.

In gynecology

Antibiotics are also used in gynecology to treat many diseases caused by inflammatory process ranging from thrush to acute vaginitis.

The drug "Unidox Solutab" easily copes with cystitis, "Monural" and "Furamag" are effective for various infections. In the presence of complications, gynecologists prescribe "Ofloxacin", "Ciprofloxacin", "Levofloxacin".

To destroy pathogens genitourinary infections sometimes prescribed "Nalidixic acid", "Metronidazole", "Ceftriaxone".

For various infections

Antibiotics are aimed at fighting inflammation pathogens, so they all help with various infections. The doctor only selects the correct course and combination of drugs in order to increase the effectiveness of treatment. It is important to take into account the individual characteristics of the patient, the stage of the disease and the presence or absence of progress in its course.

The average course of treatment is from 7 to 10 days, depending on the above characteristics. Do not take alcohol or drugs during treatment.

Estimated prices for new antibiotics

The prices for medicines are constantly increasing. On the this moment current indicative prices for new generation antibiotics are as follows:

Sumamed - 300 rubles / 6 tablets;
"Azithromycin" - 100 rubles / 6 capsules;
"Amoxiclav" - 300 rubles / 25 grams of powder;
"Ampicillin" - 30 rubles / 20 tablets;
"Unidox solutab" - 350 rubles / 10 tablets;
Clindamycin - 180 rubles / 8 capsules;
"Nystatin" - 40 rubles / 20 tablets;
"Tetracycline" - 80 rubles / 20 tablets;
"Cephalexin" - 100 rubles / 16 capsules;
Erythromycin - 120 rubles / 10 tablets.

There are original medicines and generics. The latter are cheaper, since they are only a copy and differ in the presence of impurities in the composition, as well as serious side effects... It is better not to risk your health and buy an expensive but high-quality original.

Do you know? - Who invented antibiotics?